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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 71
Tytuł:
Legalizacja pobytu cudzoziemców na przykładzie Małopolski
Autorzy:
Twardosz, Lilija
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2003950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Aliens
Schengen
human rights
visa
permanent permit
resident permit
Opis:
Throughout the centuries the legal situation of aliens was regulated in diverse ways. In the beginning, at the time when a state as a sovereign decided who may enter its territory, it was controlled by internal law. Circumstances in which the possibility to legalize residence in foreign territory was allowed evolved very slowly in time. The first human rights treaties provided for creation of a new paradigm in which states are no longer allowed to unencumbered decision making with respect to aliens. Poland’s EU accession in May 2004 was a cause for the increase of economic migration. Most of the economic migrants come to Poland from the territory of the former Soviet Union seeking seasonal work. However, there are also economic migrants for other non-EU member states. After Poland’s accession to Schengen in 2007, it became the border of the European Union as well as from UE member states. Aliens, who want to enter Republic of Poland’s territory, have to hold a valid visa or other document allowing for their entry and stay in Poland. In the Aliens Act, legislator envisaged several types of residence permits: temporary permit, permanent permit and a resident permit for EU citizens. The provincial governor (voivod) issues all types of permits. The proceedings are lengthy. In the last years it takes approximately even 6–7 months. After thorough analysis of all available data it might be concluded with high probability, that the Ukrainians are the largest group of aliens within Malopolska territory.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2017, 22; 182-194
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legislative opportunities and barriers in stormwater management in urban areas in Poland
Autorzy:
Sobota, Marcin
Burszta-Adamiak, Ewa
Kowalczyk, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2203579.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
Tematy:
building permit
dry well
rain garden
stormwater
stormwater management
urban area
water permit
Opis:
At present, stormwater management is one of the key issues in urban policy. This is due to the increasing urbanisation, climate change, the growing threat of extreme (weather) events and the need to protect water resources. Legislation plays an essential role in the process of project planning and implementation. The recognition of opportunities and barriers contained in these regulations forms the basis for action by the central government, local authorities and investors. The article aims to analyse legal provisions, administrative decisions and factual circumstances that provide the foundation of administrative court rulings in Poland and regard the legal possibilities of rainwater management in urban areas. The adopted research method allows for/includes the author’s interpretation and formulation of de lege ferenda conclusions. The results of analyses of both European and national legislation and case law indicate that there is a problem with the interpretation of existing legislation and the lack of legal definitions of basic equipment and solutions in the field of water law, for instance. Such legal circumstances make it difficult to make the required legal decisions, and have a negative impact on the timing of implementation and number of these much-needed projects.
Źródło:
Journal of Water and Land Development; 2022, Special Issue; 130--138
1429-7426
2083-4535
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Water and Land Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 27 września 2017 r., v csk 50/17
The Gloss on the judgment of the NSA dated 8 March 2017, II OSK 1698/15
Autorzy:
Księżak, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596963.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
party to proceedings; investor; use permit
Opis:
The subject of gloss on the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court, ref. II OSK 1698/12, includes the issue of establishing a party in the proceedings for the annulment of the decision on the use permit for a building. In the opinion of the Supreme Administrative Court, the procedure of extraordinary proceedings, in this case, cannot be limited only to the possibility of the investor initiating proceedings.
Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 27 września 2017 r., v csk 50/17
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2018, 107; 83-91
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Budowa i funkcjonowanie przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków w świetle obowiązujących przepisów - część 1
Construction and operation of domestic wastewater treatment plant under the relevant legislation - part 1
Autorzy:
Jawecki, B.
Marszałek, J.
Pawęska, K.
Sobota, M.
Malczewska, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/101115.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:
przydomowa oczyszczalnia ścieków
prawo
pozwolenie budowlane
pozwolenie wodnoprawne
domestic wastewater treatment plant
legislation
building permit
water permit
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu są wymagania prawne stawiane budowie i eksploatacji przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków. Publikacja składa się z dwóch części. W prezentowanej pierwszej części przedstawiono definicję i podstawowe rodzaje przydomowych oczyszczalni oraz ich skuteczność. Zaprezentowano w jakich przypadkach można wyposażyć nieruchomość w taką oczyszczalnię, m.in. brak kanalizacji oraz ograniczeń wynikających z ustaleń aktów prawa miejscowego. Wyszczególniono przypadki, w których budowa przydomowej oczyszczalni wymaga uzyskania pozwolenia na budowę i/lub pozwolenia wodnoprawnego (w tym wymagania stawiane projektom) oraz innych zezwoleń wynikających z przepisów szczególnych. W drugiej części artykułu (Jawecki i in. 2016) wskazano ograniczenia lokalizacji przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków wynikające z aktów prawa miejscowego. Zaprezentowano wymagania techniczne jakie należy spełnić przy lokalizowaniu indywidualnej oczyszczalni w obrębie działki budowlanej. Przedstawiono także standardy jakości ścieków oczyszczonych wprowadzanych z przydomowych oczyszczalni do wód lub do ziemi. Wskazano na obowiązek zgłoszenia eksploatacji przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków.
The main aims of the paper are legal requirements demanding to construction and operation of domestic treatment plants. The publication consists of two parts. In the first part of article the definition and basic types of wastewater treatment plants and its effectiveness are described. In the paper, cases in which real properties can be equipped with domestic wastewater treatment plant for example: lack of sewage system and restrictions arising under the local legislation are presented. Cases, where construction of domestic wastewater treatment plant requires a building permit and/or water permit (including requirements for project) and other permits under the special provisions, were specified. In the second part of article (Jawecki et. al. 2016) limitation the location of domestic wastewater treatment plant under the local law were presented. Technical requirements that should be met by locating domestic wastewater treatment plant in real property area was presented. The standards of treated wastewater quality, discharged into water or soil was described. Cases in which operating application of domestic wastewater treatment plant to the mayor is required, were listed.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2016, II/2; 501-516
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niektóre problemy planowania przestrzennego w związku z działalnością regulowaną prawem geologicznym i górniczym
Some problems of local development planning and the geological and mining activity
Autorzy:
Lipiński, Aleksander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
Tematy:
local development plan
mining activity
environmental permit
Opis:
Mining activity may result in serious impact to the environment. According to Polish law, local development plan (enacted by the council of the local community) is an act of generally binding local law. It should provide information about the existence of mineral deposits and provide the needs of their current and future exploitation. In fact numerous plans do not provide any solution in that matter or even (directly or indirectly) are banning mining activity. According to Geological and Mining Law of 2011 mining activity may be undertaken only if it does not violate the destination of land determined by the local development plan (if such plan does not exist – the way of using the land determined by co called “studium of local development” that is nor local law) or particular acts of law (like establishing nature protective zones), who determine such destination. More restrictive solution refers to the environmental impact assessment (EIA), that must precede granting most mining concessions (licences). The result of EIA is so called environmental permit, which is the necessary element of the application for most mining concession (licences). The problem is, that environmental permit must be granted only in accordance with the determination of land provided by the local development plan.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2012, 10; 170-184
1642-0438
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Agraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inwestycje budowlane na gruntach rolnych położonych w granicach administracyjnych miast
Development projects located on agricultural lands within the administrative borders of cities
Autorzy:
Marciniuk, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952985.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
Tematy:
master plan
individual planning permit
good neighborhood rule
Opis:
Pursuant to the new article 5b of the Act on the protection of agricultural and afforested lands as amended on 19 December 2008 agricultural lands situated within the administrative borders of cities has been excluded from the scope of this Act. As a consequence, changing conditions of development of such agricultural lands is now subject to the planning and development Act only. Legislator settled the conflict of two values deciding that the need of protection of agricultural lands should not hinder the urbanization processes within the city limits. The article discusses regulatory environment created as a result of the mentioned amendment of the Act, presenting in particular potential threats that due to the actual lack of master plans and inefficient regulations promoting enactment thereof, large areas of undeveloped agricultural lands located within the city limits will be developed in accordance with individual planning permits, where the current planning and development Act does not provide for the precise criteria for issuing such planning permits in undeveloped areas that used to be a farmlands. So–called good neighborhood rule, which assumes continuation and duplication of already existing solutions seems to be inadequate tool to the needs of urbanization of undeveloped areas, to which agricultural lands are very often counted. The author expresses opinion that the issue of providing sufficient amount of investment areas for the city development purposes has much broader dimension and may not be limited to formal status conversion. Effective transformation of agricultural production areas into investment areas requires enactment of the local master plans determining not only possibilities of non–agricultural development of particular plots but also indicating scope and basic rules for required mergers and/or divisions of land necessary for it’s development, and regulating principles of development of technical and communication infrastructure (e.g. road system), drainage, environmental protection and other issues, which cannot be effectively addressed on the individual decisions level. The permanent solution of this problem would require deeper system changes particularly in development planning regulations.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2011, 9; 368-375
1642-0438
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Agraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozwolenie zintegrowane a decyzja o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach
Integrated permit and decision on environmental conditions
Autorzy:
Górski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32304170.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Ekspertyz i Oceny Skutków Regulacji
Tematy:
environmental law
integrated permit
decision on environmental conditions
Opis:
The subject of the analysis is an attempt to answer the question whether it is required to attach a decision on environmental conditions in order to successfully submit an application for a new integrated permit. The problem stems from the lack of precision of the regulation, non-uniformity of decisions of administrative courts in this respect and divergent practice of administrative bodies competent in these matters. According to the author, the conducted considerations lead to an unequivocal conclusion: the analysed provision cannot be interpreted as resulting in the inclusion of entities applying for such an integrated permit with the requirement to attach a decision on environmental conditions to the application, as well as with other provisions related to such a duty.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2023, 4(80); 9-24
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakres dopuszczalnych zmian decyzji o pozwoleniu na budowę w świetle aktualnego orzecznictwa
Possible Alteration to The Building Permit in The Light of Current Case Law
Autorzy:
Smarż, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-30
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
prawo budowlane
pozwolenie na budowę
odstępstwo od projektu i decyzji o pozwoleniu na budowę
Building Law Act
building permit
the building permit decision
non-compliance with the construction design and building permit decision
Opis:
Decyzja o pozwoleniu na budowę stanowi podstawę do rozpoczęcia i prowadzenia budowy lub wykonywania robót budowlanych innych niż budowa obiektu budowlanego, z zastrzeżeniem, że muszą być one zgodne z zatwierdzonym projektem architektoniczno-budowlanym i warunkami zawartymi w decyzji o pozwoleniu na budowę. W przypadku zaś zamiaru dokonania zmian ,,istotnych” w stosunku do pierwotnie przyjętych w projekcie inwestor musi uzyskać decyzję o zmianie pozwolenia na budowę. W orzecznictwie powstają wątpliwości w odniesieniu do zakresu możliwych zmian, a w związku z tym różne poglądy w tym zakresie. Za właściwą należy jednak uznać interpretację, zgodnie z którą zmiany nie mogą skutkować możliwością realizacji nowej inwestycji w stosunku do pierwotnego zamierzenia. Decydująca jest zatem ,,tożsamość” inwestycji ujęta w pierwotnym i zmienionym projekcie.
The building permit serves the basis for commencing and carrying out construction works other than construction of a structure or facility, with the proviso that they must comply with the approved architectural and construction design and the conditions contained in the building permit. In the case of the intention to make ‘significant’ changes compared to those originally adopted in the construction design, the investor must obtain a decision to alter the building permit. In the case law, doubts arise as to the extent of possible alterations, and therefore varied views in that respect. However, the interpretation should be considered appropriate, according to which the changes may not result in the possibility of implementing a new investment in relation to the original intention. Therefore, the decisive factor is the ‘identity’ of the investment included in the original and amended construction design.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2019, 3; 165-182
1897-7146
2719-4264
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Special considerations of demolition of the buildings and structures constructed without a permit on the state-owned land parcel restricted for construction
Szczególne uwarunkowania prawne rozbiórki budynków i bu-dowli wybudowanych bez pozwolenia na działce państwowej objętej ograniczeniem zabudowy
Autorzy:
Zakashvili, Ucha
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/911261.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
construction law
building without permit
demolition
llegal construction/structure
Opis:
The article addresses special conditions sanctioning demolition of buildings and structures erected without a permit on the state-owned land parcel restricted for construction according to the Georgian legislation and the practice of suspension of enforcement proceedings of similar resolutions by the court. It reviews the regulation envisaged by part 4 of Article 25 of Product Safety and Free Movement Code, according to which buildings constructed on state and/or self-governing unit-owned land parcels are subject to demolition and an appeal of the resolution on demolition does not suspend its enforcement. Despite the above, within the procedural legislation, the court suspends the enforcement process in the part of demolition. The article assesses the prospective of placing such buildings and structures within the legal framework in the future (compliance with the general plan, functional zoning, rules of development and use of the territory), i.e. their eligibility for obtaining a permit in deciding on the suspension/non-suspension of the demolition enforcement process. In Georgian practice, this factor is not accentuated by the construction control body when making a resolution on demolition, nor does the court evaluate it, which is the most significant circumstance in the process of making and enforcing such type of resolutions. Examples from the Polish and German practice where a permit allowing illegal buildings and structures to be admitted (as complying with the substantive construction law) is one of the most significant preconditions for making a resolution regarding demolition are presented and discussed. The circumstances to be considered in the course of suspension by the court of demolition of buildings and structures illegally constructed on state and/or self-governing unit-owned land parcels are also described, and legislative changes/ amended regulations for the sake of avoidance of procrastination of such type of demolitions have been recommended.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2019, 3, 27; 73-92
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russians on the Polish Labour Market
Autorzy:
Gomółka, Krystyna Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/915702.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
russians
labour market
work permit
professions practised
national economy sectors
Opis:
The article looks into the employment of Russian citizens in Poland in 2004–2018. It presents the legal basis for Russians’ entering Poland and taking up work without having to seek a work permit, and specifies who must apply for such a permit. Russian citizens can obtain refugee status under the Geneva Convention, which grants them the right to move freely, choose their place of residence and undertake paid employment, while guaranteeing social security. On the basis of the Act on granting protection to aliens, citizens of the Russian Federation may obtain subsidiary protection if their return to their country of origin may expose them to a real risk of serious harm. A tolerated stay is granted to aliens where an alien might be expelled to a country in which their life, freedom and personal security would be jeopardised, where they could be subjected to torture, degrading treatment, humiliation, forced to work or deprived of the right to a fair trial. Training and employment can be undertaken in Poland under the bilateral agreements between Poland and Russia: the Treaty on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation and the Cooperation Agreement in the fields of science, culture and education. In Poland, the entry and stay of foreign nationals is governed by the Act on aliens, their education by the Higher Education Act, whereas the employment of foreigners is regulated by the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. The empirical basis of the study was provided by the analysis of data from the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy and the Demographic Yearbook. Russians constitute the third largest group (after Ukrainians and Belarusians) of the post-Soviet States’ citizens coming to Poland. The analysis conducted showed that employment in Poland was chiefly sought by the citizens of the Russian Federation who arrived in Poland for a limited period and for permanent residence. In 2004, the Russians represented 4.4% and in 2018 – 0,66% of all foreigners who received work permits in Poland. Before 2015 some Russian nationals took up work in Poland as the managers of their own companies. Since 2015, there has been an influx of workers from Russia in three occupational groups: IT specialists, skilled workers and workers in elementary occupations. Most of the Russians were employed in the wholesale and retail, information and communication, construction, transport and warehousing sectors, which were the same sectors where Polish entrepreneurs reported demand for Russian workers. The demand significantly exceeded the number of Russians employed.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2020, 43, 4; 139-162
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investment and construction process of renewable energy sources after recent regulatory changes
Autorzy:
Ścibura, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
renewable energy sources
investment process
permitting
permit-granting
administrative law
Opis:
Renewable energy sources remain the key to a successful energy transition. This article provides an overview of the investment process for all renewable energy sources on the grounds of Polish law. Firstly, it covers the main framework of the investment process in Poland in terms of permit-granting and identifies the administrative decisions required for the construction of renewable energy ventures. On such grounds, further addressed are specific spatial, environmental, and construction issues related to the investment process of particular types of renewable energy installations – wind, solar, water, tidal, geothermal, ambient, and biofuel energy, as well as renewable hydrogen. Such an up-to-date study is particularly relevant given the recent major changes in the law.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 101; 439-461
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zezwolenia na czasowe opuszczenie zakładu karnego
Permit to temporarily leave prison
Autorzy:
Szumski, Jerzy
Siemaszko, Andrzej
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698692.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zezwolenie na czasowe opuszczenie
zakład karny
permit to temporarily leave
prison
Opis:
The article is composed of four basic parts. The first one is historical: it discusses the evolution of legal regulation of various forms of permits to temporarily leave prison (except interruption of execution of the penalty of imprisonment) and the practice of granting such permits in the period preceding the adoption of the new punishment execution code [PEC]. Concerned here were: permit granted by way of reward to leave prison for up to 5 days (Art. 55 § 3 PEC); so-called compassionate permit to stay away from prison for up to 5 days (Art. 59 PEC); so called reward permit for 24 hours (§ 62.1 of Instruction on the execution of the penalty of imprisonment before its amendment of 1995); and regulation permit also granted for 24 hours (abolished by the abvementioned amendment of the Instruction). Hence the discussion contained in the first part of the paper proceeds on two different planes. On the one hand, we discuss the legal shape of the permits undergoing legislative changes and at the same time submitted them to critical dogmatic analysis. On the other hand, we strive to demonstrate the functioning of those legal solutions in penitentiary practice basing on the findings of few earlier empirical surveys and on statistical materials gathered by the prison administration since 1985. Our main focus is the practice of the 1990s when systemic transformation and the related humanization of the process of imprisonment led to considerable growth in the number of granted permits to temporarily leave prison, and the relevant legal transformations the effected, that is amendment of PEC and the Instruction on the execution of the penalty of imprisonment. The issue of permits was then broadly covered by the media which - not always competently and objectively - criticized the authorities for too many such permits granted; this led to an animated discussion in the doctrine. Critics considered this policy of penitentiary authorities too liberal; they argued it led to a growth in crime caused by prisoners released on permit thus reducing citizens’ feeling of safety, and also made it possible for prisoners to escape or to stay away from prison longer than permitted. It has not been possible to appraise the discussed policy basing on statistical data only due first of all to the fact that the material we based on contained merely data on the number of permits granted and said nothing about the grantees and their characteristics. From statistical analysis it followed merely that from 1985 till 1993, the number of permits granted went up nine times only to become reduced by 40% during the next two years. Also on a regular decrease (from 6.3 to 2.4 percent) in that period were cases of so-called ,,failure to return” - a category which, for obscure reasons, in the statistics includes both the actual failures to return to the institution and cases of late-coming; the proportions were calculated from the total of permits granted. The number of offenses committed by prisoners while on permit was rather small and ranged from 200 to 600 a year. Part two of the article discusses international penitentiary standards relating to inmates’ contacts with the outer world and contained in the UN Standard Minimum Rules of Treatment of Prisoners of 1955 and European Prison Rules of 1987. Also discussed have been provisions regulating the permits to temporarily leave prison in selected European countries: Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Holland, Austria, Portugal, Italy, Bulgaria and Hungary. It could be stated basing on the analysis that the Polish regulations of the discussed sphere (even those valid before the adoption of the new punishment execution code) were consistent with international standards and by no means inferior to foreign provisions. The next part of the study discusses the findings of the authors' own research conducted on 15-31 August 1995 (that is, before the above-mentioned of PEC and rules of imprisonment) in 12 prisons and remand prisons. The tool was a questionnaire developed by the Law Enforcement Institute. Examined were the files of all prisoners who in the period from 1 January 1994 till 30 June 1995 applied for a permit to temporarily leave prison, or in whose case the application was field by prison administration, whether the permit was actually granted or refused. The sample was composed of 1,043 persons, and the number of applications was 7,336. The total of 6,524 permits were granted to 970 persons. It was found that a vast majority of permits applied for were actually granted which is to some extent accounted for by the fact that most applications were field by prison administration who subsequently supported them. Permits were granted to 93% of the sample which made as many as 6.7 permits per person on the average. What is more significant though, was that over one-fifth or the sample (22.6%) were granted 10 or more permits within a relatively short period of time which manifests the existence of a privileged group among prisoners. That same conclusion can also be drawn from the fact that, the mean length of time spent away from prison being 43 hours, 11% of the sample were on permit for 1 to 2 months, and 1.5% - for over 2 months. As regards return from permit, the proportion of prisoners who never returned was 8.4%, and over one-fourth of them were on the police wanted list during the survey. This phenomenon is the more dangerous as nearly a half of the sample (49.5% a failed to return in due time on at least one occasion. Instead, the number of offenses committed by the sample while on permit seems relatively small, the proportion of offenders being 4.3%. Offenses committed most often were burglary and robbery. Considering, however, the extremely small detectability rate in Poland, the proportion may well depart greatly from the reality. Even the above findings justify the statement as to a dubious value of appraisals of the correctness of permit granting policy basing on statistical material only. They also confirm the need for inclusion is those materials of data on the number not only of permits granted but also of grantees. Leaving aside a number of formal transgressions found in the course of research, the findings generally justify a conclusion that many permits were granted automatically, so to say. It was difficult as a rule to identify any objective criteria for granting or refusing permits; this means that the permit policy violated the principle of individualized treatment of prisoners. The article ends with general conclusions from the practice followed so far and with postulates de lege ferenda formulated on the grounds of amendments introduced by the new PEC of 6 June 1997. Not going into details of those amendments, it has to be stated that they trend towards extension of the legal possibilities of granting permits and of the length of leave thus granted. In the authors’ opinion, most of the amendments deserve to be praised which is of course not to say that none of them raise any reservations. It has to be stressed, though, that the appraisals are not too categorical as the new provisions (which enter into force on 1 September 1998) leave a considerable freedom of interpretation. The practice of their application should therefore be monitored closely to begin with; the findings will then help to verify pertinence of statutory regulations of the granting of permits to temporarily leave prison.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1998, XXIII-XXIV; 115-165
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The gloss on the judgment of the NSA dated 8 march 2017, II osk 1698/15
Glosa do wyroku NSA z dnia 8 marca 2017 r., II osk 1698/15
Autorzy:
Zwolak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596167.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
party to proceedings; investor; use permit
strona postępowania; inwestor; pozwolenie na użytkowanie
Opis:
Glosa do wyroku NSA z dnia 8 marca 2017 r., II osk 1698/15  
The subject of gloss on the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court, ref. II OSK 1698/12, includes the issue of establishing a party in the proceedings for the annulment of the decision on the use permit for a building. In the opinion of the Supreme Administrative Court, the procedure of extraordinary proceedings, in this case, cannot be limited only to the possibility of the investor initiating proceedings.
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2018, 108; 159-170
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Solutions that permit safer flight in degraded visual environments (DVE)
Rozwiązania umożliwiające bezpieczniejsze loty w środowisku o ograniczonej widoczności
Autorzy:
Judge, J.
Bredenbeck, K.
Sahasraubudhe, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/212732.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
bezpieczniejsze loty
środowisko o ograniczonej widoczności
permit safer flight
degraded visual environments
Opis:
Recent combat experience in Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom has once again demonstrated the unforgiving nature ofthe desert environment. Thetotal loss of aircraft, and near losses resulting in major damage, from a uniąue helicopter condition called "brownout" is disproportional to actual combat losses. Fully operational aircraft are routinely destroyed due to the loss ofvisual reference resulting from brownouts. This phenomenon is not new to rotory wing aviation but has now become a focal point of aviation commands as a problem to be sohed. This paper puts forth seyeral potential solutions that challenge our industry to provide a comprehensive answer to an urgent problem. The paper will address steps we can take now and in the future to improve a pilot's situational awareness and reduce the risk encountered during brownout events. Near term solutions represent more easily retrofitable elements that do not require a large amount of aircraft integration. These include sensor and display updates and modernized control laws. In the longer term advantage can be taken of the greater control authority afforded by Fly-By-Wire systems andfurther improvements in sensor technology.
Ostatnie doświadczenia wyniesione z Operacji Umacniania Wolności i Wolność Irakowi jeszcze raz podkreśliły surowość środowiska pustynnego. Całkowite straty statków powietrznych i bliskie całkowitej utracie poważne uszkodzenia zdolności operacyjnej śmigłowców wskutek zaniku widoczności są nieporównywalnie duże w stosunku do całowitych strat w boju. Statki powietrzne będące w całkowitej zdolności operacyjnej bywają systematycznie uszkadzane wskutek utraty wizualnego źródła danych na skutek spadku widoczności. Owo zjawisko nie jest niczym nowym dla wiropłatów, lecz obecnie stało się obiektem zainteresowania dowódców lotnictwa, jako problem do rozwiązania. W artykule przedstawiono kilka potencjalnych rozwiązań stnowiących wyzwanie dla naszego przemysłu, przedsięwzięć kompleksowych działań celem odpowiedzi na nurtujący problem. Pokazano poszczególne kroki, jakie możemy podjąć teraz i w przyszłości, aby poprawić możliwość orientowania się w sytuacji przez pilota oraz zmniejszyć ryzyko w trakcie zaników widoczności. Jako rozwiązania proponuje sie wymiane elementów na nowe, które nie wymagają skomplikowanej integracji z systemami płatowca. Rozwiązania również obejmują aktualizację czujników, wyświetlaczy i modernizacji charakterystyk sterowania. W dalszej perspektywie czasowej można odnieść korzyści ze zwiększenia znaczenia elektronicznego układu sztucznej stateczności i sterowania oraz dalszych udoskonaleń czujników.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa; 2006, 1-2 (184-185); 25-29
0509-6669
2300-5408
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
REGULATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA OF GAMING MACHINES IN THE LIGHT OF THE FREEDOM OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. REFLECTIONS DE LEGE LATA AND DE LEGE FERENDA
Autorzy:
MICHAŁ, HEJBUDZKI,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/891290.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-08
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
freedom of economic activity
gambling
gaming machines
licence
permit
the state monopoly
Opis:
Objectives The subject of studies focuses on the issue of whether the introduction of an absolute prohibition on gaming machines outside casinos actually falls within the legal conditions allowing restriction of the principle of freedom of economic activity and, therefore, whether banning gaming machines outside casinos is necessary for the protection of “important public interest “within the meaning of Article 20 and 22 of the Constitution, as well as whether it is appropriate to introduce a state monopoly on this activity. Methods This work is a study on legal aspects, in which legal provisions were made the basic verification material when assessing the merits of individual legal solutions. Therefore, the study of the outlined problems were mainly based on the dogmatic method as the most efficient in the process of exegesis of legal norms. This approach is a consequence of the assumption that the optimal legal regulation of the raised issues is one of the main conditions for achieving the goals. The historical method was used as a supplementary one in relation to the evolution of regulations in this respect. Results The analysis of the issues leads to the conclusion that the gaming sector should be subject to inspection and supervision of the authorities of the state and that the public authority should protect citizens against the risk of gambling addiction. The introduction of a ban on gaming machines outside casinos resulted from the need perceived by the legislator to introduce comprehensive changes in regulations governing the area of the dynamically developing gambling market since socially adverse changes and irregularities occurred in this market. Conclusions A general clause of an important public interest adopted in Article 22 of the Constitution allows to recognise the restriction on the freedom of economic activity consisting of a permission to operate gaming machines only in casinos constitutionally acceptable, as it is necessary for security, public order, health, freedom and public morality in a democratic state. Existing restrictions in this regard meet the constitutional requirement of proportionality, i.e. applied measures lead to the desired objectives, are necessary to protect the interests which they are linked to and the effects of the restrictions are proportionate to the burdens imposed on the citizen. However, the proposals to restore the opportunities for gaming machines outside casinos are incomprehensible. The introduction of a state monopoly on operating gaming machines will interfere with the principle of freedom of economic activity because there are no rational reasons for limiting entrepreneurs in this field of economic activity while a legal base to broad access to gaming machines will be created. Adoption of the proposed amendments will reveal the primacy of the fiscal interests of the state over values such as public health. At the same time it will expose the weakness of the State, which not being able to eliminate the so-called “grey economy” by any other means, decides to join the circle of beneficiaries of the activity sanctioning it legally and ignoring the well-being of citizens.
Źródło:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje; 2017, 26; 137-155
2299-4033
Pojawia się w:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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