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Tytuł:
The parasite-host system as exemplified by the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and insects
Układ pasożyt-żywiciel na przykładzie oddziaływań pomiędzy grzybami owadobójczym, a owadami
Autorzy:
Augustyniuk-Kram, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1962986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-03-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
pasożytnictwo
układ pasożyt-żywiciel
grzyby owadobójcze
kontrola biologiczna szkodników
parasitsm
parasite-host system
entomopathogenic fungi
biological pest control
Opis:
Pasożytnictwo to jedna z form antagonistycznego oddziaływania dwóch organizmów należących do różnych gatunków, z których jeden (pasożyt) żyje stale lub czasowo kosztem drugiego (żywiciela), będącego dla niego środowiskiem życia i źródłem pokarmu. Zrozumienie złożonych interakcji jakie zachodzą w układzie pasożyt-żywiciel to jeden z podstawowych problemów we współczesnej ekologii. Interakcje te dotyczą nie tylko poziomu osobniczego czy gatunkowego. Mają one również wpływ (bezpośredni bądź pośredni) na całe ekosystemy. Jednym z częściej obserwowanych w przyrodzie przejawów pasożytnictwa na owadach są epizoocje (masowe pojawienie się choroby w populacji określonego gatunku, w określonym czasie i na określonym terenie) wywoływane przez grzyby owadobójcze. W naturalnych środowiskach epizoocje grzybowe są najczęściej związane ze zjawiskiem gradacji, czyli masowym pojawieniem się owada-żywiciela. Grzyby owadobójcze, bytując w glebie czy na powierzchni roślin, są stale obecne w środowisku życia owadów, ale przy normalnym zagęszczeniu populacji owadów ich infekcje pojawiają się sporadycznie. Dopiero podczas gradacji grzyby masowo infekują owady, przyczyniając się do redukcji ich liczebności, a przy tym same zwiększają swoją liczebność i rozprzestrzeniają się w środowisku. Przedstawiony artykuł opisuje szczegółowo interakcje jakie zachodzą w układzie grzyb owadobójczy-owad. W artykule omawiane są przystosowania grzybów owadobójczych do skutecznego infekowania żywiciela oraz mechanizmy odporności owadów na infekcje grzybowe. W pracy poruszone jest również zagadnienie współoddziaływania układu pasożyt-żywiciel z innymi elementami biocenozy (roślina żywicielska, inne patogeny, przedstawiciele wyższych poziomów troficznych), w której układ pasożyt-żywiciel funkcjonuje.
Źródło:
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae; 2011, 9, 1; 51-68
1733-1218
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty prawne
Problems of ”social parasitism”: legal aspects
Autorzy:
Szamota, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699208.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
problematyka
pasożytnictwo
społeczeństwo
aspekt prawny
kara
problems
social parasitism
legal aspects
penalty
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 101-112
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty kryminologiczne
Problems of "social parasitism": criminological aspects
Autorzy:
Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699214.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
pasożytnictwo
społeczeństwo
aspekty kryminologiczne
kryminologia
problematyka
niedostosowanie
social parasitism
criminological aspects
criminology
problems
maladjustment
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 113-118
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Powstawanie pasożytnictwa u nicieni i ksztaltowanie się układw pasożyt-żywiciel
Autorzy:
Okulewicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2151426.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
interakcje zywiciel-pasozyt
pasozytnictwo
parazytologia
pasozyty
nicienie
zywiciele
Opis:
Nowadays the developmental process of parasitism within the nematodes of animals and plants also takes place. Rhabditida group coming from the soil saprophytic forms is an example of such evolutionary process in statu nascendi. The conditions and ways towards the close relationships between two organisms, leading from the commensalism and facultative parasitism to the obligatory one have been presented.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 1994, 40, 1; 35-43
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Powstawanie pasozytnictwa u nicieni i ksztaltowanie sie ukladow pasozyt-zywiciel
Autorzy:
Okulewicz, A
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/841352.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
interakcje zywiciel-pasozyt
pasozytnictwo
parazytologia
pasozyty
nicienie
zywiciele
Opis:
Nowadays the developmental process of parasitism within the nematodes of animals and plants also takes place. Rhabditida group coming from the soil saprophytic forms is an example of such evolutionary process in statu nascendi. The conditions and ways towards the close relationships between two organisms, leading from the commensalism and facultative parasitism to the obligatory one have been presented.
Źródło:
Annals of Parasitology; 1994, 40, 1; 35-43
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Parasitology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polypodium hydriforme Ussov (polipodium) - niezwykły parzydełkowiec pasożytniczy
Autorzy:
Zelazowska, M.
Kobialka, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/851980.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodników im. Kopernika
Tematy:
pasozytnictwo
bezkregowce
parzydelkowce
pasozyty zwierzat
Polypodium hydriforme
cykl zyciowy
Źródło:
Wszechświat; 2014, 115, 04-06
0043-9592
Pojawia się w:
Wszechświat
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pasozyty jako naturalny skladnik ekosystemu
Autorzy:
Pojmanska, T
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/839370.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozytnictwo
parazytologia
pasozyty
interakcje pasozyt-zywiciel
zywiciele
Opis:
Parasites as a natural element of any ecosystem. The article presents some ideas upon the functioning of the parasite populations and communities in relation to the whole ecosystem. The author underlines that the parasites are one of the natural elements of every biocenosis and their existence submittes to similar ecological rules as the populations and communities of free-living organisms. Colonization of their particular environment (living organism) demands some adaptations allowing to resist immunological defense of the host, and to coexist with other parasite species harboured by the same host, not exploiting the supplies over the host "carying capacity", what could provoke the streng pathogenic eB'ects, including host death. The mechanims maintaning the state of relative stability in host-parasite system are similar as in the case of free-living organisms, and are of both parasite-and host origin. They can confine the number of parasites (elimination of some specimens) or their biomass (growth restraint), limit their fecundity (maturation resttaint), or make particular species to use different supply (niches separation). On the other hand parasite can regulate the demography of host population: restrict their fecundity, or kill their host directly or indirectly (making them an easier prey for predators). The author presents and discusses some examples illustrating the activity of the regulating mechanisms in host-parasite relationship, as well as the role of parasites in energetic ballance of ecosystem and in "engineering of ecosystem".
Źródło:
Annals of Parasitology; 2002, 48, 2; 139-154
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Parasitology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pasożyty jako naturalny składnik ekosystemu
Autorzy:
Pojmańska, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2147684.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozytnictwo
parazytologia
pasozyty
interakcje pasozyt-zywiciel
zywiciele
Opis:
Parasites as a natural element of any ecosystem. The article presents some ideas upon the functioning of the parasite populations and communities in relation to the whole ecosystem. The author underlines that the parasites are one of the natural elements of every biocenosis and their existence submittes to similar ecological rules as the populations and communities of free-living organisms. Colonization of their particular environment (living organism) demands some adaptations allowing to resist immunological defense of the host, and to coexist with other parasite species harboured by the same host, not exploiting the supplies over the host "carying capacity", what could provoke the streng pathogenic eB'ects, including host death. The mechanims maintaning the state of relative stability in host-parasite system are similar as in the case of free-living organisms, and are of both parasite-and host origin. They can confine the number of parasites (elimination of some specimens) or their biomass (growth restraint), limit their fecundity (maturation resttaint), or make particular species to use different supply (niches separation). On the other hand parasite can regulate the demography of host population: restrict their fecundity, or kill their host directly or indirectly (making them an easier prey for predators). The author presents and discusses some examples illustrating the activity of the regulating mechanisms in host-parasite relationship, as well as the role of parasites in energetic ballance of ecosystem and in "engineering of ecosystem".
Źródło:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2002, 48, 2; 139-154
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Parasitic halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae): survey on literature
Autorzy:
Chatterjee, Tapas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1386471.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
Parasitism
Halacaridae
Aquatic Mites
Host
pasożytnictwo
wodopójki
gospodarz
Opis:
The article deals with a survey on literature of parasitic halacarid mites. Exact nature of relationship between mites and their invertebrate hosts is unknown for most of these associations, as live observations not found. Some species are assumed to be parasitic.
Artukuł zawiera przegląd literatury dotyczącej pasożytniczych wodopójek z rodziny Halacaridae. W większości przypadków pasożytniczych wodopójek i ich gospodarzy do dzisiaj nie jest znany dokładny charakter interakcji, ponieważ brak obserwacji osobników żywych. W przypadku części gatunków nie jest jasne nawet czy są pasożytami zwierząt bezkręgowych na których zostały znalezione.
Źródło:
Acta Biologica; 2020, 27; 5-10
2450-8330
2353-3013
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O adaptacjach niektorych Euglenida do endopasozytnictwa
Autorzy:
Wita, I
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/840559.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozyty wewnetrzne
pasozytnictwo
Euglenida
parazytologia
Copepoda
widlonogi
adaptacja
cykl zyciowy
zywiciele
Parastasia
Opis:
Some adaptations to endoparasitism in 20 species and 2 subspecies of euglenoid parasitic flagellates ihabiting gut of fresh water Copepoda have been studied. The trophozoites, dividing and flagellate forms have been examined by means of morphometric, morphological and cytochemical methods at light and electron microscope level. The developmental cycle, specificity and ecological conditions were analysed for establishing adaptative features. Three groups of species can be distinguished according to degree of their adaptations into parasitic way of life.
Źródło:
Annals of Parasitology; 1997, 43, 4; 357-368
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Parasitology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O adaptacjach niektórych Euglenida do endopasożytnictwa
THE ADAPTATIONS OF SOME EUGLENIDA TO ENDOPARASITISM
Autorzy:
Wita, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2148913.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozyty wewnetrzne
pasozytnictwo
Euglenida
parazytologia
Copepoda
widlonogi
adaptacja
cykl zyciowy
zywiciele
Parastasia
Opis:
Some adaptations to endoparasitism in 20 species and 2 subspecies of euglenoid parasitic flagellates ihabiting gut of fresh water Copepoda have been studied. The trophozoites, dividing and flagellate forms have been examined by means of morphometric, morphological and cytochemical methods at light and electron microscope level. The developmental cycle, specificity and ecological conditions were analysed for establishing adaptative features. Three groups of species can be distinguished according to degree of their adaptations into parasitic way of life.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 1997, 43, 4; 357-368
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inwazyjnosc i wewnatrzkomorkowe pasozytnictwo Toxoplasma gondii
Autorzy:
Dlugonska, H
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/836575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozytnictwo wewnatrzkomorkowe
inwazyjnosc
parazytologia
pasozyty
Toxoplasma gondii
Źródło:
Annals of Parasitology; 2005, 51, 3; 213-217
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Parasitology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inwazyjność i wewnątrzkomórkowe pasożytnictwo Toxoplasma gondii
Autorzy:
Długońska, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146392.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
Tematy:
pasozytnictwo wewnatrzkomorkowe
inwazyjnosc
parazytologia
pasozyty
Toxoplasma gondii
Źródło:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2005, 51, 3; 213-217
0043-5163
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interakcje między grzybami (Mycota) a mszakami (Bryophyta) w zbiorowiskach leśnych
Interactions between fungi (Mycota) and bryophytes (Bryophyta) in forest communities
Autorzy:
Grzesiak, B.
Lawrynowicz, M.
Stebel, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989948.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
siedliska lesne
torfowiska
mszaki
Bryophyta
interakcje grzyby-rosliny
grzyby briofilne
pasozytnictwo
mikoryza
saprotrofizm
komensalizm
bryophilous fungi
parasitism
saprotrophism
commensalism
symbiosis
forest
peat−bogs
poland
Opis:
Fungi growing on bryophytes or in their close vicinity are called bryophilous. They can create facultative or obligate associations. The paper presents fungi occurring in various relations with bryophytes, such as parasites, saprotrophs and endophytes. In Poland, majority of information about bryophilous fungi origin from papers concerned with the occurrence of these organisms within plant communities. The authors enumerate mainly facultative bryophilous macromycetes such as: Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers.: Fr., Lactarius thejogalus (Bull.: Fr.) Gray ss. Neuhoff, Cortinarius semisanguineus (Fr.) Gillet, and Leccinum niveum (Fr.) Rauschert. Data related to micromycetes occurring on bryophytes in Poland are scanty, and only few species were reported, e.g. Hymenoscyphus subcarneus (Schumach.) J. Schröt. and Epibryon plagiochilae). Preliminary list of obligate bryophilous fungi of Poland is provided and includes 9 Ascomycota (e.g.: Bryonectria phyllogena Döbbeler, Geoglossum sphagnophilum Ehrenb., Hymenoscyphus subcarneus (Schumach.) J. Schröt. and Sarcoleotia turficola (Boud.) Dennis) and Basidiomycota (e.g.: Armillaria ectypa (Fr.) Lamoure, Galerina calyptrata P. D. Orton, Gerronema marchantiae Singer & Clémençon, G. postii (Fr.) Singer, Hygrocybe coccineocrenata (P. D. Orton) M. M. Moser, Lyophyllum palustre (Peck) Singer, Omphalina sphagnicola (Berk.) M. M. Moser, O. umbellifera (L.) Quel., Psilocybe polytrichi (Fr.) Sacc., Rimbachia bryophila (Pers.) Redhead and Suillus flavidus (Fr.) J. Presl.). Nowadays, interactions between fungi and bryophytes become the subject of the increasing interest of mycologist and bryologists.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 11; 912-920
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Funkcjonowanie ustawy o postępowaniu wobec osób uchylających się od pracy - wyniki badań
Functioning of the act on the treatment of persons evading work
Autorzy:
Ostrihanska, Zofia
Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699284.pdf
Data publikacji:
1988
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
robocizna
uchylać się
praca
wolność
wyniki badań
leczenie
osoba
funkcjonowanie
pasożytnictwo społeczne
regulacja prawna
zatrudnienie
ustawa
nadużywania alkoholu
obowiązek
rejestracja
labour
avoid
work
liberty
findings
treatment
person
functioning
social parasitism
legal regulation
employment
law
alcohol abuse
responsibility
registration
Opis:
The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty  of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s  failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered  person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine.             The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment.             In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in  realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law.             The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work.             In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition.             The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were  known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages.             The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work.             Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts.             Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment.             Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment.             The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical.             One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work.             Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases.             As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged.             The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed.             The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism.             The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies.             After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary.             Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent.             Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs.             Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval.             Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged.             In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 95-152
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 19

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