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Tytuł:
Party leadership in Poland in comparative perspective
Autorzy:
Radecki, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647573.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
party leadership
leaders
intra-party democracy
political parties
Polska
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to analyse leadership in Polish political parties in comparative perspective. In the further parts of this paper, the methods of leader selections, their competitiveness, as well as reasons for their stepping down are discussed. Similarly to the western political parties, the Polish ones have been changing their methods of leadership selection. So far each time it has consisted in a formal increase in the inclusiveness of the selection. The reasons for transferring the rights relating to the leadership selection to party members were brought closer to the premises typical for Westminster democracies rather than the consensual ones. The analysis of the Polish case shows that the internal elections have been characterized by different levels of competitiveness.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2015, 22, 1
1428-9512
2300-7567
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of the intra-party democracy on political parties reactions to the electoral defeats - a case study of the selected political groupings in Poland
Autorzy:
Kaczorowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2156608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
intra-party democracy
electoral defeat
political parties
Polska
Opis:
An electoral defeat usually marks a significant turning point in the life of political parties. It is often the beginning of the changes taking place within them (Harmel, Janda 1994; Gauja 2016: p. 50–51). Existing research suggest that the desire to improve the electoral outcome is the main argument for reform within political parties (Janda 1990; Harmel et al. 1995). This article looks at a relationship between the reactions of political parties to electoral defeat and one factor found to be important in this respect – i.e. the level of intra-party democracy (IPD) analysed at the organisational level. The study uses the IPD measurement model developed by Benjamin von dem Berge and his team (see: von dem Berge et al. 2013). The article provides the analysis of the level of intra-party democracy of the selected four Polish political parties (on the basis of their statutes) continuously present on the Polish political scene after 2001 and its impact on changes within political groupings after electoral defeats. The author examined the statutes of the Law and Justice (PiS), the Civic Platform (PO), the Polish People’s Party (PSL) and the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD). These parties suffered defeats either in the 2011 or 2015 elections. The main research problem is to determine how the level of IPD of the examined parties influences their reactions after electoral defeats. The research hypothesis is: political parties with a higher level of IPD should change under the influence of electoral defeats more than parties with a lower level of this indicator. The study used also the methodology of data analysis (party’s statutes and other documents) and 21 structured in-depth interviews with representatives of party elites. Based on the results, the index of change after defeat in political parties is created.
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2021, 4; 191-207
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formalne determinanty pozycji przywódców w strukturach pozaparlamentarnych partii politycznych w Polsce
Formal determinants of the position of leaders in the structures of non-parliamentary parties in Poland
Autorzy:
Hartliński, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/520276.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Fundacja Niepodległości
Tematy:
przywódca partyjny
organizacja partii
demokracja wewnątrzpartyjna
partie polityczne
Polska
party leader
party organization
intra-party democracy
political parties
Polska
Opis:
The study is aimed at analysing the statutes of 76 political parties and constitutes an attempt at characterising the formal position of party leaders in the structures of Polish non-parliamentary parties. Formal conditions determining leadership in non-parliamentary parties may be characterised with references to a few issues. Almost all of such parties have either of two formally determined positions of the leader. This is chairman (35) and president (33). In the majority of the parties (44) the position of the leader is an independent body set apart in their organisational structure. In fewer parties, the leader is the head of a collegiate body. Classifying the hierarchy of party bodies, in the greatest number of cases the leader was not set apart (29). If it was done, the leader received the second (20) or the third (14) position. The leader almost always, as a result of the position he occupies, becomes a member of other key bodies in the party. In slightly more than half of the parties (39), the leader has an opportunity to decide about the choice of his closest collaborators thanks to the right to propose candidates to take such positions. The length of the term in office is also different in different parties, although the most common period is 4 years (31 parties). In 63 out of 71 parties the leader is chosen by the delegates of local structures during a national congress. As regards the proposed research hypothesis, non-parliamentary parties do not significantly differ from the mainstream parties. There are no considerable disproportions with reference to the applied terminology, selecting various bodies, solutions concerning terms of office, automatic election to the most important decision-making bodies, as well as methods of selecting the leaders. The only difference concerns the fact that in non-parliamentary parties the leader is often not set apart against other party bodies, which is a situation quite rare among the main political parties. As far as the distinguished indexes are concerned, there is of course some degree of variation, yet both parliamentary as well as non-parliamentary parties show similar tendencies in formal positioning of the leaders in their structures.
Źródło:
Prawo i Polityka; 2015, 6; 40-64
2080-5799
Pojawia się w:
Prawo i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stronnictwo Demokratyczne w świetle teorii demokracji Giovanniego Sartoriego. Analiza politologiczna w ujęciu systemowym
The Alliance of Democrats (Stronnictwo Demokratyczne) in the light of Giovanni Sartori’s theory of democracy. Political science analysis conducted in systemic perspective
Autorzy:
Schupke, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-29
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
system i struktura partii politycznej
Stronnictwo Demokratyczne
teoria demokracji G. Sartoriego
demokracja liberalna
demokracja partyjna
system and structure of a political party
the Alliance of Democrats
Giovanni Sartori’s theory of democracy
liberal democracy
party democracy
Opis:
W niniejszym artykule na podstawie przeanalizowanego materiału badawczego została podjęta próba naukowego odniesienia problematyki systemu i struktury partii politycznej (na przykładzie Stronnictwa Demokratycznego) do teorii demokracji Giovanniego Sartoriego. W konsekwencji tak przyjętego założenia badawczego należy uznać, że przemiany polskiego systemu partyjnego dokonywały się pod wpływem ideowym dyskursu (także naukowego) dotyczącego demokracji liberalnej. Poza tym w początkowym okresie kształtowania się polskiego systemu partyjnego po wydarzeniach 1989 roku polskie partie polityczne ustosunkowywały się do demokracji i procesu demokratyzacji w ujęciu idealistycznym i wyidealizowanym. Ujęcie to stało się źródłem rozbudowanych rozwiązań normatywnych i wzorców zachowań (na płaszczyźnie gospodarczej, politycznej i społecznej), często bardzo trudnych do zrealizowania w polskiej praktyce politycznej. W tym kontekście obecność Stronnictwa Demokratycznego w polskim systemie partyjnym stała się elementem tożsamości tak rozumianego systemu partyjnego/politycznego Polski, zgodnie z regułą ciągłości i zmiany, o charakterze funkcjonalnym i dysfunkcjonalnym.
In this article, on the basis of analysed research material, an attempt is made to confront within the realm of political science the problematics of system and structure of a political party, using as an example the Alliance of Democrats, with Giovanni Sartori’s theory of democracy. As a consequence of the said research framework, it must be acknowledged that the transformation of political party system in Poland was influenced by ideological discourse (also coming from academia) regarding liberal democracy. Additionally, when the Polish party system began to form after the events of 1989, the parties’ representatives referred to democracy and the process of democratization in an idealistic and idealized manner. This approach has become a source of extensive normative solutions and behavioural patterns (at the level of economy, politics, and society), often hardly feasible in Polish political practice. In this context, the presence of the Alliance of Democrats in the Polish party system has become an element of the identity of Poland’s party/political system understood in this way, based on the rule of continuity and change, of a functional and dysfunctional nature.
Źródło:
Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis; 2020, 28; 53-76
1895-3492
2353-9747
Pojawia się w:
Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Leaders of Polish Political Parties and Their Scope of Power in Party Structures
Autorzy:
Tomczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514636.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
Polish party system
political party
leader of party
democracy
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to present the scope of authority of party leaders in selected Polish political parties. The study included the following parties: Civic Platform (PO), Law and Justice (PiS) party, the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL), Your Movement (TR), Right Wing of the Republic Polish (PR), the New Right (NP) and the Greens. The article addresses the problem of electing a leader of party. The importance of exclusive competence (the powers that belong only to a leader) of the leaders of the Polish party is analyzed. The leader of party may on their grounds decide in certain areas of action of the party. This applies in particular to internal structure, staffing party, the nomination of candidates for election as well as disciplining party members. In most of the subjected parties the leaders have a broad range of rights including the exclusive character. According to the author, some of these powers undermine democratic nature of the party structure.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2015, 11; 7-17
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The political party system in Slovakia in the era of Mečiarism. The experiences of the young democracies of central European countries
Autorzy:
Barański, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1628419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Slovakia
Vladimir Mečiar
party system
democracy
political party
Opis:
This article aims to reconstruct the functioning of political parties that was present during the establishment of the foundations of the democratic system and political practice, from the “Velvet Revolution” to the creation of a competitive party system with a dominant political party – Movement for Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) set up by Vladimir Mečiar; who served as prime minister in the years 1993–1998 (including a hiatus in 1994) greatly affecting the state internal and international policy, and held the post of the sole chairman of the party until its dissolution. V. Mečiar’s rule was marked by the interweaving of the elements of the wave of democratization with the reverse wave of de-democratization. The pro-democratic and undemocratic tendencies displayed by Mečiar were determined – apart from objective factors – by the personality traits of the prime minister: his commanding and charismatic leadership style, authoritarianism, making public decisions in a ruthless manner devoid of impartiality, or violations of democratic norms and values. Apart from its scientific purpose, this article may also fulfil a practical function allowing the possibility of using the research findings in social practice/politics.
Źródło:
Eastern Review; 2020, 9; 33-48
1427-9657
2451-2567
Pojawia się w:
Eastern Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy polskie partie są demokratyczne?
Are the Polish parties democratic?
Autorzy:
Tomczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1953218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
political parties
democracy
party leader
Opis:
The article analyzes the application of democratic principles in the structures of polish political parties such as: Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice), Twój Ruch (Your Movement), Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Democratic Left Alliance), Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Polish People’s Party), Prawica Rzeczypospolitej (Right Wing of the Republic), Polska Partia Pracy (Polish Labour Party), Partia Zieloni (Greens), Solidarna Polska (Solidary Poland). The author of the article discusses the issues of leadership competition, creation of informal groups in the party elections, members disciplining, and leaders forcing environmental risks arising from the principles of internal democracy. The author stated that the parties should be left free to shape structures while legally protect the democratic principles of choice and the relationship between the authorities and the equality of rights of members of the party.
Źródło:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne; 2015, 47; 84-97
1505-2192
Pojawia się w:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WIZJA PAŃSTWA W MYŚLI POLITYCZNEJ UNII WOLNOŚCI
A VISION OF THE STATE IN UNIA WOLNOŚCI’S POLITICAL THOUGHT
Autorzy:
Szczepański, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513078.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
political party
Union Freedom
constitution
democracy
Opis:
The aim of the article was to present the UW party’s assumptions of the political system of the country. A particular attention was paid to the principle of separation of powers and the need to maintain a balance between the legislative, administrative and judicatory power. The scope of the various authorities have been discussed, and specific solutions pointed at which, according to UW ideologues, may have contributed to their better functioning.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2012, 10; 151-159 (9)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Referendums in Ukraine and the Baltic Countries in the First Decade of Independence: Causes and Results
Autorzy:
Voitenko, Yurii
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24858197.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
republic
party
influence
plebiscite
democracy
contract
parliament
president
Opis:
This article provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of referendums in Ukraine and the Baltic states during the first decade of independence. The article contains a historical and political aspect regarding the reasons and results of referendums introduced in the specified countries. The article provides a separate analysis of the political features of the introduction of referendums in Ukraine, which consisted, first of all, of pressure from the president on the parliament, with the aim of the latter adopting decisions necessary for the head of state. Such pressure on the parliament, in the form of a referendum initiative by the second President of Ukraine, was aimed at increasing its powers, especially with regard to influence on the government, and a proportional decrease in the powers of the Verkhovna Rada. This was most clearly manifested during the period of formation and approval of the text of the Constitution of Ukraine, in which all the «rules of the game» in the aspect of checks and balances of the highest institutions of state power were to be agreed upon. The experience of the Baltic countries in the first decade of restored independence had less practice than in Ukraine regarding political confrontations between the highest bodies of state power. The Baltic countries finally agreed on the main powers of the main institutions of power during the first two years of their restored independence and confirmed them in referendums. Further, their plebiscites consisted more in solving issues of national than exclusively political importance.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2023, 4(40); 64-77
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obywatel a partie polityczne – wstęp do analizy na przykładzie Platformy Obywatelskiej RP i Prawa i Sprawiedliwości
Citizen and political party – Introduction to the analysis of the Platforma Obywatelska and Prawo i Sprawiedliwość
Autorzy:
Plecka, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
civil society
political civic competence
political party
democracy
Opis:
The problem of both political and sociological backgrounds is often the quality and level of political civic competence. They point out their importance for the development and consolidation of democracy as well as the quality of public life. Research on this topic is accompanied by a lack of interest in politics, knowledge of its basic mechanisms, limited social trust, and marginal participation, which may be the turnout in individual elections. At the same time, there is a lack of reflection on the sources of such behaviors, assuming (usually a priori) that they are in the historical experience, mentality, tradition or political culture prevailing in a given society. However, the observation of public life makes it possible to argue that the quality and level of political civic competences largely depend on the practice of political parties with regard to citizens in terms of both conventional and unconventional participation. Of course, it is difficult not to notice the interplay of political parties and citizens, one can even risk the notion that the "quality of citizenship" depends on the rulers, and these reflect the "quality of citizenship."
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2017, 17; 27-38
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
OPOZYCJA WEWNĄTRZPARTYJNA W SOCJALDEMOKRATYCZNEJ PARTII NIEMIEC W LATACH 1980–1982
INTERNAL OPPOSITION WITHIN THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF GERMANY IN THE YEARS 1980–1982
Autorzy:
Świder, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/512907.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
intra-party opposition
German social democracy
disarmament
FRG
Opis:
At the beginning of the 1980s a very serious internal conflict within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) appeared, which was played out on a few levels. The first one was the personal level, the second one was the program and ideology level. Both levels, especially in 1981 and in 1982 started to penetrate the strengthening the conflict and the signs of intra-party breakup, and revealing the views and actions of SPD party members, being in open opposition to the official policy of the social liberal government and the social democratic chancellor. Having entered opposition, the party adjusted the party program from above to the expectations of its members and its electorate, taking over a part of the intra-party opposition program (of the so-called left-wing of the party).
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2016, 14, 1; 91-101 (11)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Syriza in power (2015-2019): A Review of Selected Aspects
Autorzy:
Lorencka, Małgorzata
Aravantinou Leonidi, Giulia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
Syriza
radical left party
coalition government
Greek democracy
Prespa Agreement
Opis:
What are the consequences of Syriza coming to power in Greece in 2015? Did it become a new Weimar Germany for the future Europe? In this article we test the hypothesis that winning two consecutive parliamentary elections in 2015 and forming a government contributed to a farther institutionalisation of this party within the rules of Greek democracy. This article is based on data from the Greek Ministry of Interior and the website of the Greek parliament. This text aims at presenting the process of transformation of Syriza - a radical, left-wing, anti-establishment and anti-austerity party into a governmental entity, pro systemic and accepting the principle of the democratic state of law. All this was due to the establishing of the governmental coalition with ANEL, a nationalist party; social-economic reforms; the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections; the proposal of a constitutional reform and the ending of the nearly 30-year dispute with Macedonia. The electoral failure during the parliamentary elections on the 7th of July 2019 finishes a 4-year governance of Syriza and enables us to try to evaluate this experiment for the first time. A key finding of our investigation is the need to highlight the respect for the democratic rules by Syriza during its government and its further institutionalisation as one of the main groupings of the contemporary party system in Greece.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2019, 24; 5-26
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
2018's 'Political System Change' and Its Impact on Party Politics in Türkiye
Autorzy:
İçener, Zeyneb Çağlıyan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2131128.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-10-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Türkiye
Turkey
System Debate
Change
Presidential System
Party Politics
Democracy
Opis:
The Republic of Türkiye was founded on Ottoman parliamentary tradition introduced in 1878. However, debates on system change have always been on the agenda. The Turkish political elite has occasionally presented proposals on the need to shift from a parliamentary to a presidential system. The times of political crises set a suitable ground for such favourable arguments. This article focuses primarily on the realisation of the system change witnessed under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's leadership. In the first part, it argues that the three-phase strategy of the AK Party has made its political dreams come true. An issue is first popularised, then narrativised, and finally securitised. Consequently, the new presidential government system was adopted with the April 16th, 2017 referendum. The article analyses how the system change has modified the formation of such alliances among the political parties beyond customary ways. It questions to what extent this novel dimension of party politics would be sustainable. The second part thus elaborates on the formation of alliances and the efforts to make them functional on the way to consensual politics. Lijphart's classification of democracies as majoritarian governments versus consensus governments has provided a theoretical base for a discussion on the return to a strengthened parliamentary system. The article sheds light on the new dynamics of government/opposition relations and their influence on Turkish democracy.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2022, 26, 3; 31-53
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Płynna demokracja w programie Partii Piratów
Liquid Democracy in the Manifesto of the Pirate Party
Autorzy:
Piechocki, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616816.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Liquid Democracy
The Pirate Party
Liquid Feedback
płynna demokracja
Partia Piratów
Opis:
Falling participation, which involves less and less legitimacy leads to increased dissatisfaction with the functioning of democracy. New communication technologies in the area of policy by many was considered a remedy for the problems. Pirate parties present in dozens of countries postulate to return democracy to the citizens. One of the instruments is the Liquid Democracy, which can be found in their political agenda. This solution is not merely a theoretical construct, because for two years it was implemented in one of the German counties. Although Liquid Friesland met with massive public interest in the county of Friesland, the level of participation did not differ from other projects to participate in a digital democracy.
Wykorzystanie nowych technologii komunikacyjnych w obszarze polityki przez wielu uważane było za remedium na jej problemy. Spadająca partycypacja, która pociąga coraz mniejszą legitymację ugrupowań zasiadających w parlamentach prowadzi do wzrostu niezadowolenia z funkcjonowania demokracji. Partie Piratów obecne w kilkudziesięciu państwach postulują, by demokrację zwrócić obywatelom. Jednym z instrumentów, które temu mają służyć jest płynna demokracja, którą znaleźć można w ich programach politycznych. Rozwiązanie to nie jest jedynie teoretycznym konstruktem, bowiem przez dwa lata wdrażano je w jednym z niemieckich powiatów. Choć Liquid Freisland nie spotkał się z masowym zainteresowaniem obywateli powiatu, to jednak poziom uczestnictwa nie odbiegał od udziału w innych projektach cyfrowej demokracji.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2015, 1; 73-84
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of political parties in building democracy in India and Pakistan. A party-oriented approach towards democratisation processes
Autorzy:
Nitza-Makowska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/526934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Collegium Civitas
Tematy:
democracy in Asia
party system in India
party system in Pakistan
nuclear weapon states
criminalisation of politics
Opis:
Political parties in India and Pakistan consider democracy a desirable regime for their countries. In order to introduce their own vision of a democratic state, they violate rules of free and fair elections, undermining the very procedures that constitute democracy. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League made different kinds of impacts on the democratisation processes in India and Pakistan respectively. In just a few years, the Indian National Congress, contrary to its counterpart in Pakistan, introduced a constitution and organised elections.
Źródło:
Securitologia; 2016, 1 (23); 159-175
1898-4509
Pojawia się w:
Securitologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 39

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