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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Adverbial Superlative Forms Outside the Degree System: Lexical and Operational Units
    Autorzy:
    Danielewiczowa, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52916622.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Polish adverbs
    comparison
    superlative
    comparative constructions
    grammatical categories
    lexical units
    operational units
    Opis:
    The article seeks to determine the status of adverbial superlative forms which do not ex- press the superlative and which thus fall outside the degree system in contemporary Pol- ish. Some of these expressions have become lexicalized and have entered two classes of units: particles (e.g., najpewniej ‘surely’, najwidoczniej ‘apparently’, najwyraźniej ‘clear- ly’) and adverbial meta-predicates (e.g., najspokojniej ‘calmly’, najzwyczajniej ‘simply’, najlepiej ‘the best’). Others have become elements of idiomatic expressions or performa- tives such as, e.g. najmocniej przepraszam ‘I sincerely apologize’, najserdeczniej witam ‘I cordially welcome (you)’, najuprzejmiej dziękuję ‘I kindly thank (you)’, najgoręcej namawiam ‘I highly recommend’. However, there are also superlative forms which act as the domain of several interesting operations, see, e.g., Bogusławski (1978, 1987, 2010a), the latter being of a grammatical, rather than lexical nature. One such operation re- sults in the creation of expressions such as jak najszybciej ‘in the quickest possible way’, jak najweselej ‘in the most enjoyable way’, jak najdłużej ‘in the longest possible way’, etc. Another important operation yields such constructions as najpóźniej w środę ‘on Wednesday at the latest’, najdalej 20 kilometrów od centrum ‘at most 20 km away from the centre’, najrzadziej raz do roku ‘at least once a year’, najgrubiej na pół centymetra ‘half a centimeter at the thickest’, etc. Contrary to the view held by Grochowski (2008), it is argued here that the superlatives which occur in these constructions should not be re- garded as independent lexical units. Nor should the metatextual comments such as naj krócej <mówiąc> ‘to put it briefly / briefly put [lit. <speaking> most briefly]’, najogólniej <rzecz biorąc> ‘most generally <speaking>’ be regarded as such, though for a different reason. In these comments, the superlatives – referring to the act of speaking – retain their standard meanings (cf. krótko / krócej <mówiąc> ‘<speaking> succinctly / more succinctly’, ogólnie / ogólniej <rzecz biorąc> ‘generally / more generally <speaking>’). A number of pragmatic effects associated with the use of superlative forms also deserve individual treatment; they include, for instance, metonymic shortcuts (najlepsi ‘the best’ [pl.], najbogatsi ‘the richest’ [pl.]) or conversational implicatures (wypadł nie najgorzej → wypadł całkiem dobrze ‘he did not do so badly / he did not do so bad’ → ‘he did pretty well’).
    Źródło:
    Studies in Polish Linguistics; 2022, 17, 3; 115-143
    1732-8160
    2300-5920
    Pojawia się w:
    Studies in Polish Linguistics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Deportacja ludności polskiej w kwietniu 1940 r. w świetle dyrektyw NKWD i relacji wysiedlonych rodzin. Próba analizy porównawczej.
    The Deportation of the Polish Population in April 1940 in the Light of the NKVD Directives and the Testimonies of the Displaced Families. The Attempt at Comparative Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Łagojda, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477974.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
    Tematy:
    dyrektywy,
    NKWD,
    deportacja,
    wysiedlenie,
    zsyłka,
    rewizja,
    grupy operacyjne,
    Zachodnia Białoruś,
    Zachodnia Ukraina,
    eszelony,
    wagony towarowe,
    podróż,
    Kazachstan,
    ZSRS
    directives,
    NKVD,
    deportation,
    displacement,
    exile,
    house search,
    operational units,
    Western Byelorussia,
    Western Ukraine,
    echelons,
    freight cars,
    journey,
    Kazakhstan,
    USSR.
    Opis:
    The Deportation of the Polish Population in the Light of the NKVD Directives and Testimonies of the Displaced Families. The Attempt at Comparative Analysis. The article was a result of belief in the need of detailed description of the deportation of the families whose relatives had been murdered by the troops of the Soviet security apparatus in Katyn and other places of the former USSR. The article is an attempt at the comparative analysis of the NKVD directives with the reports of the exiled. The author carried out multiple-hour interviews with the Katyn families and Siberian exiles who were deported to Kazakhstan in April 1940. Moreover, the author used the expansive literature of memoirs and diaries of those times. The text includes the aspect of displacement and journey of the families to the remote steppes of Kazakhstan. The author aimed at confronting official directives for the operational units of the NKVD carrying out displacements with the reality maintained in the memories of the exiled, and pointing to similarities and differences between the first and the second deportations. The author described in detail the act of the NKVD barging into the houses of the families subject to deportation, indicated the directives concerning the deportation which were frequently ignored by the functionaries of the Soviet security apparatus, presented the house searches and pointed to these NKVD behaviours which were unusual and beyond the routine procedures. The article also describes the transportation to railway stations and the detailed journey in freight cars. It also includes the aspects of meals, executing physiological needs, intimate hygiene and death during the long journey. In the closing part of the text, the author referred to the ongoing dispute between historians and the Siberian exiles concerning the numbers of people deported in 1940-1941. He shortly characterised the major publications on that topic and referred to the important studies of the ‘Karta’ Centre and the Institute of National Remembrance in the series of ‘The Index of the Repressed’ which aim, among others, at specifying the list of names of all Poles deported during the four great Soviet displacement actions.
    Źródło:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2015, 1(25); 303-321
    1427-7476
    Pojawia się w:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O dopuszczalności prowadzenia czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych w jednostkach penitencjarnych
    The Acceptability of Conducting Operational-Identification Activities in Penitentiary Units
    Autorzy:
    Herbowski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698606.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    prawo
    konstytucja
    praworządność
    prawo karne
    law
    constitution
    jurisprudence
    criminal law
    penitentiary units
    operational-identification activites
    Opis:
    For many years, a number of concerns in Poland have been raised about thepossibility of conducting operational-identification activities in police custody andpenal institutions by services responsible for public order. Sometimes even alarmingviewpoints have been formulated about the lack of such activities since the end of the1980s. Appearing in connection with this are postulates about renewed adoption ofthese activities in the Polish prison system. However, this testifies above all to a lack offamiliarity with the field of interest in services eligible for operational activities. Thisalso leads to introducing wider scientific analysis which cannot however restrict itselfto only easily accessible aspects of this topic.Besides the supporters of such activities, there are also determined opponents, andtheir counter accusations are very serious. Operational-identification activities carriedout in penitentiary institutions, in their opinion, adversely affect the achievement of thegoals of imprisonment, as well as the course of the criminal process, and even violate therights of the incarcerated. However, the authors of such statements do not support themwith factual arguments. It seems they result to some extent from negative experiencesendured during the communist era. But one cannot compare the circumstancesand conditions under which activities were carried out in penitentiaries before andafter 1989. So there is no question of returning to practices from the communist era.The sources of this attitude should also be sought, amongst others, in the mistakenperception of operational activities carried out by officers of the prison services. It isnot currently possible, as this would result in a lack of confidence of the condemned inpsychologists and educators, and would consequently thwart their rehabilitation efforts. There currently does not exist any legal basis in the executory penal code allowingthe exclusion of imprisoned individuals from the circle of interest of law enforcementagencies which may exhibit an eagerness to use them in the character of sources of personal information. Nor is there a completely voluntary, above all secret, methodof co-operation for those temporarily arrested and imprisoned with national services,that would rely predominantly on conveying information that interests them, thusdiscerning a contradiction in the rules of the performance of a punishment. The reported postulates for introducing limits in the course of completingoperational-identification activities in penitentiary units have a very generalcharacter and indicate only theoretical acquaintance with the issue. It also seemsthey groundlessly assume ill will and non-observance of the rules of law and orderin the activities for their implementation by police and special services. Operationalactivities are sometimes ethically questionable, but also necessary to fight crime effectively, especially the organised variety. Nor can one forget that the activities of lawenforcement agencies seeking to uncover culprits demand making use of others, whoare often less loyal than in the proceedings of criminal methods. Poland’s constitutionallows for the limiting of the use of rights and civic freedoms when it is essential in thedemocratic state for its safety or to maintain public order, be it for the protection of theenvironment, health and public morality, or for the freedom and rights of other people. Operational-identification activities carried out in penitentiary units satisfactorily passso-called tests of legality, appropriateness and necessity as well as fulfilling a statutoryrequirement for a legal basis for authorising interference in the rights and freedoms ofcitizens.It should be explicitly stated that currently there is a lack of any limits linked tothe location of carrying out operational-identification activities. In connection withthis, all authorised services can also carry them out in penitentiary units, both prisonsand detention centres, without the prison services mediating. This mainly results fromduties put into place by legislators for police and special services that protect the formsand methods used in the course of operational-identification activities. Even if thisduty did not exist, operating officers would certainly not be willing to work with prisonservice officers, fearing the unmasking of their undertaken actions. Among the operational methods used by services authorised to carry them out,the greatest collection of knowledge about criminal groups, including their activitiesand plans, can be gained thanks to co-operation with personal sources of information.It is precisely this method that serves in most cases when acquiring information inpenitentiary units. In practice, however, working with informants sitting in detentioncentres and penal institutions has a subsidiary character, since information is onlyacquired when doing it any other way would be very difficult or even impossible. This iscaused above all by essential problems connected to the appropriate selection, drawingup and carrying out of recruitment or the handling of sources. Therefore, operationalwork in penitentiary units does not have the nature of permanent surveillance.The essential benefits associated with obtaining information from incarceratedpeople have also been demonstrated for many years in countries with establisheddemocracies, such as the US and Canada. This is something which has unfortunatelyescaped the attention of Polish critics of such activities.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 347-368
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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