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Tytuł:
British Experiences of Polygraph Testing Sexual Offenders an Update
Autorzy:
Wilcox, Daniel T.
Donathy, Marguerite L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/523385.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-03-01
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
sex offenders
polygraph examination of sex offenders
treating and supervising sex offenders
Źródło:
European Polygraph; 2014, 8, 1; 23-28
1898-5238
2380-0550
Pojawia się w:
European Polygraph
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rejestr sprawców przestępstw seksualnych jako sposób ich kontroli. Uwagi na tle rozwiązań wybranych państw obcych oraz Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności
Sex offenders register as a tool for monitoring them – Comments on the legal framework in selected countries and European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Autorzy:
Sakowicz, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16706192.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
register
sex offenders
Opis:
The article presents legislation on sex offenders in the USA, United Kingdom and France. The author discusses the nature of the registers and the role played by them in the strategy applied in selected countries to deal with sex offenders. He also provides an analysis of legal basis for establishing a register of sex offenders in Poland and offers proposals for legal solutions with a view to the future law.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2012, 4(36); 11-27
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formation Of Juveniles Social Competence In The Process Of Resocialization
Autorzy:
Petro, Husak,
Liudmyla, Gusak,
Andrej, Skits,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/893045.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-01-11
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
resocialization
juvenile offenders
social competence
social pedagogy
Opis:
The article highlights important issues of the resocialization of juvenile offenders under correctional colony. Formation of social competence is considered as the appropriate instrument to bring about successful resocialization. The emphasis is laid on the scientific interpretation of the results of the experimental work aimed at revealing the influence of the developed by the author model of social and educational work with juvenile convicts on the levels of formation of social competence. These influences include specific techniques and application of psychological and pedagogical study of personality peculiarities of the convicted, utilization of correctional, educational, informational and psychological-educational programs, means of social, educational and the psychosocial support to the juvenile prisoners.
Źródło:
Papers of Social Pedagogy; 2017, 6(1); 37-47
2392-3083
Pojawia się w:
Papers of Social Pedagogy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Examination of Sexual Abuse Crimes
Autorzy:
Saldžiūnas, Vitas
Kovalenko, Aleksandras
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/523205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
polygraph examination of sexual offenders
sexual abuse crime
Źródło:
European Polygraph; 2013, 7, 3(25); 127-136
1898-5238
2380-0550
Pojawia się w:
European Polygraph
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Junior Republic of William Reuben George (1866–1936) as an example of work with socially maladjusted young people in the United States
Autorzy:
Kułan, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941766.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Junior Republic
juvenile offenders
William Ruben George
Freeville
Opis:
This paper presents the assumptions put into practice by William Reuben George in the Junior Republic in the State of New York. The person of the founder of this pedagogical solution has not yet been widely known in Polish literature. The assumptions introduced in the Junior Republic were part of the so-called progressiveapproach in working with juvenile offenders in the United States. The paper presents the main assumptions used in working with young people, the idea of the Junior Republic and the daily activities of minors. The paper is concluded with a summary.
Źródło:
Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej; 2020, 31; 339-359
2300-391X
Pojawia się w:
Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Psychopathy, criminal social identity, and criminal network among murderers, attempted murderers, recidivists and first-time incarcerated juveniles from Pakistan
Autorzy:
Boduszek, Daniel
Debowska, Agata
Shagufta, Sonia
Popiolek, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930169.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-28
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
murderers
recidivists
first time offenders
psychopathy
criminal social identity
Opis:
Background: The purpose of the current study was to examine the differences in primary and secondary psychopathy scores, criminal social identity dimensions (cognitive centrality, in-group affect, and in-group ties), and criminal network between four groups of juvenile offenders: murderers, attempted murderers, recidivistic nonhomicidal offenders, and firsttime nonhomicidal offenders. Participants and procedure: Self-reported data were collected among 725 male youth offenders (Mage = 16.47 years) incarcerated in four prisons in Pakistan. Results: The results revealed no significant differences in scores between the four groups of youth offenders on any of the measured variables. Conclusions: It appears that psychosocial selfreported measures may not be effective in discriminating among youth prison populations.
Źródło:
Psychologia Wychowawcza; 2021, 61(19); 49-56
0033-2860
Pojawia się w:
Psychologia Wychowawcza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Świadkowie cyberbullyingu – między obojętnością a reakcją
Witnesses of cyberbullying – between indifference and response
Autorzy:
Knol-Michałowska, Kamila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/499195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę
Tematy:
świadkowie
cyberbullying
młodzież
sprawcy
ofiary
witnesses
adolescents
offenders
victims
Opis:
Artykuł stanowi teoretyczną analizę potencjalnej roli świadków cyberbullyingu w powstrzymywaniu aktów agresji poprzez udzielanie wsparcia ofiarom, dyscyplinowanie sprawców czy swoistą bierność. Wstępem do rozważań na temat możliwych działań świadków jest przedstawienie definicji i charakterystyki zjawiska cyberbullyingu oraz omówienie znaczenia aktywizacji świadków, jak również scharakteryzowanie specyficznej ich roli w kontekście agresji realizowanej online. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest prezentacji wyników badań wybranych autorów uwzględniających obecność świadków w cyberbullyingu.
The paper analyzes potential role of witnesses in moderating cyberbullying by supporting victims, disciplining the perpetrator, or being a bystander in the process of online aggressive behaviour. An introduction to the discussion about possible witnesses’ actions is describing the definition and characteristics of cyberbullying, highlighting importance of activating this group and characterizing their specific role in cyberbullying. The second part of the article focuses on the presentation of results of several studies concerning participation of witnesses.
Źródło:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka; 2013, 12, 1; 111-120
1644-6526
Pojawia się w:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Learning to Change: Restorative Responses to Wrongdoing
Autorzy:
Wright, Martin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698594.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
czyn karalny
przestępcy
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
wrongdoing
offenders
restorative justice
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 895-904
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Elementy szacowania ryzyka w pracy kuratorów dla dorosłych w Polsce – pedagogiczne kontrowersje
THE ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN WORK OF PROBATION OFFICERS FOR ADULTS OFFENDERS IN POLAND – PEDAGOGIC
Autorzy:
Szykut, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/417568.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
Tematy:
PROBATION
PROBATION OFFICERS FOR ADULT OFFENDERS
RISK ASSESSMENT
SUPERVISION
Opis:
he perspective of changes in law regarding supervision of adults in Poland will change the methodology of supervision. First of all, there would be implementation of some elements of risk assessment concerning condemned who commit a crime again and three groups of risk management techniques will be assign. Each group will require a different intensity of contact and a different form of it. Changes in the methodology of work will determine a new formula of case assignments among every member of the probation team that will enable the use of individual skills, predispositions, knowledge of probation officer of how to work with every individual. Today, without enough time distance and empirical  analysis it is extremely difficult  to assess. However, we are facing a new  opening, again in the history of local probation with a clear, local character. That is why even today it is important to think about it and it is a serious challenge not only for pedagogues of  how to access  effectiveness of probation officers’ activities in terms of supervisions being  put into practice in new  reality.
Źródło:
Rocznik Andragogiczny; 2012, R. 2012; 197-206
1429-186X
2391-7571
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Andragogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Correctional and educational intervention programs for domestic violence offenders – Theory and practice
Autorzy:
Czerwińska,, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952304.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-11-14
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
correctional and educational intervention programs
violence offenders
domestic violence
Opis:
The article focuses on theoretical and practical aspects of correctional and educational intervention programs for people who use domestic violence. It was prepared based on the findings of a study which was conducted by the author in 2015 as part of her master’s dissertation entitled “Domestic violence offenders – Who are they and how can they be helped? A theoretical and empirical study based on correctional and educational intervention programs in Silesia Province,” supervised by Prof. Jacek Wódz, PhD. The article includes: an introduction to the subject, a brief description of research methodology, selected findings and their interpretations, and a summary.
Źródło:
Praca Socjalna; 2018, 33(3); 85-99
0860-3480
Pojawia się w:
Praca Socjalna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Employment as a Part of Rehabilitation: A Review of Similarities and Differences between Female and Male Criminals
Zatrudnienie jako element resocjalizacji. Przegląd podobieństw i różnic między przestępcami płci męskiej i żeńskiej
Autorzy:
Felczak, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31344087.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
employment
recidivism
female offenders
male offenders
social exclusion
social reintegration
zatrudnienie
recydywa
przestępcy płci żeńskiej
przestępcy płci męskiej
wykluczenie społeczne
reintegracja społeczna
Opis:
In this review article, the latest knowledge in the area of the importance of employment in the process of rehabilitation is presented. The goal is a literature review and an analysis of the similarities and differences between female and male criminals in the context of employment during the prison sentence and the chances of finding employment after release. Also, the relationships between employment and later recidivism are analyzed. To present the relationship between employment and recidivism holistically, the following points were referred to: the role of work in rehabilitation and adaptation to freedom; differences between males and females in employment experiences and peculiarities in social background affecting their labour force attachment; the employment of prisoners before, during and after punishment; opportunities and barriers in finding a job by former prisoners; bidirectional relationship – employment as a way to reintegrate ex-offender with the society and as a way to prevent recidivism. Different phases of rehabilitation (being in prison, leaving prison) were distinguished and labour force attachment prior to imprisonment spell were also discussed. Also, the article consists of a discussion section where conclusions and recommendations are presented. The indications for further research were also listed, one of which is to examine the real benefit of the work of convicts – whether it provides the possibility of subsistence. In the article, study results from various countries, and consequently, various judicial systems, are referred to.
W artykule poglądowym zaprezentowano najnowszą wiedzę z zakresu znaczenia zatrudnienia w procesie resocjalizacji. Celem jest przegląd literatury oraz analiza podobieństw i różnic między skazanymi kobietami i mężczyznami w zakresie zatrudnienia w czasie pozbawienia wolności, a także szans na znalezienie zatrudnienia po zwolnieniu. Analizowane są też związki pomiędzy zatrudnieniem a późniejszą recydywą. Aby w sposób całościowy przedstawić związek zatrudnienia i recydywy, odniesiono się do następujących punktów: rola pracy w resocjalizacji i adaptacji do wolności; różnice między mężczyznami i kobietami w zakresie doświadczeń zawodowych oraz specyfiki pochodzenia społecznego wpływającego na ich przywiązanie do rynku pracy; zatrudnianie więźniów przed, w trakcie i po karze; możliwości i bariery w znalezieniu pracy przez byłych więźniów; relacja dwukierunkowa – zatrudnienie jako sposób na reintegrację byłego skazanego ze społeczeństwem oraz jako sposób zapobiegania recydywie. Wyodrębniono różne fazy resocjalizacji (przebywanie w zakładzie karnym, opuszczenie zakładu karnego) oraz omówiono związek z rynkiem pracy przed odbyciem kary pozbawienia wolności. Artykuł zawiera także dyskusję, w której przedstawiono wnioski i rekomendacje. Ponadto sformułowano wskazania do dalszych badań, a jednym z nich jest zbadanie realnych korzyści, jakie płyną z pracy skazanych – czy zapewnia ona możliwość utrzymania się. W artykule odniesiono się do wyników badań z różnych krajów, a co za tym idzie z różnych systemów sądownictwa.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2023, 32, 5; 77-104
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Młodociani w świetle prawa i badań kryminologicznych
The young adult offenders in the light of law and criminological studies
Autorzy:
Wiktorska, Paulina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699023.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
młodociani przestępcy
polityka kryminalna
polityka penitencjarna
young adult offenders
criminal law
Opis:
The article discusses the problem of young adult offenders in the light of provisions of current Polish criminal law and of criminological studies on this category of convicts over the years. Polish criminal code of 1997 in the article 115 paragraph 10 defines a young adult offender as a person 21 years old who commits a crime or a person under 24 years who is tried in a court of first instance. Two basic issues are involved in the notion of a young adult offender. First the age limits of the subject, second the character of penal measures to be used towards this particular category of offenders. Both issues are discussed at length in the article, particularly with respect to the fact that criminal law makes use of scientific findings from sociology, psychology and medicine to create normative regulations concerning conditions of liability of young adult offenders for their unlawful acts. As an example, one may discuss particular normative directives of the sentence provided for a young adult offenders as the court is obliged to, most of all, educate and resocialise. Educational and resocialisation aspect of the punishment does not mean that young adult offender are treated leniently, sometimes it may indicate a longer time of resocialisation and, at the same time, a longer imprisonment sentence to execute this objective . While sentencing a young adult offender, the court should decide in such a manner so that the liability of the accused is directed more into educational model than repressive one, yet this does not denote resignation from administering the penalty of unconditional imprisonment. Still, it needs to be admitted that in the Polish legal system there are few concrete provisions of law which define in detail how a young offenders should be treated which, according to the author, is somehow concerning. There are significant differences in criminal execution law. First, as a rule, young adult offenders should be imprisoned separately from adult ones. This is understandable because of susceptibility of young people to influence and pressure from adults. Moreover, young adult offenders are subject to system of programmed educational and resocialisation measures during imprisonment, which on one hand seems right, on the other evokes a series of questions and reservations. Discussion of normative situation of young adult offender are illustrated with selected criminological studies carried out so far concerning this category of offenders. Reported results of research show that young adult offenders have typical features characteristic for the whole group. Information on dysfunctional families and alcohol problems are always present. It is accompanied by low education level of their parents and their unemployment. Problems in the behavior of such offenders appear already in kindergarten age and increase during school education while the education process itself leaves a lot to be desired.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 135-155
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zabójstwa w Polsce w latach 1951–1971 oraz sprawcy zabójstw w świetle akt sądowych (streszczenie wyników badań)
Homicide in Poland in the Years 1951-1971 and the Offenders in the Light of Court Records (Summary of the Investigation)
Autorzy:
Janowska, Halina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699244.pdf
Data publikacji:
1974
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zabójstwa
Polska
sprawcy zabójstw
akta sądowe
homicide
Polska
offenders
court records
Opis:
Summary of the Investigation   This study is devoted to an analysis of homicide in Poiand during the 20 years 1951-1971 as compared with the pre-war period. This part of investigation is based on data taken from the police and prosecutor’s office statistics from before the war and for the years 1951-1971. The analysis deals also with the court records’ data on 308 offenders convicted for homicide throughout the country in the year 1961. The offenders represented almost all the persons convicted during that year for crimes covered by Arts. 225, paras 1 and 2 of the Penal Code of 1932. As many as 75 per cent of them were convicted for committed and 25 per cent for attempted homicides. The incidence of homicide was during the pre-war period more than five times that during the 25 years after the war. The social reasons for this phenomenon undoubtedly involve the important socio-economic and cultural transformations which have taken place in the country since the war. The diminished frequency of acts of homicide was brought about by changes in the social structure, an increase in the range of values made universally accessible, a rising level of culture and education, and changes in certain behavioural patterns. As between pre-war times and the last few years, a significant dynamic aspect in the territorial distribution of homicide has been noticeable; fundamentally, this is a change in the trend of dependence between the rate of homicide and the level of industrialization and urbanization. In the years 1935-1937, this dependence was negative, the greatest rate of homicide being recorded in the economically backward regions of eastern and southern Poland. In the years 1956-1962, this dependence persisted but at the same time the highest coefficient of homicide was noted in areas with an extremely high level of industrialization. In the years 1963-1965 there was an interdependence between the homicide rate and the low level of industrialization and urbanization; the highest coefficient of these crimes appears at that time in voivodeships marked by a high ‒ or an extremely low ‒ level of industrialization and urbanization. In recent years, 1969-1971, the dependence between the homicide rate and the low level of industrialization and urbanization further decreased, but the dependence of the high coefficient of homicide on the high level of industrialization became still more obvious. The highest homicide rate before the war in markedly agricultural areas of what was then called Poland “B” is to be linked with, above all, the influence exerted by such factors as: low level of economic development of these regions, low level of culture and education, the local type of social bonds, favouring ‒ in the then existing conditions ‒ lynch law, the spread of models called “subculture of aggression”. The fact that after the war (with a coefficient of homicide less than one-fifth of the former) a relatively higher coefficient of homicide remained unchanged in the eastern voivodeships is to be connected, above all, with residues of the pre-war situation which were of a cultural nature and whose influence ‒ because of the urbanization of rural culture ‒ was expected to diminish. This hypothesis finds confirmation in the results of the analysis of statistitical data for the years 1956-1971 related to the dynamic changes in the territorial distribution of homicide. Analyzing the reasons for a greater homicide rate in the western voivodeships, and even of tendencies indicating increase in the homicide coefficient in these areas, primarily taken into account should be the enormous intensification of social migration processes and the rapid rate of industrialization and urbanization of these regions. As regards the first of these factors, it should be borne in mind that the coefficient of homicide in the various voivodeships is greater in voivodeships with a higher percentage of people frorn those areas of Poland which before the war were known for a high coefficient of the crime of homicide. In conditions inevitably giving rise to social frustrations, there is an increased probability of homicide by people with certain psycho-social features. It should be emphasized that the offenders examined were in the majority of cases individuals marked by serious personality disorders and not having had even primary school education or any professional qualifications. Not without significance seems to be the fact that the overwhelming majority of such came from environments where aggressive behavioural patterns had been widespread. The indirect influence of social factors on the frequency of homicide seems to be insignificant in the case of people who commit such a crime in states of mind definable as psychotic, giving rise to irresponsibility. This assumption found confirmation in data from some other countries indicating that during a period when there is an increase in homicide, no increasing number of homicides by mentally ill people is to be observed. There seems, however, no doubt as to the influence of factors of a social nature on homicide by people who are not mentally sick but suffer from psychic anomalies. Among offenders examined by court psychiatrists (70.4% of the total in the court record material studied) 69.8 had psychic anomalies of various kinds; this fact is to be connected with their difficulties in social adjustment as well as with violent, extremely aggressive reactions to frustrating situations. Analyzing by comparison with the years before the war, the structure of motives for homicide, on the basis of court records, it was found that in the categories of motives differentiated in pre-war works by P. Horoszowski, the following changes have taken place as regards the number of convictions for homicides with given motives. The annual number of convictions for homicide with economic motives decreased five times (by approximately 300 cases); homicides for erotic motives less than two and a half times (by approximately 100); in defence of honour and person ‒ five times (by over 500); and infanticide ‒ also five times (by about 70). Examining the structure of motives for homicide ‒ i.e., the proportional share of convictions appropriate to the various categories ‒ it was found that the number of convicted offenders decreased by 7% as regards economic motives and defence of honour and person, and increased by about 14% in the category of homicides with erotic motives, while the percentage of convictions for child murder remained in the general structure of motives unchanged. Although the results of research on court records of one year are in principle insufficient as a basis for generalization in regard to a longer period of time, nevertheless we feel justified in generalizing the basis of statistical data supplied by the police. Such data enables the statement that there is a similarity between the average annual number of cases of homicide in the various categories of motives for the years 1962-1964 and 1968-1970. Since, moreover, the all-over number of cases of homicide for those years also reveals similarities, it may be concluded that the structure of motives for homicide in those periods was relatively stable. Changes in the structure of motives for homicide since the war period may, as compared with the pre-war period be attributed primarily to the changes in the structure of classes and strata in Poland and to changes in the hierarchy of socially accepted values. The typology of motives for homicide followed F. Horoszowski’s typology, which served as a basis for analysis of court records before the war but had to be extended for the purpose of this work. An effort has been made to find out whether offenders prompted by different motives differ essentially in respect to socio-demographic and psycho-social features. It was found that offenders, whether prompted by economic or erotic motives, or acting in defence of their personal dignity, etc., did not differ essentially as regards the features indicated above. But such differences can be observed when in the grouping of cases account is taken of, in addition to the motive for a crime, the objective situation on the background of which such motive took shape. Typotogy of the material examined, developed as indicated, led to the establishing of the following groups: (1) homicide in defence of personal dignity, arising out of a serious, developing conflict between the offender and the victim (26 cases); (2) homicide in defence of personal dignity, arising from a momentary, trivial conflict caused by the insobriety of the offender (40 cases); (3) homicide in defence of personal dignity during a brawl arising out of a trivial, passing conflict, caused by the insobriety of the offender (21 cases); (4) homicide for erotic reasons, arising out of the victim’s failure to satisfy the slayer’s emotional expectations (excluded are marital conflicts, caused by the slayer-husband’s alcoholism) ‒ 32 cases; (5) homicide with erotic motives connected with marital conflict, arising out of the slayer-husband’s alcoholism (32 cases); (6) homicide with erotic motives, to eliminate someone who constituted an obstacle to the offender’s realization of a plan to marry (18 cases); (7) homicide with economic motives arising out of claims to property (36 cases); (8) homicide with economic motives with intent to rob (29 cases); (9) homicide in self-defence or in defence of intimates (27 cases); (10) homicide to eliminate a witness to another crime committed by the offender (6 cases); (11) child-murder, as a rule of illegitimate infants, for various motives (23 cases), (a) by women (17 cases), (b) by men (6 cases); (12) homicide with pathological motives, arising out of a pathological reaction to intoxication (12 cases); (13) murder with pathological motives, arising out of a pathological way of achieving sexual satisfaction (6 cases). Note that the homicide category with the largest number of cases is that in defence of personal dignity (over 28%), including homicide for trivial reasons, a momentary confiict, arising out of the slayer’s being intoxicated (in police statistics such homicides figure as “hooligan”' killings; in literature ‒ often as “homicide arising from alcoholic motive”). Of the total of slayers examined, 90% were men. Of those ‒ 51% were under 30 years of age, and of female slayers ‒ 47%. 41% of male and 61% of the female offenders were single. From among male offenders 60% of them lived in the countryside, and from among female ones ‒ 63%. As many as 58% of offenders of both sexes had failed to complete primary school education (56% of men and 72% of women). Only 7% of the male and 9% of the female offenders were white collar workers. Analysis of the symptoms of social degradation among homicidals, showed that in only half of the cases was there evidence of intensification of such symptoms, which appearing together, indicated previous social deviance of the individual. Thus among the examined men 43% had already been tried for previous criminal offences before they were convicted of homicide; 22% of the total had been convicted once, 11% ‒ twice, and only 10% three times or more (among women there was not a single case of having 3 prior convictions). As to the structure of previous offences, it was found that there was a predominance (54.5%) of offences involving theft; 23% were offences combined with physical aggression, but of these only 17 out of a total of 75 could be considered serious (four involving manslaughter, 1 a brawl ending fatally, 5 serious bodily injuries, and 7 robberies). 58% of the total of homicidals systematically drank alcohol to excess (large quantities at least several times a week) and 68% of offenders were under the influence of alcohol at the moment of the crime. Alcohol is undoubtedly a very significant factor in the etiology of homicide; it plays an essential criminogenic role, especially as regards the very frequent cases in which an intoxicated offender simultaneously had serious disorders of personality. Data concerning recurrence of aggressive behaviour by offenders prior to the homicide were found in the court records of 65% of the cases; 60% of these received adverse references from their places of residence or of work. Only 20% did not work during the period preceding the homicide. The data given above show that not all homicidals reveal features indicating previous social maladjustment. In this connection, an examination was made of the correlation between certain psycho-social features o the criminals and the motives which prompted them to homicide. A statistical analysis, on the basis of which groups of the most strongly correlated variables were formed enabled further typology of groups of homicides differentiated according to motives. The principle of this typology was the connection between certain groups of homicides and the syndromes of psychosocial features, considered negative or “positive” from the point of view of social evaluation. Groups most strongly correlated with syndromes of negative features thus included individuals who had committed such crimes as: homicide with intent to rob; homicide in defence of own dignity arising out of a trifling, momentary conflict caused by the insoberity of the offender, homicide for erotic motives arising out of conflict caused by the offenderhusband’s alcoholism, homicide arising out of the offender’s pathological reaction caused by alcohol. It was found that the groups of offenders most markedly correlated with the “positive” syndrome of psycho-social features from the point of view of social evaluation were: homicide occurring in defence of personal dignity; arising out of a seriously gnowing conflict between slayer and victim; homicide with erotic motives aimed at the elimination of someone regarded as an obstacle to the realization of an offender’s plans to marry; homicide with economic motives arising out of claims to property; homicide in self-defence; child-murder committed by women. Of interest is the fact that in the light of court records a considerable majority of slayers (approximately 80%), men as well as women, committed homicide under the influence of strong negative emotional states, prolonged and belonging to affective experiences of the type frequently qualified in criminology and psychopathological literature as “states of continuous affect”. Only in about 10% of homicides did the records not reveal any intensified emotional stress on the part of the slayers – neither in the form of prolonged emotional stress nor in the form of marked exasperation arising directly before the homicide and caused by the victim’s aggressive, provocative behaviour. A mere 17% of the cases examined could be considered homicide “with malice aforethought”; this also includes homicide committed under considerable affect. The courts considered onry14.5% of the total of offenders to have committed their crimes “under the influence of strong emotion”, and applied para. 2, Art. 225 of the penal code (of 1932). Note that in the years 1961-1965 the courts invoked para. 2, Art. 225 of the penal code in connection with – annual average – only 14.7% of the total of individuals convicted of homicide, and in the years 1966-1971 in connection with a bare 10.3%. But during the pre-war years 1934-1937, of all cases of homicide, an average of 49% were considered by the court as having been committed under the influence of strong emotion. Data from the records examined as regards homicide victims are very scant and incomplete. Thus this work took into account only information related to the connections between the offender and victim and such features as: sex, age and state of sobriety at the time the offence was committed and also data contained in opinions given about the victims. It is of some interest that such features of the victims differed, depending on whether the offender was a man or woman. Close relatives constituted as much as 53% of the total of victims of female offenders and only 9% – of the males. On the other hand, there was marked similarity as regards the percentage of husband or wife as victims, of the partner, lover or fiancé (fiancée). In the case of men this percentage amounted to 24%, of women – 21%. The percentage of more distant relatives as homicide victims was 10.4% for men and only 3% for women. The percentage of victims unknown to slayers was fon men – 13% and for women 12%. Entirely different as between the sexes of offenders was the percentage of their victims who were closer or more distant friends: for men – 43%, and for women only 12%. 60.4% of the victims of offenders (men and women) were men, 37% – women and 2.6% – children of both sexes. Consideration of the age of homicide victims showed that the average age of victims was slightly higher than the average age of offenders, being on an average around 35 years (children excluded). Approximately 45% of the victims were given unfavourable references and in 45.5% of the cases the victims were in a state of insobriety at the time the crime was committed. The undoubtedly important role played by the victim in provoking of some of the homicides could not be examined in this work, due to the lack in appropriate records of more detailed characteristic traits of the victims and the lack of analysis of the circumstances preceding the murder.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1974, VI; 179-187
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Do children have the capacity to commit a crime? The question of minimum age of criminal responsibility
Czy dzieci są zdolne do ponoszenia odpowiedzialności karnej? Kwestia minimalnego wieku odpowiedzialności karnej
Autorzy:
Balogh, Ágnes
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/475295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego
Tematy:
MACR
minimum age of criminal responsibility
criminal code
moral development
juvenile offenders
child offenders
minimalny wiek odpowiedzialności karnej
kodeks karny
rozwój moralny
młodociani przestępcy
nieletni przestępcy
Opis:
The article investigates the question of minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR). A child under the age of criminal responsibility lacks the capacity to commit a crime. This means they are immune from criminal prosecution – they cannot be formally charged by authorities with an offence nor be subjected to any criminal law procedures or measures. Numerous international treaties and agreements set standards concerning the ways in which children in conflict with the law should be dealt with. A wide range of minimum ages of criminal responsibility worldwide, ranging from a very low level of age 7 or 8 to the commendable high level of age 14 or 16. On 1st July 2013 a new criminal code, the Act of 2012 entered into force in Hungary, which lowered the MACR from the age of 14 to 12. According to the Official Comments the main reason for lowering is the fact that nowadays the biological development of children speeded up, they reach maturity earlier than ever. Another argument is that children are exposed to more social influences because of the information technology revolution. The Comments states that among children between 12 and 14 years of age violence is used as a tool to enforce their interests. The article takes a critical look at these arguments by examining criminal statistics and insights of psychological research.
Opracowanie podejmuje kwestię dolnej granicy wieku odpowiedzialności za dopuszczenie się czynu zabronionego przez nieletnich (MACR). Młodsze dziecko nie odpowiada karnie, co oznacza, że dzieci są nietykalne w materii postępowania karnego – nie mogą być formalnie oskarżone przez władze za wykroczenie ani też nie mogą podlegać żadnym postępowaniom, ani środkom karnym. Liczne międzynarodowe traktaty i porozumienia ustalają standardy dotyczące sposobów postępowania z dziećmi będącymi w konflikcie z prawem. Na cały świecie różnie kształtuje się dolna granica wieku nieletnich, gdy chodzi o dopuszczalność ich odpowiedzialności karnej: poczynając od bardzo niskiego wieku 7 lub 8 lat po wysoki 14 czy 16 lat. Na Węgrzech 1 lipca 2013 r. wszedł w życie nowy kodeks karny, zgodnie z którym został obniżony wiek odpowiedzialności karnej MACR z 14 do 12 lat. Według uzasadnienia ustawy głównym powodem obniżenia wieku stał się fakt, że rozwój biologiczny dzieci jest obecnie przyspieszony: osiągają one dojrzałość wcześniej niż kiedyś. Po drugie, dzieci są narażone na większe wpływy społeczne, związane z rozwojem technologii informacyjnej. Uzasadnienie stwierdza, że wśród dzieci w wieku pomiędzy 12 i 14 lat przemoc staje się narzędziem egzekwowania interesów. Artykuł krytycznie analizuje oba argumenty w perspektywie statystyki przestępstw oraz wiedzy psychologicznej.
Źródło:
Family Forum; 2014, 4; 259-273
2084-1698
Pojawia się w:
Family Forum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The level of emotional intelligence and the faces of emotional blackmail of girls at the Youth Detention Centre and the Young Offenders’ Institution in in Warsaw Falenica
Autorzy:
Panas, Krystyna Teresa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135328.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
Emotional intelligence
emotional blackmail
girls in the Young Offenders’ Institution
social work
Opis:
Contemporary psychology in the description of the self is beginning to take into consideration – apart from the self described as a static, un- changing structure – the point of view of phenomenology, the perspective of the subjects through self-description, their narration in the context of functioning in social relations and inner experience. Revealing of self in self-description is determined to a large extent by the surrounding reality. It can be especially significant in young people in the period of adolescence. Their self-esteem is a personality trait for which social relations are re- sponsible to a great extent. Adolescents build their self-esteem on the basis of personal experiences and emotional relationships with their families or friends (the community surrounding them). The appropriate functioning of young people can be ensured by high self-esteem formed by satisfying psychological needs such as acceptance, security, autonomy, belonging as well as the appropriate level of emotional intelligence. Self-esteem formed on negative family and social role models can, on the other hand, lead to the formation of negative identity, and thereby inappropriate peer relationships. The presented research refers to girls who are staying at the Youth Detention Centre and Young Offenders’ Institution in Warsaw Falenica according to the ruling of Family Division and Juvenile Court. The presented research is a pilot study. It charts a new scope of research. It can also be used in the work of tutors, social therapists and social workers taking care of juveniles both during and after their stay at the Young Offenders’ Institution.
Źródło:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2013, 2(11); 187-203
1898-8431
Pojawia się w:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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