Temat: offender - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Charakterystyka kryminalistyczna przestępstw przemocy domowej zgodnie z ustawodawstwem Ukrainy
Concept and composition of the forensic characteristics of domestic violence in Ukraine
Autorzy:: Franchuk, Vasyl
Kuntij, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087440.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-12-31
Wydawca:: Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna im. ks. Bronisława Markiewicza w Jarosławiu
Tematy:: domestic violence
forensic characteristics
elements
victim
offender
traces
manner
przemoc domowa
charakterystyka sądowa
elementy
ofiara
sprawca
ślady
sposób
Opis:: Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji kryminalistycznych cech przemocy domowej na Ukrainie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań, a także analizy praktyk śledczych i sądowych ustalono, że proponowany skład kryminalistycznych cech przemocy domowej obejmuje: czas, miejsce, środki, sposób popełnienia przestępstwa, tożsamość ofiary, tożsamość sprawcy, „wzór śladu” – ściśle powiązane ze sobą elementy.
The work is dedicated to the concept and composition of the forensic characteristics of domestic violence in Ukraine. An analysis of the work of forensic scientists on the concept and elements of forensic characteristics was done. On this basis, as well as on the analysis of the investigative and judicial practice, the composition of the forensic characteristic of domestic violence is proposed. It was investigated that to those elements are included: time, place, means, crime manner, victim’s person, offender person, “trace pattern”, which are closely correlated with each other. The analysis of each of the elements is carried out.
Źródło:: Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka; 2020, 2; 211-220
2658-0071
2720-2429
Pojawia się w:: Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Cyberprzemoc w opiniach uczniów szkół średnich
The Perception of Cyberbullying by Students
Autorzy:: BARTKOWICZ, ZDZISŁAW
CHUDNICKI, ANDRZEJ
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/457699.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Tematy:: cyberprzemoc
przemoc szkolna
postawy młodzieży wobec przemocy sprawcy i ofiary cyberprzemocy
cyberbullying
school violence
the attitude of young people to violence
the offender and the victim of cyberbullying
Opis:: Nasilenie zjawiska cyberprzemocy na tle przemocy tradycyjnej wśród 76 uczniów kończących naukę w szkole średniej zmierzono za pomocą Skali do Badania Przemocy zawierającej 20 opisów przemocy szkolnej (opatrzonych 7-stopniowymi skalami typu self-report), do której dodano 5-itemową podskalę Cyberprzemoc. Ustalono, że badani stosują i doświadczają agresji elektronicznej rzadziej niż tradycyjnej przemocy szkolnej, niemniej uczestniczenie w cyberprzemocy w roli sprawcy lub ofiary dotyczy aż 59,2% badanych. Co trzeci uczeń (32,9%) stosuje albo doświadcza cyberprzemocy systematycznie. Zidentyfikowano 14,4% typowych ofiar biernych i tyle samo ofiar agresywnych, a tylko 3,9% typowych sprawców cyberprzemocy. Zauważono, że badana młodzież dość liberalnie ocenia przemoc elektroniczną i realizowaną w sposób tradycyjny. Wskazano na pedagogiczne implikacje wynikające z uzyskanych wyników.
The intensity of cyberbullying against traditional violence among 76 students graduating from secondary school was measured using the Violence Research Scale, containing 20 descriptions of school violence (with 7-point self-report scales), to which a 5-item Cyberbullying subscale was added. It was established that the respondents use and experience electronic aggression less frequently than traditional school violence, nevertheless, participation in cyberbullying as the perpetrator or victim concerns as many as 59.2% of the respondents. Every third student (32.9%) uses or experiences cyberbullying systematically. 14.4% of typical passive victims and the same number of aggressive victims were identified, and only 3.9% of typical perpetrators of cyberbullying. It was noted that the surveyed youth is quite liberal in evaluating electronic violence as well as being carried out in a traditional way. Pedagogical implications resulting from the obtained results have been pointed out.
Źródło:: Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2019, 10, 2; 264-269
2080-9069
Pojawia się w:: Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Experience of The Police Academy in Szczytno in training law enforcement services involved in preventing and combatting human trafficking
Autorzy:: MALINOWSKA, IRENA
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798726.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-09-21
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:: crime
organised crime
victim
offender
Opis:: Organised crime, including human traffi cking, is one of the most serious crimes against persons and violations of human rights. Human trafficking is a complex illegal business and, in most cases, involves activities undertaken by international organised crime gangs. Human traffi cking combines aspects of human life in terms of limitating freedom to enjoy it. This publication intends to standardise the existing theories and defi nitions and to collect and systematise the knowledge of the experience of the Police Academy in Szczytno in training law enforcement services involved in preventing and combatting human traffi cking. The study presents a number of activities undertaken since 2006 by the Academy, whose aim has been to provide training for the relevant services responsible for combatting transnational organised crime, and for preventing and combatting human trafficking.
Źródło:: Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 2(SPECJALNY); 99-112
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej w mediacji
The Idea of Restorative Justice in Mediation
Autorzy:: Urbańska, Magda
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2038276.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-12-29
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Tematy:: sprawiedliwość naprawcza
mediacje pokrzywdzony–sprawca
restorative justice
victim-offender mediation
Opis:: Sprawiedliwość naprawcza to idea, w centrum której stawiane jest naprawienie krzywdy i zadośćuczynienie. Nie skupia się na karze. Jej istotą jest włączenie wszystkich osób doświadczonych przestępstwem, zarówno osoby poszkodowanej, jak i sprawcy, a także społeczności lokalnej, w proces rozwiązania problemów powstałych w wyniku przestępstwa oraz naprawienia szkody i cierpienia będących jego skutkiem. Sprawiedliwość naprawcza przede wszystkim dopuszcza do głosu osoby pokrzywdzone oraz umożliwia sprawcy dobrowolne przyjęcie odpowiedzialności za własne działanie. Bazuje na wspólnym ustaleniu, na drodze dialogu i negocjacji, satysfakcjonującego zadośćuczynienia. Jedną z form sprawiedliwości naprawczej są mediacje pomiędzy pokrzywdzonym a sprawcą, którzy przy pomocy bezstronnego i neutralnego mediatora mogą w sposób ugodowy rozwiązać spory powstałe w wyniku przestępstwa.
Restorative justice is an idea which centres around repairing the harms and compensation. Itis not focused on punishment. Its essence is to engage everyone affected by the crime, both thevictim, and the offender, as well as the local community in the process of solving the problemsarising out of the crime and repairing the damage and suffering which are resulting from it. Mostof all, restorative justice allows the victims to speak as well as it makes it possible for the offenderto take responsibility for their own actions voluntarily. It is based on determining the satisfactorycompensation jointly, through dialogue and negotiations. One of the forms of restorative justice ismediation between the victim and the offender who, with the assistance of an impartial and neutralmediator, may amicably resolve any disputes resulting from the crime.
Źródło:: Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2019, 10, 4; 79-84
2080-9069
Pojawia się w:: Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Instytucja mediacji w polskim prawie karnym
The institution of mediation in Polish criminal law
Autorzy:: Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1369754.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-11-01
Wydawca:: Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:: sprawiedliwość naprawcza
mediacja
postępowanie karne
ofiara
sprawca przestępstwa
restorative justice
mediation
criminal proceedings
victim offender
Opis:: Artykuł porusza problematykę mediacji w sprawach karnych w odniesieniu do idei sprawiedliwości naprawczej. Wskazano zalety i zagrożenia dla osoby pokrzywdzonej i sprawcyprzestępstwa wynikające z zastosowania tej alternatywnej metody rozwiązywania konfliktów. Przedstawiona została procedura postępowania mediacyjnego, aktualny stan prawny orazperspektywy upowszechnienia mediacji na różnych etapach postępowania karnego.
The article deals with the issue of mediation in criminal matters in relation to the idea of restorative justice. Advantages and threats for the victim and offender resulting from the use of this alternative method of conflict resolution are indicated. It presents the procedure of mediation proceedings, the current legal status and the prospects of popularization of mediation at different stages of criminal proceedings.
Źródło:: Resocjalizacja Polska; 2020, 19; 127-144
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:: Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Investigating Citizens’ Concern About Corruption and Anti-corruption: A Case Study in Vietnam
Badanie postrzegania przez obywateli zjawiska korupcji i jej zwalczania. Studium przypadku w Wietnamie
Autorzy:: Van Vu, Tuan
Cao, Oanh
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1964465.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: corruption
anti-corruption
offender
transparency
preventive measures
korupcja
antykorupcja
przestępca
transparentność
środki zapobiegawcze
Opis:: Corruption has been the centre of attention on a global scale. Almost all studies concentrate on corruptive effects on the governance, economics or politics. This paper investigates the citizens’ perceptions towards corruption and anti-corruption in Vietnam. This is a new look contributing to the panoramic picture of anti-corrup-tion. The study employed a descriptive approach with a researcher-made ques-tionnaire for 385 respondents selected by a stratified random sampling method based on Cochran’s formula. It was found out that preventive measures and corrup tion laws are not severe enough to admonish corruption offenders. Transpa-rency is not highly promoted for people to access information, so citizens’ super-vision is not very effective. There is a mismatch between citizens’ perceptions and external organisations’ assessment. It is necessary to implement anti-corruption law strictly and renovate people’s right to get corruptive information. Moreover, the government should recheck and adjust preventive anti-corruption laws to match each specific type of corruption. Urgently, the operation of the state appa-ratus ought to cooperate and join hands to combat corruption. It is advisable for the government to collaborate with external organisations to exchange experience in curbing corruption.
Korupcja znalazła się w centrum uwagi na skalę globalną. Niemal wszystkie badania skupiają się na jej szkodliwych skutkach w odniesieniu do rządów, ekonomii i polityki. Niniejszy artykuł bada to, jak obywatele postrzegają korupcję i antykorupcję w Wietnamie. To nowe spojrzenie przyczyniające się do szerokiego ujęcia problematyki antykorupcji. Badanie ma charakter opisowy, do jego przeprowadzenia wykorzystano autorską ankietę dla 385 respondentów, wybranych metodą losowania warstwowego w oparciu o wzór Cochrana. Okazało się, że środki zapobiegawcze i przepisy dotyczące korupcji nie są wystarczająco surowe, by stanowiły przestrogę dla sprawców korupcji. Transparentność nie jest promowana na tyle mocno, by ludzie mieli dostęp do informacji, więc kontrola obywatelska nie jest zbyt skuteczna. Istnieje niezgodność między postrzeganiem korupcji przez obywateli a tym, jak oceniają ją organizacje zewnętrzne. Konieczne jest ścisłe wdrożenie prawa antykorupcyjnego i odnowienie prawa obywateli do uzyskiwania informacji dotyczących korupcji. Co więcej, rząd powinien ponownie sprawdzić przepisy dotyczące zapobiegania korupcji i dopasować je do każdego rodzaju korupcji. Działanie aparatu państwowego powinno się pilnie oprzeć na współpracy i połączeniu sił w celu zwalczenia korupcji. Wskazane jest, by rząd nawiązał współpracę z organizacjami zewnętrznymi w celu wymiany doświadczeń w kwestii ograniczania korupcji.
Źródło:: Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2021, 13, 4; 189-216
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:: Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Issue of "dangerours" perpetrators in research and case law
Autorzy:: Rogacka-Rzewnicka, Maria
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1363720.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018-12-30
Wydawca:: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:: dangerous offender
sexual offence
dangerousness criteria
“dangerousness” in
case law
“dangerousness” in the doctrine
sprawca niebezpieczny
przestępstwo seksualne
kryteria niebezpieczności
„niebezpieczność” w orzecznictwie sądowym
„niebezpieczność” w doktrynie
Opis:: The article discusses the issue of dangerous offenders from the point of view of the past and present description of the phenomenon. The comparative approach to legislation and case law constitutes a benchmark for the contemporary analysis. The issue of dangerousness of offenders is mainly presented in the context of perpetrators of sexual offences and exemplified by selected judicial decisions. The conclusion contains an assumption that conditions are created in criminal law doctrine to conduct research into the phenomenon of “dangerousness” as a separate juridical category
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę sprawców niebezpiecznych z perspektywy opisu zjawiska w ujęciu historycznym i współczesnym. Punktem odniesienia dla rozważań współczesnych jest ustawodawstwo prawne w ujęciu komparatystycznym oraz orzecznictwo sądowe. Problem niebezpieczności sprawców został ukazany przede wszystkim w kontekście sprawców przestępstw seksualnych na przykładzie wybranych judykatów. Konkluzja tekstu zakłada, że w nauce prawa karnego obecnie powstają warunki do badania zjawiska „niebezpieczności” jako osobnej kategorii jurydycznej.
Źródło:: Ius Novum; 2018, 12, 4; 48-61
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:: Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Kara pozbawienia wolności w świetle kodeksu karnego RSFRR z 1960 r. — problemy prawa oraz praktyki jej orzekania
Imprisonment in the light of the RSFSR Penal Code of 1960 — problems of law and the practice of its adjudication
Autorzy:: Laskowska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782643.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:: RSFSR Penal Code of 1960
imprisonment
particularly serious crime
particularly dangerous repeat offender
conviction
Opis:: This study concerns a selected institution of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960, i.e. the penalty of deprivation of liberty, and it consists of three parts. The first part shows the place and legal status of this punishment in comparison with other penalties in the 1960 Code. Its fundamental character is emphasised. Next, the scope of legal regulation of imprisonment is discussed (Article 24 of the Penal Code). Its time limits and categories of perpetrators subject to imprisonment as well as the place of execution of the sentence are presented. The possibilities of changing the places of imprisonment are also shown. The third part of the This study concerns a selected institution of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960, i.e. the penalty of deprivation of liberty, and it consists of three parts. The first part shows the place and legal status of this punishment in comparison with other penalties in the 1960 Code. Its fundamental character is emphasised. Next, the scope of legal regulation of imprisonment is discussed (Article 24 of the Penal Code). Its time limits and categories of perpetrators subject to imprisonment as well as the place of execution of the sentence are presented. The possibilities of changing the places of imprisonment are also shown. The third part of the article presents the general state of crime registered in the analysed period, and discusses the dynamics of convicted persons. This has enabled to establish the relations between the scale of the phenomenon and the number of persons serving this isolation sentence. It has shown a strict practice of imposing prison sentences by Soviet courts. On the basis of dogmatic and statistical analyses, it has made it possible to recognise this punishment as an important instrument of law and penal policy.
Źródło:: Z Dziejów Prawa; 2019, 12; 863-874
1898-6986
2353-9879
Pojawia się w:: Z Dziejów Prawa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Kilka uwag o kazirodztwie
A few remarks about incest
Autorzy:: Jaśkowiec, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2068602.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:: kazirodztwo
obyczajność
wolność seksualna
przestępstwa seksualne
obcowanie płciowe
incest
vice
sexual freedom
sex offender
sexual intercourse
Opis:: W artykule została poddana analizie struktura przestępstwa z art. 201 k. k. Stosunki kazirodcze zaliczane do czynów nierządnych, od wieków podlegały negatywnej ocenie społecznej. Porównano treść przepisu przedmiotowego przestępstwa na gruncie kodeksu karnego z 1932 r., 1969 r. oraz obecnie obowiązującego kodeksu z 1997 r. Problem wskazania konkretnego przedmiotu ochrony koreluje z pytaniem o konieczność kryminalizowania obcowania płciowego między określonymi podmiotami. Racjonalne argumenty wskazują na potrzebę wyłączenia stosunków kazirodczych z katalogu czynów zabronionych. Kształtowana na przestrzeni wieków obyczajność, która jest przedmiotem ochrony przestępstwa z art. 201 k. k., chroni prawidłowe funkcjonowanie rodziny oraz utrwalone wartości. Obok obyczajności i prawidłowego funkcjonowania rodziny, jako przedmiot ochrony wskazuje się również kwestie eugeniczne, proces socjalizacji dzieci, moralność oraz interes publiczny w prawidłowym rozwoju społeczeństwa. Kwestia kazirodztwa bez wątpienia została unormowana „wycinkowo”. Włączenie do znamion strony przedmiotowej innych czynności seksualnych, świadczyłoby o kompleksowej ochronie obyczajności, funkcjonowania rodziny oraz o racjonalności ustawodawcy.
The subject of analysis in this article is the structure of the offence under Art. 201 of the Polish Penal code. Incest relationships, included in the category of unlawful sexual intercourses, has been subject to negative social assessment for centuries. The content of the provision regarding the said offence under the Penal Code of 1932, 1969 and the currently governing Code of 1997 was compared. The issue of indication of a particular subject of defence correlates to the question regarding need for criminalisation of sexual intercourse between specific partners. Rational arguments point out to the need of exclusion of incest relationships from the catalogue of prohibited acts. The customs shaped over the ages, which are the subject of protection in relation to the offence under Art. 201 of the Polish Penal Code, protects proper functioning of the family and established values. In addition to customs and proper family functioning, the protection subject pointed out to are also eugenics issues, children socialisation process, morality and public interest in proper development of the society. The issue of incest has been, undoubtedly, standardised "fragmentarily". Inclusion of other sexual activities in the subject of the offence would demonstrate comprehensive protection of customs, family functioning and rationality of the legislator.
Źródło:: Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych; 2017, 1; 187--200
2544-7262
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Koncepcja podziału procesu karnego na dwie fazy – 50 lat później
The Concept of Dividing the Criminal Trial into Two Phases – 50 Years Later
Autorzy:: Łukowiak, Bartosz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782401.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:: the concept of dividing the criminal trial into two phases
two-phase criminal trial
preliminary judgment
final judgment
horizontal validity of part of the judgment
independence of jurisdiction of the criminal court
measures of appeal
cassation
consensual proceedings
criminal proceedings
prohibited act
offence
offender
Opis:: This paper aims to answer the question whether the concept of dividing a criminal trial into two phases is still useful now, more than half a century after its last broader analysis. It also attempts to solve some specific problems related to the said analysis. The starting point for the considerations contained in the paper was to look at the concept of a two-phase criminal trial as a purely procedural construction and thus to reject its functional link with any model of substantive criminal law. The first part of the paper discusses the history of the concept of a two-phase criminal trial, as well as some of the arguments put forward by its supporters and opponents. In the course of further deliberations, the focus is on searching for elements of the concept in the current legal status. The final part of the text deals with the question whether and, possibly, in what form the concept of division of jurisdictional proceedings should become an element of the Polish criminal procedure. This is followed by numerous and widely justified de lege ferenda conclusions.
Źródło:: Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2020, 30, 4; 11-37
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Mediacja w sprawach nieletnich – wymiar wychowawczy
Autorzy:: Urbańska, Magda
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1992824.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: agreement
compensation
juvenile offender
mediation
mediacja
nieletni sprawca
porozumienie
zadośćuczynienie
Opis:: Jednym ze sposobów rozwiązywania konfliktów są mediacje, w trakcie których strony dążą, przy pomocy mediatora, do osiągnięcia obopólnie korzystnego porozumienia. Mediacja znajduje swoje zastosowanie także w kontekście spraw karnych, których sprawcami są nieletni. W wyniku mediacji mogą zostać wypracowane satysfakcjonujące obie strony warunki zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia wyrządzonej szkody. Stwarza to szanse na wychowawcze oddziaływanie na młodzież łamiącą normy prawne.Cel badań: W artykule dokonano analizy literatury przedmiotu z zakresu mediacji karnych oraz aktów prawnych dotyczących mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, skupiając się na ukazaniu specyfiki mediacji z udziałem nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych oraz korzyściach wychowawczych związanych z prowadzeniem postępowania mediacyjnego w tego rodzaju sprawach.Stan wiedzy: Literatura przedmiotu zwraca uwagę na liczne korzyści związane z prowadzeniem mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, podkreślając zwłaszcza jej wymiar wychowawczy i pozytywny wpływ na rozwój osobowości młodego człowieka. Udział w spotkaniu mediacyjnym pozwala bowiem osiągnąć nie tylko wzajemnie satysfakcjonujące porozumienie, ale także dzięki dobrowolnym i samodzielnym decyzjom podejmowanym przez młodego sprawcę w trakcie mediacji ma on szansę na zmianę swojego postępowania w kierunku pożądanym społecznie. Podsumowanie: Mediacja jako sposób rozwiązywania sporów będących wynikiem czynu karalnego pozwala na wypracowanie porozumienia w kwestii zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia przez sprawcę wyrządzanych przez niego krzywd. Ze względu na wychowawczy potencjał mediacji warto byłoby propagować jej szersze wykorzystanie w pracy z młodzieżą, w tym z nieletnimi sprawcami czynów karalnych.
One way of resolving conflicts is through mediation, in which the parties seek a mutually beneficial agreement reached with the help of a mediator. Mediation may also be used in criminal cases involving minors as perpetrators. Mediation can lead to agreeing conditions of the compensation and redress for the harm done which are satisfactory to both parties. This creates opportunities for educating young people who violate legal standards.Research purpose: This article provides an analysis of the literature dealing with criminal mediation and legal acts concerning mediation in cases involving minor perpetrators. It focuses on showing the specifics of mediation targeted to minor law offenders and the educational benefits of mediation in such cases.State of knowledge: Professional literature concerning the subject matter draws attention to numerous benefits of mediation in cases involving minor offenders, emphasising in particular its educational aspect and its positive impact on the development of the personality of the young person. It is so because participation in a mediation meeting allows not only to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement, but also thanks to voluntary and independent decisions made by young offenders during such meetings, they have a chance to change their behaviour as desired by the society. Summary: Mediation as disputes resolution method applied to disputes arising from a criminal act makes it possible to reach an agreement concerning the compensation and redress for the harm done by the perpetrator. Due to the educational potential of mediation, its wider use in work with young people, including minor law offenders, would be worth propagating.
Źródło:: Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2021, 40, 1; 129-142
0137-6136
Pojawia się w:: Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Mediacja w zmienionym modelu postępowania karnego. Zagadnienia wybrane
Mediation in the modified model of criminal procedure. Selected problems
Autorzy:: Skrobotowicz, Grzegorz A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1804881.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-11-16
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:: ofiara
sprawca
mediacja
mediator
ADR
ugoda
proces karny
victim
offender
mediation
agreement
criminal trial
Opis:: Do polskiego systemu prawa karna mediacja wprowadzona została wraz z wejściem w życie Kodeksu postępowania karnego, czyli od dnia 1 września 1998 r. Stwierdzić zatem należy, że funkcjonuje już od ponad 17 lat. Niestety, jednak ciągle pozostaje instytucją bliżej nieznaną przeciętnemu obywatelowi. Dodatkowo, wiele osób jeżeli nawet posiada wiedzę o takiej formie ADR, to nie jest sobie w stanie wyobrazić – po pierwsze – możliwości spotkania się poza sądem z domniemanym sprawcą przestępstwa, a po wtóre – rozmowy zakończonej ewentualnym pogodzeniem się oraz określeniem sposobu naprawienia wyrządzonego zła. Mając na uwadze powyższe spostrzeżenia, uzasadnione było przybliżenie tego narzędzia sprawiedliwości naprawczej, szczególnie że mediacja karna doznała istotnych zmian legislacyjnych, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 lipcu 2015 r. Artykuł składa się z trzech części merytorycznych, które poświęcone zostały osobnym blokom tematycznym opisującym zagadnienia z zakresu mediacji karnej.
Penal mediation was introduced to the Polish legal system when the Code of Criminal Procedure entered into force on 1 September 1998. This legal instrument has been therefore available for over 17 years, however, unfortunately it still remains largely unknown to an average citizen. Furthermore, many people, even if they are familiar with this form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), cannot imagine either the opportunity to meet with the alleged perpetrator of the crime out of court, or the possible reconciliation talks resolving the dispute and finding a way to compensate for the damage caused. With above observations in mind, it is reasonable to conduct this “tool” of restorative justice, especially that the model of penal mediation was modified in 2015.The article was divided into the three parts and each part described different issue of penal mediation.
Źródło:: Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2016, 26, 1; 51-70
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Miejsce sprawiedliwości naprawczej w polskim systemie karnym
Autorzy:: Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1397317.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-03-01
Wydawca:: Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koninie. Wydawnictwo
Tematy:: restorative justice
retributive justice
criminal proceedings
victim
offender
Opis:: Place of restorative justice in the Polish penal system This paper shows the conceptions of restorative justice against the background of the idea of general justice. The author indicates to the relationship between the retributive and restorative approaches. By analysing the literature on the subject matter and criminal law, the importance of restorative justice practices and profits that bring to the offender, victim of a crime and for the local community.
Źródło:: Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne; 2021, 7, 1; 69-84
2391-8632
Pojawia się w:: Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Młodociani sprawcy przestępstw przeciwko mieniu
Young Adult Perpetrators of Offences Against Property
Autorzy:: Paszkowska, Hanna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699058.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępstwo
młodociani
przestępca młodociany
przestępczość
nieletniość
recydywiści
środowisko rodzinne
spożywanie alkoholu
przestępstwo przeciwko mieniu
offense
juvenile
juvenile offender
criminality
nonage
recidivists
family environment
alcohol consumption
crime against property
Opis:: The new Polish penal legislation of 1969 introduced special rules of criminal liability of young adult offenders' aged 17-20. In 1972 criminological research was undertaken in order to characterize this group of offenders, i.e., its most numerous category - those found guilty of offences against property. The research ended in 1975. In 1980 a follow-up of convictions of the persons, under observation was carried out. The object of the study of young adults found guilty of offences against property was to analyse the psycho-social factors connected with their social maladjustment and demoralization, particularly their family and school environment, personality, extent of drinking and offending. It was also the object of the study to compare two groups of young adult towards whom different measures had been adjudicated. As the most typical offences of young adults are those against property, a group of young adults convicted for this very type of offences was included in the study. There were 100 persons under examination who had been sentenced to immediate imprisonment. This group consisted of all prisoners of two Warsaw prisons in the years 1973-75 (group A). The group of young adults (group B) consisted of 100 persons conviced in 1973 for offences against property and sentenced to fine, limitation of freedom, imprisonment with suspension of execution, or educational-corrective measures. The two groups of convicted persons that were selected for the study, different as regards the adjudicated and executed measures, were compared in many respects in order to ascertain the distinctions between them as regards the degree of intensity of the process of social maladjustment which had been related to the application of various penal measures. Empirical research consisted in gathering detailed information on the persons under scrutiny concerning their previous convictions, their school career and the course of work. Also interviews were carried out with them and separately with their mothers, by means of a detailed questionnaire. Three psychological tests were also employed towards each person, that is Raven’s intelligence test, Eysenck’s questionnaire to measure extroversion and neurotism and Buss-Durkee inventory to measure aggression. 3.1. Offences against property constituted the criterion for selection to the study. The most numerous group were convictions for larceny qualified as “stealing in a particularly audacious manner or by a breaking and entering” (Art. 208 of the Penal Code), though the “audacious theft” was extremely rare as compared with the second choice. 64% of the persons of group A had been convicted for offences described in this article, the percentage as regards group B being 35%. Many persons also committed thefts of social property, while the receiving of stolen goods was the least frequent. Generally, the persons of group A had been active for a longer time than those of group B, and their offences were more frequently qualified as continuous. It should also be emphasized that the mean value of the objects stolen by the persons of group B was considerably lower than it was the case with the young adults of group A. It also happened (16% of cases) that the act of the young adults of group B ended as a mere attempt at committing an offence. To sum up, the offences against property committed by the persons, sentenced to immediate imprisonment were more serious than those committed by the young adults towards whom other measures had been adjudicated. 3.2. 69% of the persons of group A had cases in juvenile courts, while as many as 84% admitted having committed offences, mostly thefts, at that age. On the other hand, 44% of the persons of group B had committed offences for which they were brought to court as juveniles. The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.00l). The origins of delinquency dating back from before the age of 13 were found in as many as 23 persons of group A and 10 persons of group B. The earlier they started to commit offences and had their first case in juvenile court, the more numerous were their subsequent convictions in that period. The mean number of convictions in juvenile court was 2,2 in group A and 1,6 in group B. The structure of delinquency of the persons under examination is hardly differentiated: they committed first of all offences against property (85.7%), mostly larceny. The juvenile court, had employed such measures as admonition and charge of parents in the case of persons of group B considerably more frequently than towards those of group A (25% and 8.7% respectively). On the other hand, the persons of group A had been much more frequently sent to children’s homes and to corrective schools (44.9%) than those of group B (25%). 3.3. In the period discussed below all the persons were young adults, with the mean age similar in both groups: 19 in group A and 18.9 in group B. The mean number of convictions of the persons of groups A from the age of 17 was 1.7, and in group B 1.2. Each member of group A was responsible for 3.3. offences, while in group B the mean number of offences was 2.2. It should not be forgotten that many persons, particularly those of group A, were repeatedly imprisoned in the discussed period. A considerable majority of the persons of both groups who had committed more than one offence, were convicted for offences against property only. The data quoted above illustrate the whole of delinquency of the persons under examination and recidivism among them. Taking into account both the period of minority and the later period from 17 years of age on, there were as many as 4 per every five persons of group A who had already been convicted before, and in group B nearly every second person had had a conviction previously (the difference is significant, p < 0.01). These data confirm the conclusion as to the more advanced process of demoralization of the young adults of group A as compared with group B. 49% of the persons guilty of offences against property of group A came from unbroken homes; the respective percentage in group B was 71% (difference significant, p < 0.001). Broken homes resulted mostly from the death of one parent (23% of cases in group A and 15% in group B), or from divorce (28% of cases in group A, 14% in group B). A majority of the persons came from workmen’s families (90.5% in group A, 70.7% in group B). The level of professional qualifications and education of parents of the persons examined is significantly lower (p < 0.01) in group A as compared with group B. Approximately 60% of families of the persons of group A and 67% of group B had been living in poor financial conditions, which was connected, among others, with excessive drinking of the fathers. 56.3% of fathers of the persons of group A had regularly been drinking excessively, that is drinking vodka at least twice a week. This percentage was only 26.3% in group B, it was lowered, however, as the examination of young adults of young adults of group B was carried on at home, often with the fathers themselves present. 37% of fathers in group A and 19% of those in group B had been taken to a detoxication centre, including 21% and 14% respectively taken at least three times. As in other criminological studies, in the present one young adults have not been found to live in criminal family environment. It was extremely rare that the fathers of the persons examined had criminal records. To sum up, certain negative phenomena were more frequent in the families of young adults of group A (for instance, broken home, excessive drinking of fathers). However, the cumulation of a number of negative factors could have influenced in a particulary unfarourable way the process of socialization of the persons under examination. 5.1. There were 37% of the persons of group A and 23% of those (p< 0.001) of group B with elementary education, and 18% and 5% respectively with incomplete elementary education. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). School retardation which appears more often among delinquents than among non-delinquents is connected with a lower level of education of young adults. Among the young adults of group A as few as 17% revealed no retardation, the percentage as regards group B being 46.5%. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). The retardation of the persons of group B usually amounts to one year only, while it is often 3 years or more among the persons of group A. School problems are also connected with truancy (group A - 78%, group B – 66% of the examined persons), which begins in the very first grades of elementary school. Early and regular truancy of the persons of group A was one of the symptoms of their maladjustment. Truancy is conducive to running away from home. The persons under scrutiny, particularly those of group A, had been running away from home considerably often and for longer periods. 2. Among those who were employed, every second person in group A and every fifth person in group B worked casually only. They usually took jobs requiring low professional qualifications, as only few of them had any professional training (group A-38%, group B-62%). 6.1. Raven’s test was employed to estimate the level of intelligence of the persons examined. 53.6% of young adults of group A and 31.7% of group B scored low and very low (up to 25 centile). 10.3% of group A and 29.3% of group B scored high and very high (centile 75 and more). The mean score was 35.4 in group A standard deviation: 9.87, and 41.1 in group B (standard deviation 10.09). The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.01). Low scares on the Raven’s scale were often found among those persons whose level of education had been low, which was accompanied by a considerable school retardation. 2. To measure the level of extroversion and neurotism, Eysenck’s MPI scale was employed. The level of extroversion and neurotism among the young adult perpetrators of offences against property was not found to be higher than that of the average youth. 6.3. The level of aggressiveness was examined by means of the Buss-Durkee questionnaire. None of its scales differentiated significantly the persons of both groups. The mean total score was 61.7 (standard deviation 21.4) in group A and 61.06 (standard deviation 23.6) in group B. The data given below concern the persons of group A only, as the information obtained from those of group B as to the volume and frequency of drinking among them do not seem reliable. The analysis of statements of the subjects reveals that the percentage of teetotallers diminishes with age. The persons examined have been drinking large amounts of alcohol from their earliest years. 36% of them stated that they had drunk such quantities of various spirits at the age of 15, which converted to 40 proof vodka would amount to 2.5 litres a month. From the age of 17 on, 60% of the persons drank over 2.5 litres of 40 proof alcohol a month. They drank vodka as well as wine and beer, which leads relatively quickly to the “treshold of intoxication”. Mean yearly consumption of alcohol per 1 examined person was 34.2 litres at the age of 15, and increased sed from year to year to reach 113.7 litres yearly at the age of 19, which means that approximately 9.5 litres of 40 proof vodka were consumed monthly; this quantity goes far beyond the mean level of drinking by men at this age. 3/4 of the subjects can be recognized as excessive drinkers. A significant correlation was found between the excessive drinking among the persons under scrutiny and their early delinquency and recidivism. The highest percentage (40%) of the persons who did not drink excessively was found among those convicter once only, while the lowest (14.8%) was found among those who had 5 or more convictions. The analysis of the young adults’ information as to their , peer groups revealed that also their closest friends had been drinking excessively and often intoxicated. In February 1980, further convictions of the persons examined, then aged 25 on the average, were checked up again. As revealed by the analysis, the persons of group A (60%) still continued to commit offences and indeed many of them become multiple recidivists. The difference between the persons of groups A and B is significant (p < 0.001). 40% of the persons of group A and 67% of those of group B have not been convicted within the period of the follow-up. The majority of the persons under observation continued to commit offences against property. The courts have mainly adjudged the penalty of immediate imprisonment (group A - 92.3%, group B - 78.2%). Among those sentenced to immediate imprisonment there were in group A 57.1% sentenced to 2 years or less of imprisonment, and in group B - 93%. There was significant correlation (p < 0.01)between the convictions in juvenile courts and further convictions in the period of the follow-up. As the data reveal, group B towards which the sanctions other than immediate imprisonment were adjudicated, differed from the imprisoned group A as to the smaller extent and intensity of their offending - also during the follow-up - and their lower degree of progress in the process of social maladjustment. However, there were quite many persons in group B as well (though less than in group A), who had been convicted as juveniles; they had yet no convictions during the follow-up in a much highter percentage of cases than the subjects of group. A who had been convicted by the juvenile court previously. On the basis of the above information, criminal policy can be discussed as regards young adults found guilty of offences against property. One should not postulate a total abandonment of the penalty of immediate imprisonment, and yet, as shown by the above data, its adjudgement should be considerably limited. The limitation in question should concern first of all young adults convicted for the first time and socially demoralized to a small degree. Within the years 1970 -76 imprisonment was the measure most frequently adjudicated towards young adults. In the years 1970 - 1974 the percentage of young adults sentenced to immediate imprisonment increased regularly. It is only since 1975 that a favourable phenomenon of regular decrease of the percentage of adjudicated penalties of immediate imprisonment can be noticed, with simultaneous increase of the percentage of measures which are not connected with deprivation of liberty. As it seems, the application of immediate imprisonment towards young adults should undergo further limitations. When postulating the re-orientation of the criminal policy of the courts towards a maximum realization of the instructions of Art. 51of the Penal Code, one should also demand changes in the stage of execution of penalty. As indicated , by many studies of readaptive effectiveness of corrective schools and prisons, their influence is minimal and sometimes their resocializing activities are destructive for the convicted persons. Imprisonment causes a state of deprivation of essential physical and mental needs, destroys the ties of those convicted with their family, gives rise to socially negative patterns of prisoners’ subculture. In the present study also the offenders of group A were described, the considerable part of whom had been changing various types of institutions and prisons, first as juveniles, then as young adults, and the effects of these imprisonments were negative as measured by further convictions within the period of the follow-up. The information presented in this study concerning the family background of the persons of group A (particularly the alcoholism or excessive drinking of the fathers, which is frequent in these families), and information concerning the early and large social maladjustment of these persons, indicate a need to consider the problem of young adult perpetrators of offences against property not only in relation to the measures that should be adjudged and their execution. It is also of almost importance to consider the prevention of social maladjustment of this category of youth.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 403-445
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Młodociani sprawcy rozboju
Young Adults Convicted of Robbery
Autorzy:: Wójcik, Dobrochna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699144.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1972
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: młodociani sprawcy
rozbój
young adults
robbery
offender
Opis:: The study presents the findings of an inquiry conducted among 60 young adults (male) serving sentences for robbery in a Warsaw prison. These 60 offenders (aged I7 - 20) formed part of a total of 229 young adults convicted of robbery and confined in this Warsaw prison between 1 October, 1966 and 30 November, 1968, with regard to whom details were secured of their criminal records from the age of ten. Of these 229 young persons, whose average age was 18.8, as many as 76 per cent had previous convictions, 58 per cent of them having appeared in juvenile courts and 48 per cent in criminal courts for offenders over 17 years of age. Of those who had appeared in juvenile courts 42 per cent had three or more appearances. The fact that three-quarters of the young adults convicted of robbery in Warsaw are repeated offenders indicates a need to analyze the types of their offences. As regards offences committed as juveniles, these were usually thefts, the proportion of crimes of violence not exceeding 18 per cent. Above the age of seventeen, however, the structure of their offences changes, since 36 per cent involved acts of physical assault and 14 per cent offences with verbal aggression (i.e. slander); offences against property, on the other hand, came to 48 per cent. The young recidivists convicted of robbery differ basically (p < 0.001) from young adults guilty of other offences (previously surveyed by the Department of Criminology) since the majority of the latter (as much as 67 per cent) were offences against property (usually larceny). The above evidence indicates therefore that the problem of aggressiveness requires special attention in studies of robbery offences committed by young adults. A more detailed inquiry was, as has been said, conducted among 60 young adults serving sentences for robbery, of whom 82 per cent had more than one previous conviction. The control group consisted of 43 young recidivists convicted of various offences (chiefly theft) with the exception of robbery. The first point to be made is that the subjects revealed, according to the accounts of their mothers, marked behaviour disorders as early as pre-school age (overactivity and restlessness, stubbornness, etc.). Evidence of such behaviour disorders below the age of seven was found much more frequently among offenders convicted of robbery (61 per cent) than in the control group containing young adult recidivists who had committed other offences (34 per cent). Only 69 per cent of the robbery offenders had completed the seven grades of elementary school, and of these only 12 pet cent had never been kept back a grade, while 24 per cent had fallen back one grade, 39 per cent two grades and 24 per cent three or more grades. This poor progress at school cannot be explained by lower levers of intelligence since 68 per cent of the subjects had normal IQs, 24.5 per cent were dull, 6.2 per cent were on the borderline of mental deficiency and 2 per cent were morons. Among the young robbery offenders (and the young recidivists as well for that matter) there had been frequent cases of truancy (77 per cent) and this had begun at an early age since almost half had got into the habit before the fourth grade. Thefts had been committed by 61 per cent of the subjects below the age of 15. The majority (65 per cent) had no vocational qualifications. Altogether among all the young adult robbery offenders with previous convictions, 16 per, cent had never been gainfully employed, and 49 per cent had jobs for less than half the period they were at liberty after completing their sixteenth year. At the time the robbery was committed, the percentage in employment did not exceed 17 per cent. The subjects spent their time among demoralized peers with whom they drank. The nature of the environment in which they mixed can best be seen from the fact that among the persons who were accomplices to their robberies (almost always young adults or juveniles), as many as 75 per cent had been previously convicted and 60 per cent frequently drank to excess. It should be noted that the young recidivists in the control group convicted of other offences and drawn from persons with a record of theft as juveniles, had made even poorer progress at school than the robbery offenders, had in fewer cases completed elementary school, had more frequently run away from home, had started to steal regularly at an earlier age and had committed many more thefts as juveniles and children. The inquiry found, however, that the robbery offenders had displayed personality disorders at an earlier age and had started to drink younger and done much more drinking at 16 – 17 years of age. The data on the drinking habits of the robbery offenders merit special attention. It was found that only 23 per cent of these young adults drank less frequently than once a week, 55 per cent drank 2-3 times a week, and 22 per cent drank at least four times a week (these figures are certainly not an accurate reflection of the degree of drinking which was undoubtedly even higher). It should be emphasized that 43 per cent of the subjects began to drink wine or spirits at least once a week below the age of 16, and 75 per cent were drinking with the same regularity before their 17th birthday. In the period preceding the robbery a large percentage of the young adults (52 per cent) were drinking large quantities of alcohol at each session (at least 1/4 litre in terms of spirits) 2 - 3 times a week or more. They drank wine or vodka, or both. It should not be forgotten in considering these figures that some 60 per cent of the robbery offenders were only 17-18 years of age. Furthermore 42 per cent of the 17-18 age group had been drinking 2-3 times a week or more for at least two years, and 50 per cent of the 19 -20 age bracket had been doing so for at least three years. A third of the subjects admitted to intoxication at least once or twice a month, and a half recorded that they were inebriated several times a month. A very large majority (c. 80 per cent) were under the influence of alcohol when they committed their robbery. In the psychological inquiries detailed attention was given to the problems of aggression in the case of the young robbery offenders, their level of aggressiveness being determined from the evidence of aggressive behaviour in childhood and later yielded by interviews with both the subjects themselves and their mothers. Ratings of “very aggressive” were scored by 62 per cent of the young robbery offenders. In comparison with the findings of the Department of Criminology study of other samples of juvenile and adult recidivists (not convicted of robbery), it has been found that the robbery offenders do indeed display a greater incidence of aggressive behaviour and score higher in the Buss-Durkee aggression questionnaire. The robbery offenders not qualified as “very aggressive”, (38 per cent) also had occasional acts of aggression in their past career, and 25 per cent of them had even been previously prosecuted for offences containing an element of violence. However, they differed in certain respects from the robbery offenders qualified as “very aggressive”. Among the latter regular drinking was more frequent (p < 0.001) and had begun at an earlier age (p < 0.01), thefts had been more common and the rate of recidivism was greater. Evidence of the presence of such characteristics as overactivity, impulsiveness, etc., in childhood was also more frequent (p < 0.05). In addition they possessed a higher rate of brain damage. Very aggressive robbery offenders more frequently displayed overactivity whereas the non-aggressive offenders tended to have clearly passive personalities (p < 0.02) inclined to let others take the lead. Attention should finally be drawn to the more frequent occurence among the “very aggressive” offenders (in comparison with the remaining young adults convicted of robbery) of certain adverse conditions in their home background. There were many more cases of among these subjects of defective emotional relationships between parents and son (p < 0.01) and more frequent employment of brutal corporal punishment (p < 0.02). These are factors found by various inquiries to be conducive to the development of aggressive attitudes. However, as regards such environmental factors as alcoholic or criminal parents and siblings, no significant differences were found between the backgrounds of the aggressive and non-aggressive robbery offenders. In analysing the problem of aggressiveness the question of brain damage should not be overlooked. In the case of as many as 29 of the sample (49 per cent) there was evidence pointing to such a condition with a high degree of probability. These subjects displayed, it was found, more frequent symptoms of behaviour disorders and social maladjustment such as frequent stealing (p < 0.001), early excessive drinking (p < 0.02), considerable violence (p < 0.001) and more frequent self-aggression (p < 0.02). This multiplication of behaviour disorders among offenders suffering from brain damage points to greater adaptation difficulties further compounded by their home circumstances. Among the whole sample of young robbery offenders there were only 16 per cent who were not found to be subject either to brain damage or decidedly adverse influences at home. The homes of the young robbery offenders present as negative a picture as those of the previously studied recidivists convicted of other offences. Only 57 per cent of the former spent their childhood in unbroken homes. As many as 65 per cent of their fathers regularly drank to excess, and at least 27 per cent of them can be qualified as alcoholics. The percentage of fathers with a criminal record was less than 23 per cent and the majority of these were not persistent offenders. Most of their offences were of a drunk-and-disorderly nature. The subjects’ fathers were by and large persons with a low standard of education and vocational qualifications: only 28 per cent had advanced beyond elementary school, usually to vocational school. Almost all the subjects came from the homes of unskilled or low-skilled labourers. Only a third of their homes were relatively well off. Among a large majority of the fathers (71 per cent) and as much as 45 per cent of the mothers there was evidence of their emotional relationship with their children being inadequate. In the case of 61 per cent of the fathers there was very frequent employment of excessively severe corporal punishment of the subjects. The inquiry also revealed the typical fact that 51 per cent of the brothers of the young adults serving sentences for robbery had (by the time they had completed their tenth birthday) been before the courts and that the same percentage were heavy drinkers. Only in 28 per cent of the homes was there no evidence of frequent excessive drinking and criminal offences by brothers. A comparison of the home environments of the young recidivists convicted of robbery and those convicted of other offences revealed no differences as regards such factors as family structure or alcoholic and criminal parents and siblings (except that the brothers of the robbery offenders had committed more offences of an aggressive nature than the brothers of the persons in the control group). However, marked differences were found in the emotional relationship of parents to children and the practice of severe corporal punishment which was much more frequent in the case of the fathers of the robbery offenders. These are factors which various inquiries have found to be conducive to the formation of aggressive attitudes.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1972, V; 151-189
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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