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Tytuł:
Racjonalność sprawców przestępstw przeciw mieniu – implikacje dla profilaktyki i resocjalizacji
Rationality of Property Criminals: Implications for Prevention and Rehabilitation
Autorzy:
Wójcik, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/459743.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
Tematy:
rationality
decision
offender
punishment
rehabilitation
Opis:
In light of the "rehabilitation crisis," Polish society expresses the need to introduce more severe penalties. The results of surveys and public opinion pools clearly show that the Poles demand heavier sanctions. Does a potential threat of punishment provide an effective deterrent against committing crimes? This paper discusses the problem of rational thinking of property criminals. The study conducted among prisoners allows us to argue that the perpetrator at the stage of decision making is not acutely aware of the possible consequences of committing a crime. The obtained results would enable us to launch a program facilitating prevention and rehabilitation, which could lead to a decrease in the rate of property crimes.
Źródło:
Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk; 2012, 2
2084-1426
Pojawia się w:
Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Młodociani sprawcy rozboju
Young Adults Convicted of Robbery
Autorzy:
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699144.pdf
Data publikacji:
1972
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
młodociani sprawcy
rozbój
young adults
robbery
offender
Opis:
The study presents the findings of an inquiry conducted among 60 young adults (male) serving sentences for robbery in a Warsaw prison. These 60 offenders (aged I7 - 20) formed part of a total of 229 young adults convicted of robbery and confined in this Warsaw prison between 1 October, 1966 and 30 November, 1968, with regard to whom details were secured of their criminal records from the age of ten. Of these 229 young persons, whose average age was 18.8, as many as 76 per cent had previous convictions, 58 per cent of them having appeared in juvenile courts and 48 per cent in criminal courts for offenders over 17 years of age. Of those who had appeared in juvenile courts 42 per cent had three or more appearances. The fact that three-quarters of the young adults convicted of robbery in Warsaw are repeated offenders indicates a need to analyze the types of their offences. As regards offences committed as juveniles, these were usually thefts, the proportion of crimes of violence not exceeding 18 per cent. Above the age of seventeen, however, the structure of their offences changes, since 36 per cent involved acts of physical assault and 14 per cent offences with verbal aggression (i.e. slander); offences against property, on the other hand, came to 48 per cent. The young recidivists convicted of robbery differ basically (p < 0.001) from young adults guilty of other offences (previously surveyed by the Department of Criminology) since the majority of the latter (as much as 67 per cent) were offences against property (usually larceny). The above evidence indicates therefore that the problem of aggressiveness requires special attention in studies of robbery offences committed by young adults. A more detailed inquiry was, as has been said, conducted among 60 young adults serving sentences for robbery, of whom 82 per cent had more than one previous conviction. The control group consisted of 43 young recidivists convicted of various offences (chiefly theft) with the exception of robbery. The first point to be made is that the subjects revealed, according to the accounts of their mothers, marked behaviour disorders as early as pre-school age (overactivity and restlessness, stubbornness, etc.). Evidence of such behaviour disorders below the age of seven was found much more frequently among offenders convicted of robbery (61 per cent) than in the control group containing young adult recidivists who had committed other offences (34 per cent). Only 69 per cent of the robbery offenders had completed the seven grades of elementary school, and of these only 12 pet cent had never been kept back a grade, while 24 per cent had fallen back one grade, 39 per cent two grades and 24 per cent three or more grades. This poor progress at school cannot be explained by lower levers of intelligence since 68 per cent of the subjects had normal IQs, 24.5 per cent were dull, 6.2 per cent were on the borderline of mental deficiency and 2 per cent were morons. Among the young robbery offenders (and the young recidivists as well for that matter) there had been frequent cases of truancy (77 per cent) and this had begun at an early age since almost half had got into the habit before the fourth grade. Thefts had been committed by 61 per cent of the subjects below the age of 15. The majority (65 per cent) had no vocational qualifications. Altogether among all the young adult robbery offenders with previous convictions, 16 per, cent had never been gainfully employed, and 49 per cent had jobs for less than half the period they were at liberty after completing their sixteenth year. At the time the robbery was committed, the percentage in employment did not exceed 17 per cent. The subjects spent their time among demoralized peers with whom they drank. The nature of the environment in which they mixed can best be seen from the fact that among the persons who were accomplices to their robberies (almost always young adults or juveniles), as many as 75 per cent had been previously convicted and 60 per cent frequently drank to excess. It should be noted that the young recidivists in the control group convicted of other offences and drawn from persons with a record of theft as juveniles, had made even poorer progress at school than the robbery offenders, had in fewer cases completed elementary school, had more frequently run away from home, had started to steal regularly at an earlier age and had committed many more thefts as juveniles and children. The inquiry found, however, that the robbery offenders had displayed personality disorders at an earlier age and had started to drink younger and done much more drinking at 16 – 17 years of age. The data on the drinking habits of the robbery offenders merit special attention. It was found that only 23 per cent of these young adults drank less frequently than once a week, 55 per cent drank 2-3 times a week, and 22 per cent drank at least four times a week (these figures are certainly not an accurate reflection of the degree of drinking which was undoubtedly even higher). It should be emphasized that 43 per cent of the subjects began to drink wine or spirits at least once a week below the age of 16, and 75 per cent were drinking with the same regularity before their 17th birthday. In the period preceding the robbery a large percentage of the young adults (52 per cent) were drinking large quantities of alcohol at each session (at least 1/4 litre in terms of spirits) 2 - 3 times a week or more. They drank wine or vodka, or both. It should not be forgotten in considering these figures that some 60 per cent of the robbery offenders were only 17-18 years of age. Furthermore 42 per cent of the 17-18 age  group had been drinking 2-3 times a week or more for at least two years, and 50 per cent of the 19 -20 age bracket had been doing so for at least three years. A third of the subjects admitted to intoxication at least once or twice a month, and a half recorded that they were inebriated several times a month. A very large majority (c. 80 per cent) were under the influence of alcohol when they committed their robbery. In the psychological inquiries detailed attention was given to the problems of aggression in the case of the young robbery offenders, their level of aggressiveness being determined from the evidence of aggressive behaviour in childhood and later yielded by interviews with both the subjects themselves and their mothers. Ratings of “very aggressive” were scored by 62 per cent of the young robbery offenders. In comparison with the findings of the Department of Criminology study of other samples of juvenile and adult recidivists (not convicted of robbery), it has been found that the robbery offenders do indeed display a greater incidence of aggressive behaviour and score higher in the Buss-Durkee aggression questionnaire. The robbery offenders not qualified as “very aggressive”, (38 per cent) also had occasional acts of aggression in their past career, and 25 per cent of them had  even been previously prosecuted for offences containing an element of violence. However, they differed in certain respects from the robbery offenders qualified as “very aggressive”. Among the latter regular drinking was more frequent (p < 0.001) and had begun at an earlier age (p < 0.01), thefts had been more common and the rate of recidivism was greater. Evidence of the presence of such characteristics as overactivity, impulsiveness, etc., in childhood was also more frequent (p < 0.05). In addition they possessed a higher rate of brain damage. Very aggressive robbery offenders more frequently displayed overactivity whereas the non-aggressive offenders tended to have clearly passive personalities (p < 0.02) inclined to let others take the lead. Attention should finally be drawn to the more frequent occurence among the “very aggressive” offenders (in comparison with the remaining young adults convicted of robbery) of certain adverse conditions in their home background. There were many more cases of among these subjects of defective emotional relationships between parents and son (p < 0.01) and more frequent employment of brutal corporal punishment (p < 0.02). These are factors found by various inquiries to be conducive to the development of aggressive attitudes. However, as regards such environmental factors as alcoholic or criminal parents and siblings, no significant differences were found between the backgrounds of the aggressive and non-aggressive robbery offenders. In analysing the problem of aggressiveness the question of brain damage should not be overlooked. In the case of as many as 29 of the sample (49 per cent) there was evidence pointing to such a condition with a high degree of probability. These subjects displayed, it was found, more frequent symptoms of behaviour disorders and social maladjustment such as frequent stealing (p < 0.001), early excessive drinking (p < 0.02), considerable violence (p < 0.001) and more frequent self-aggression (p < 0.02). This multiplication of behaviour disorders among offenders suffering from brain damage points to greater adaptation difficulties further compounded by their home circumstances. Among the whole sample of young robbery offenders there were only 16 per cent who were not found to be subject either to brain damage or decidedly adverse influences at home. The homes of the young robbery offenders present as negative a picture as those of the previously studied recidivists convicted of other offences. Only 57 per cent of the former spent their childhood in unbroken homes. As many as 65 per cent of their fathers regularly drank to excess, and at least 27 per cent of them can be qualified as alcoholics. The percentage of fathers with a criminal record was less than 23 per cent and the majority of these were not persistent offenders. Most of their offences were of a drunk-and-disorderly nature. The subjects’ fathers were by and large persons with a low standard of education and vocational qualifications: only 28 per cent had advanced beyond elementary school, usually to vocational school. Almost all the subjects came from the homes of unskilled or low-skilled labourers. Only a third of their homes were relatively well off. Among a large majority of the fathers (71 per cent) and as much as 45 per cent of the mothers there was evidence of their emotional relationship with their children being inadequate. In the case of 61 per cent of the fathers there was very frequent employment of excessively severe corporal punishment of the subjects. The inquiry also revealed the typical fact that 51 per cent of the brothers of the young adults serving sentences for robbery had (by the time they had completed their tenth birthday) been before the courts and that the same percentage were heavy drinkers. Only in 28 per cent of the homes was there no evidence of frequent excessive drinking and criminal offences by brothers. A comparison of the home environments of the young recidivists convicted of robbery and those convicted of other offences revealed no differences as regards such factors as family structure or alcoholic and criminal parents and siblings (except that the brothers of the robbery offenders had committed more offences of an aggressive nature than the brothers of the persons in the control group). However, marked differences were found in the emotional relationship of parents to children and the practice of severe  corporal punishment which was much more frequent in the case of the fathers of the robbery offenders. These are factors which various inquiries have found to be conducive to the formation of aggressive attitudes.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1972, V; 151-189
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polygraph: The Use of Polygraphy in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders in the UK
Autorzy:
Wilcox, Daniel T.
Collins, Nikki
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201081.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Polygraph
Sex Offenders
Offender Management Act (2007)
Domestic Violence Bill (2020)
Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Bill (2019/2021)
Źródło:
European Polygraph; 2020, 14, 2(52); 55-62
1898-5238
2380-0550
Pojawia się w:
European Polygraph
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK
Autorzy:
Wilcox, Daniel T.
Gray, Rosie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/523518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Polygraph
sex offender assessment
UK sex offender legislation
Źródło:
European Polygraph; 2012, 6, 1(19); 55-67
1898-5238
2380-0550
Pojawia się w:
European Polygraph
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie badań poligraficznych wobec przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii
The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK
Autorzy:
Wilcox, Daniel T.
Gray, Rosie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Polygraph
sex offender assessment
UK sex offender legislation
poligraf
przestępcy seksualni
regulacje prawne dotyczące przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii
Opis:
This is a translation of the article „The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK” by Daniel T. Wilcox and Rosie Gray, appeared in a European Polygraph volume number 1 in the 2012.This article is about of how the polygraph can be used to work with sexual offenders in the United Kingdom Publication it’s important for the development of Polish penal policy, the possible solutions of new regulations in Polish legislation, and as a result of the use of research possibilities of Post Conviction Clinical Polygraph Examination Testing (Lie Detector Testing) offers significant opportunities for monitoring sex offenders.
Jest to przekład artykułu „The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK” autorstwa Daniela T. Wilcoxa i Rosie Gray’a, który ukazał się w „European Polygraph” numer 1 w 2012 roku. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki badań poligraficznych stosowanych wobec przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii. Publikacja ta jest ważna dla rozwoju polskiej polityki karnej, możliwych rozwiązań nowych regulacji w polskim prawodawstwie, a na skutek wykorzystania możliwości badawczych ekspertyz poligraficznych PCSOT, stosowanych wobec skazanych za przestępstwa popełnione na tle seksualnym, oferuje znaczne szanse monitorowania przestępców seksualnych.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2016, 2(19); 25-36
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigating Citizens’ Concern About Corruption and Anti-corruption: A Case Study in Vietnam
Badanie postrzegania przez obywateli zjawiska korupcji i jej zwalczania. Studium przypadku w Wietnamie
Autorzy:
Van Vu, Tuan
Cao, Oanh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1964465.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
corruption
anti-corruption
offender
transparency
preventive measures
korupcja
antykorupcja
przestępca
transparentność
środki zapobiegawcze
Opis:
Corruption has been the centre of attention on a global scale. Almost all studies concentrate on corruptive effects on the governance, economics or politics. This paper investigates the citizens’ perceptions towards corruption and anti-corruption in Vietnam. This is a new look contributing to the panoramic picture of anti-corrup-tion. The study employed a descriptive approach with a researcher-made ques-tionnaire for 385 respondents selected by a stratified random sampling method based on Cochran’s formula. It was found out that preventive measures and corrup tion laws are not severe enough to admonish corruption offenders. Transpa-rency is not highly promoted for people to access information, so citizens’ super-vision is not very effective. There is a mismatch between citizens’ perceptions and external organisations’ assessment. It is necessary to implement anti-corruption law strictly and renovate people’s right to get corruptive information. Moreover, the government should recheck and adjust preventive anti-corruption laws to match each specific type of corruption. Urgently, the operation of the state appa-ratus ought to cooperate and join hands to combat corruption. It is advisable for the government to collaborate with external organisations to exchange experience in curbing corruption.
Korupcja znalazła się w centrum uwagi na skalę globalną. Niemal wszystkie badania skupiają się na jej szkodliwych skutkach w odniesieniu do rządów, ekonomii i polityki. Niniejszy artykuł bada to, jak obywatele postrzegają korupcję i antykorupcję w Wietnamie. To nowe spojrzenie przyczyniające się do szerokiego ujęcia problematyki antykorupcji. Badanie ma charakter opisowy, do jego przeprowadzenia wykorzystano autorską ankietę dla 385 respondentów, wybranych metodą losowania warstwowego w oparciu o wzór Cochrana. Okazało się, że środki zapobiegawcze i przepisy dotyczące korupcji nie są wystarczająco surowe, by stanowiły przestrogę dla sprawców korupcji. Transparentność nie jest promowana na tyle mocno, by ludzie mieli dostęp do informacji, więc kontrola obywatelska nie jest zbyt skuteczna. Istnieje niezgodność między postrzeganiem korupcji przez obywateli a tym, jak oceniają ją organizacje zewnętrzne. Konieczne jest ścisłe wdrożenie prawa antykorupcyjnego i odnowienie prawa obywateli do uzyskiwania informacji dotyczących korupcji. Co więcej, rząd powinien ponownie sprawdzić przepisy dotyczące zapobiegania korupcji i dopasować je do każdego rodzaju korupcji. Działanie aparatu państwowego powinno się pilnie oprzeć na współpracy i połączeniu sił w celu zwalczenia korupcji. Wskazane jest, by rząd nawiązał współpracę z organizacjami zewnętrznymi w celu wymiany doświadczeń w kwestii ograniczania korupcji.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2021, 13, 4; 189-216
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej w mediacji
The Idea of Restorative Justice in Mediation
Autorzy:
Urbańska, Magda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2038276.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Tematy:
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
mediacje pokrzywdzony–sprawca
restorative justice
victim-offender mediation
Opis:
Sprawiedliwość naprawcza to idea, w centrum której stawiane jest naprawienie krzywdy i zadośćuczynienie. Nie skupia się na karze. Jej istotą jest włączenie wszystkich osób doświadczonych przestępstwem, zarówno osoby poszkodowanej, jak i sprawcy, a także społeczności lokalnej, w proces rozwiązania problemów powstałych w wyniku przestępstwa oraz naprawienia szkody i cierpienia będących jego skutkiem. Sprawiedliwość naprawcza przede wszystkim dopuszcza do głosu osoby pokrzywdzone oraz umożliwia sprawcy dobrowolne przyjęcie odpowiedzialności za własne działanie. Bazuje na wspólnym ustaleniu, na drodze dialogu i negocjacji, satysfakcjonującego zadośćuczynienia. Jedną z form sprawiedliwości naprawczej są mediacje pomiędzy pokrzywdzonym a sprawcą, którzy przy pomocy bezstronnego i neutralnego mediatora mogą w sposób ugodowy rozwiązać spory powstałe w wyniku przestępstwa.
Restorative justice is an idea which centres around repairing the harms and compensation. Itis not focused on punishment. Its essence is to engage everyone affected by the crime, both thevictim, and the offender, as well as the local community in the process of solving the problemsarising out of the crime and repairing the damage and suffering which are resulting from it. Mostof all, restorative justice allows the victims to speak as well as it makes it possible for the offenderto take responsibility for their own actions voluntarily. It is based on determining the satisfactorycompensation jointly, through dialogue and negotiations. One of the forms of restorative justice ismediation between the victim and the offender who, with the assistance of an impartial and neutralmediator, may amicably resolve any disputes resulting from the crime.
Źródło:
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2019, 10, 4; 79-84
2080-9069
Pojawia się w:
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mediacja w sprawach nieletnich – wymiar wychowawczy
Autorzy:
Urbańska, Magda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1992824.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
agreement
compensation
juvenile offender
mediation
mediacja
nieletni sprawca
porozumienie
zadośćuczynienie
Opis:
Jednym ze sposobów rozwiązywania konfliktów są mediacje, w trakcie których strony dążą, przy  pomocy mediatora, do osiągnięcia obopólnie korzystnego porozumienia. Mediacja znajduje swoje zastosowanie także w kontekście spraw karnych, których sprawcami są nieletni. W wyniku mediacji mogą zostać wypracowane satysfakcjonujące obie strony warunki zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia wyrządzonej szkody. Stwarza to szanse na wychowawcze oddziaływanie na młodzież łamiącą normy prawne.Cel badań: W artykule dokonano analizy literatury przedmiotu z zakresu mediacji karnych oraz aktów prawnych dotyczących mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, skupiając się na ukazaniu specyfiki mediacji z udziałem nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych  oraz korzyściach wychowawczych związanych z prowadzeniem postępowania mediacyjnego w tego rodzaju sprawach.Stan wiedzy: Literatura przedmiotu zwraca uwagę na liczne korzyści związane z prowadzeniem mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, podkreślając zwłaszcza jej wymiar wychowawczy i pozytywny wpływ na rozwój osobowości młodego człowieka. Udział w spotkaniu mediacyjnym pozwala bowiem osiągnąć nie tylko wzajemnie satysfakcjonujące porozumienie, ale także dzięki dobrowolnym i samodzielnym decyzjom podejmowanym przez młodego sprawcę w trakcie mediacji ma on szansę na zmianę swojego postępowania w kierunku pożądanym społecznie. Podsumowanie: Mediacja jako sposób rozwiązywania sporów będących wynikiem czynu karalnego pozwala na wypracowanie porozumienia w kwestii zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia przez sprawcę wyrządzanych przez niego krzywd. Ze względu na wychowawczy potencjał mediacji warto byłoby propagować jej szersze wykorzystanie w pracy z młodzieżą, w tym z nieletnimi sprawcami czynów karalnych.
One way of resolving conflicts is through mediation, in which the parties seek a mutually beneficial agreement reached with the help of a mediator. Mediation may also be used in criminal cases involving minors as perpetrators. Mediation can lead to agreeing conditions of the compensation and redress for the harm done which are satisfactory to both parties. This creates opportunities for educating young people who violate legal standards.Research purpose: This article provides an analysis of the literature dealing with criminal mediation and legal acts concerning mediation in cases involving minor perpetrators. It focuses on showing the specifics of mediation targeted to minor law offenders and the educational benefits of mediation in such cases.State of knowledge: Professional literature concerning the subject matter draws attention to numerous benefits of mediation in cases involving minor offenders, emphasising in particular its educational aspect and its positive impact on the development of the personality of the young person. It is so because participation in a mediation meeting allows not only to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement, but also thanks to voluntary and independent decisions made by young offenders during such meetings, they have a chance to change their behaviour as desired by the society. Summary: Mediation as disputes resolution method applied to disputes arising from a criminal act makes it possible to reach an agreement concerning the compensation and redress for the harm done by the perpetrator. Due to the educational potential of mediation, its wider use in work with young people, including minor law offenders, would be worth propagating.
Źródło:
Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2021, 40, 1; 129-142
0137-6136
Pojawia się w:
Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Obligation to Report Cases of Child Sexual Abuse – Comparison of Legal Regulations in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Tuora-Schwierskott, Ewa
Bień-Węgłowska, Iwona Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40454635.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
denucjacja
przestępstwa seksualne
sprawca
niezawiadomienie
denunciation
sexual offences
criminal offender
failure to notify
Opis:
Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównanie regulacji prawnych w zakresie obowiązku zgłoszenia przypadków wykorzystania seksualnego dzieci w Polsce, Austrii i Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Autorki skupiły się na analizie sposobu realizacji zgłoszenia przestępstwa pedofilii, konsekwencji prawnych i społecznych niezawiadomienia oraz na różnicach w podejmowanych działaniach ustawodawczych, administracyjnych, społecznych i wychowawczych służących ochronie dobra dziecka.
The subject matter of this work constitutes the comparison of the legal regulations governing the obligation to report cases of child sexual abuse in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The authors have focused on the analysis of the method of reporting the crime of paedophilia, the legal and social consequences of the failure to notify of that kind of offence, and the differences in the legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures taken to protect a child’s welfare.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, 54, 3; 221-238
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obraz przestępcy w prozie Sergiusza Piaseckiego
The Image of the Criminal in the Prose of Sergiusz Piasecki
Autorzy:
Szuba-Boroń, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698756.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kryminologia
Sergiusz Piasecki
przestępca w literaturze
przestępstwo w literaturze
wartość poznawcza prozy autobiograficznej
criminology
offender in literature
crime in literature
cognitive values of autobiographical prose
Opis:
Twenty years of personal experience in crime-related field that furthermore inspiredreflection on the reasons of crime made a Polish writer, Sergiusz Piasecki, interestingfor forensic sciences. His life started with a turbulent and difficult childhood, hematured among the turmoil of the Soviet Revolution and joined the guerrillas fightingBolsheviks, finally to graduate from the School of Infantry Cadets in Warsaw and beassigned to the Lithuanian-Belarusian Division in Vilnius. After the Bolshevik War,being a decommissioned soldier, Piasecki painfully experienced life in poverty. Thiswas when he began to earn his sustenance by smuggling. He later entered a few-yearlongcooperation with the 2nd Division of the High Command of the Polish Army andbecame an intelligence agent. In 1926, being unemployed again, he robbed a suburbantrain. In accordance with the law in force, the summary court sentenced him to death.However, the President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki pardoned Pia secki, exchangingthe penalty to 15 years in prison. Piasecki served 11 years of his sentence in the prisonsof Lida, Nowogódek, Rawicz, Mokotów, Koronowo, and finally in the toughest prisonof the Second Republic – at Święty Krzyż (the Holy Cross) near Kielce. The 20 yearsfrom 1917 to 1937 were the period decisive for the writing realism and thoroughnessof descriptions of the criminal world and presented protagonists, as well as analysesof psychological and social circumstances that lead individuals to the path of crime.Beginning with Piasecki’s first published book Kochanek Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy (Lover of the Greater Bear, aka Lover of the Ursa Major) whose author enjoyed a quite uniquestatus of criminal prisoner, and which presented the facts of life of smugglers onthe Polish-Soviet fringe in 1922–1924, the precious study of the criminal world wascontinued in the trilogy Jabłuszko, Spojrzę ja w okno, and Nikt nie da nam zbawienia(Apple, Shall I Look into the Window, and No One is to Redeem us). In Żywot człowiekarozbrojonego (Life of the Human Disarmed), the protagonist moves through all the levelsof conflict with the law, and the reader follows the process of his reflections to becomefamiliar with the impact of the external world on the dramatic choices made.The work of Piasecki follows the current of prose keen on social environmentof the 1930s, based on authenticity and autobiographic experience, and whose cog -nitive values result among others from the personal involvement of the author, whocorroborates knowledge based on experience and direct contact. It is a specific typeof participatory observation: a method of researching criminal phenomena wherethe observer is part of the criminal world.The goal of the writer, which he actually frequently emphasised, was the eagernessto share the knowledge on criminals with the society, with the provision thatthe criminal world he portrayed was multidimensional rather than just a separate,specific social group, standing out from among the “normal” people. He also paidspecial attention to the life’s circumstances that can “make” anyone a criminal. It is alsocharacteristic of Piasecki to juxtapose criminals against people who are “mechanically”honest. In examining the writer’s views on crime, such a ploy demolishes the positivistdivision of the society into criminals and decent people. Honest by default, manya decent citizen proves to be a bad man. On the other hand, many derailed outcastsfrom the society are in fact good and truly honest. Some stories presented by Piaseckiare quite precise illustrations of theories in the crime sciences. In his descriptionsof the demimonde of the Minsk thieves, Piasecki described them in terms very closeto those presented by Edward Sutherland in The Professional Thief, a book writtenby a professional thief with Sutherland’s sociological commentary.The history of literature knows many writers whose works were based on the introspectionof their respective authors, and whose content allows delving into the socialreality of a given time and an insightful analysis of criminal personalities, as well as anattempt at defining the factors that influence criminal behaviours. Such a knowledgeof the human/the criminal is especially well articulated in realistic prose (Balzac,Zola, Faulkner, Steinbeck, Marquez, Remarque, Piasecki, Nachalnik, Wiskowski, Mironowicz).Certainly, the belles-lettres play a special role in this context, providinga source of knowledge, especially if by the virtue of the vicissitudes of his or her life andthoughts the author can convey information helpful in explaining and understanding the assessment of the phenomena investigated by criminal sciences.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 535-560
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poglądy studentów prawa na podstawowe instytucje prawa karnego (Wstępne rozpoznanie problemu)
Law students opinions on the essential institutions of criminal law and criminology. Preliminary diagnosis of the problem
Autorzy:
Szuba-Boroń, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/528773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
public opinion
death penalty
offender
criminal law
criminology
Opis:
This paper presets survey results regarding law students opinions on the criminal law and criminology, e.g. death penalty, the offender and the offense as an object of criminological research, the purposes of criminal punishment and criminal law. This article is an attempt to determine an influence of academic knowledge in the field of criminal law and criminology at the students opinions and to analyze or law student hold a public opinion concerning criminal law and criminology.
Źródło:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 4; 173-200
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Toward New Focus on Retributive Justice. Reflections on Background of Passive Subject of Crime
Autorzy:
Smarzewski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806770.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
retrybutywizm
sprawiedliwość retrybutywna
przestępstwo
ofiara
sprawca
bierny podmiot przestępstwa
kara
karanie
retributivism
retributive justice
crime
victim
offender
a passive subject of a crime
penalty
punishment
Opis:
Nowe spojrzenie na sprawiedliwość retrybutywną. Rozważania na tle koncepcji biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. W artykule podjęto próbę nowego spojrzenia na retrybutywizm. Punkt wyjścia dla prezentowanej idei stanowi koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. Wydaje się bowiem, że retrybutywizm wobec wyczerpania środków do jego argumentacji wymaga nowej podbudowy. Stąd postuluje się zestawienie teorii retrybutywnego karania z koncepcją podkreślającą znaczenie ofiary przestępstwa w jej materialnoprawnym ujęciu. Prawo karne potrzebuje uzasadnienia dla publicznej reakcji, którą stanowi kara z uwzględnieniem pomiotu biernego, tj. tego, czyje dobra prawne, będące przedmiotem ochrony norm prawa karnego materialnego, zostały bezpośrednio naruszone lub zagrożone przez przestępstwo. To ofiara cierpi wskutek przestępstwa i dlatego też wymaga szczególnego podejścia, zwłaszcza ze strony odpowiednich organów państwowych. Jednocześnie jest ona podmiotem, który może posiadać istotne znaczenie w kontekście ustalenia tego, na co sprawca zasługuje, także w perspektywie sądowego wymiaru kary. Ofiara przestępstwa jest więc istotnym czynnikiem, abstrahując nawet od kompensacyjnej funkcji prawa karnego. Kluczowe miejsce w tym kontekście zajmuje koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa, która może zostać zestawiona spójnie z retrybutywizmem. Nie jest ona bowiem względem niego teorią sprzeczną, a wręcz przeciwnie, w wielu aspektach pozostaje z nią zbieżna i stanowi istotne dopełnienie, niejednokrotnie kluczowe dla uzasadnienia sensu retrybutywnego karania.
This paper supports the attempt undertaken by its author to take a fresh look at criminal justice in relation to retributivism and conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime is the starting point for any related consideration, for it seems that retributivism needs new grounds when measures of argument strength are no longer feasible. Therefore, it is postulated to juxtapose the theory of retributive punishment with a victim of a crime in its substantive perspective. However, the criminal law requires reasonable grounds for public response being punishment, not losing sight of a subject whose legal goods are protected by norms of the criminal law but have been directly infringed or imperilled by an offence. After all, it is a victim who suffers in effect of an offence, thus requiring a special approach, especially on the part of relevant public authorities. At the same time, a victim is a subject who may be significant in the context of determination of what an offender deserves, and therefore in the perspective of judicial punishment, too. So, a victim is an important factor, even if we disregard the compensation function of the criminal law. The conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime, that may be consistently juxtaposed with retributivism, has been specifically highlighted in this paper. This conceptual framework is not contradictory to retributivism, on the contrary, in many respects it is consistent with retributivism and serves the grounds for retributive punishment.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2015, 25, 4; 69-90
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mediacja w zmienionym modelu postępowania karnego. Zagadnienia wybrane
Mediation in the modified model of criminal procedure. Selected problems
Autorzy:
Skrobotowicz, Grzegorz A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1804881.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
ofiara
sprawca
mediacja
mediator
ADR
ugoda
proces karny
victim
offender
mediation
agreement
criminal trial
Opis:
Do polskiego systemu prawa karna mediacja wprowadzona została wraz z wejściem w życie Kodeksu postępowania karnego, czyli od dnia 1 września 1998 r. Stwierdzić zatem należy, że funkcjonuje już od ponad 17 lat. Niestety, jednak ciągle pozostaje instytucją bliżej nieznaną przeciętnemu obywatelowi. Dodatkowo, wiele osób jeżeli nawet posiada wiedzę o takiej formie ADR, to nie jest sobie w stanie wyobrazić – po pierwsze – możliwości spotkania się poza sądem z domniemanym sprawcą przestępstwa, a po wtóre – rozmowy zakończonej ewentualnym pogodzeniem się oraz określeniem sposobu naprawienia wyrządzonego zła. Mając na uwadze powyższe spostrzeżenia, uzasadnione było przybliżenie tego narzędzia sprawiedliwości naprawczej, szczególnie że mediacja karna doznała istotnych zmian legislacyjnych, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 lipcu 2015 r. Artykuł składa się z trzech części merytorycznych, które poświęcone zostały osobnym blokom tematycznym opisującym zagadnienia z zakresu mediacji karnej.
Penal mediation was introduced to the Polish legal system when the Code of Criminal Procedure entered into force on 1 September 1998. This legal instrument has been therefore available for over 17 years, however, unfortunately it still remains largely unknown to an average citizen. Furthermore, many people, even if they are familiar with this form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), cannot imagine either the opportunity to meet with the alleged perpetrator of the crime out of court, or the possible reconciliation talks resolving the dispute and finding a way to compensate for the damage caused. With above observations in mind, it is reasonable to conduct this “tool” of restorative justice, especially that the model of penal mediation was modified in 2015.The article was divided into the three parts and each part described different issue of penal mediation.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2016, 26, 1; 51-70
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucja mediacji w polskim prawie karnym
The institution of mediation in Polish criminal law
Autorzy:
Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1369754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-01
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
mediacja
postępowanie karne
ofiara
sprawca przestępstwa
restorative justice
mediation
criminal proceedings
victim offender
Opis:
Artykuł porusza problematykę mediacji w sprawach karnych w odniesieniu do idei sprawiedliwości naprawczej. Wskazano zalety i zagrożenia dla osoby pokrzywdzonej i sprawcyprzestępstwa wynikające z zastosowania tej alternatywnej metody rozwiązywania konfliktów. Przedstawiona została procedura postępowania mediacyjnego, aktualny stan prawny orazperspektywy upowszechnienia mediacji na różnych etapach postępowania karnego.
The article deals with the issue of mediation in criminal matters in relation to the idea of restorative justice. Advantages and threats for the victim and offender resulting from the use of this alternative method of conflict resolution are indicated. It presents the procedure of mediation proceedings, the current legal status and the prospects of popularization of mediation at different stages of criminal proceedings.
Źródło:
Resocjalizacja Polska; 2020, 19; 127-144
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:
Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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