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    Wyświetlanie 1-38 z 38
    Tytuł:
    The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK
    Autorzy:
    Wilcox, Daniel T.
    Gray, Rosie
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/523518.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    Polygraph
    sex offender assessment
    UK sex offender legislation
    Źródło:
    European Polygraph; 2012, 6, 1(19); 55-67
    1898-5238
    2380-0550
    Pojawia się w:
    European Polygraph
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Experience of The Police Academy in Szczytno in training law enforcement services involved in preventing and combatting human trafficking
    Autorzy:
    MALINOWSKA, IRENA
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798726.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-09-21
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    crime
    organised crime
    victim
    offender
    Opis:
    Organised crime, including human traffi cking, is one of the most serious crimes against persons and violations of human rights. Human trafficking is a complex illegal business and, in most cases, involves activities undertaken by international organised crime gangs. Human traffi cking combines aspects of human life in terms of limitating freedom to enjoy it. This publication intends to standardise the existing theories and defi nitions and to collect and systematise the knowledge of the experience of the Police Academy in Szczytno in training law enforcement services involved in preventing and combatting human traffi cking. The study presents a number of activities undertaken since 2006 by the Academy, whose aim has been to provide training for the relevant services responsible for combatting transnational organised crime, and for preventing and combatting human trafficking.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 2(SPECJALNY); 99-112
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Racjonalność sprawców przestępstw przeciw mieniu – implikacje dla profilaktyki i resocjalizacji
    Rationality of Property Criminals: Implications for Prevention and Rehabilitation
    Autorzy:
    Wójcik, Dominika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/459743.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
    Tematy:
    rationality
    decision
    offender
    punishment
    rehabilitation
    Opis:
    In light of the "rehabilitation crisis," Polish society expresses the need to introduce more severe penalties. The results of surveys and public opinion pools clearly show that the Poles demand heavier sanctions. Does a potential threat of punishment provide an effective deterrent against committing crimes? This paper discusses the problem of rational thinking of property criminals. The study conducted among prisoners allows us to argue that the perpetrator at the stage of decision making is not acutely aware of the possible consequences of committing a crime. The obtained results would enable us to launch a program facilitating prevention and rehabilitation, which could lead to a decrease in the rate of property crimes.
    Źródło:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk; 2012, 2
    2084-1426
    Pojawia się w:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Młodociani sprawcy rozboju
    Young Adults Convicted of Robbery
    Autorzy:
    Wójcik, Dobrochna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699144.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1972
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    młodociani sprawcy
    rozbój
    young adults
    robbery
    offender
    Opis:
    The study presents the findings of an inquiry conducted among 60 young adults (male) serving sentences for robbery in a Warsaw prison. These 60 offenders (aged I7 - 20) formed part of a total of 229 young adults convicted of robbery and confined in this Warsaw prison between 1 October, 1966 and 30 November, 1968, with regard to whom details were secured of their criminal records from the age of ten. Of these 229 young persons, whose average age was 18.8, as many as 76 per cent had previous convictions, 58 per cent of them having appeared in juvenile courts and 48 per cent in criminal courts for offenders over 17 years of age. Of those who had appeared in juvenile courts 42 per cent had three or more appearances. The fact that three-quarters of the young adults convicted of robbery in Warsaw are repeated offenders indicates a need to analyze the types of their offences. As regards offences committed as juveniles, these were usually thefts, the proportion of crimes of violence not exceeding 18 per cent. Above the age of seventeen, however, the structure of their offences changes, since 36 per cent involved acts of physical assault and 14 per cent offences with verbal aggression (i.e. slander); offences against property, on the other hand, came to 48 per cent. The young recidivists convicted of robbery differ basically (p < 0.001) from young adults guilty of other offences (previously surveyed by the Department of Criminology) since the majority of the latter (as much as 67 per cent) were offences against property (usually larceny). The above evidence indicates therefore that the problem of aggressiveness requires special attention in studies of robbery offences committed by young adults. A more detailed inquiry was, as has been said, conducted among 60 young adults serving sentences for robbery, of whom 82 per cent had more than one previous conviction. The control group consisted of 43 young recidivists convicted of various offences (chiefly theft) with the exception of robbery. The first point to be made is that the subjects revealed, according to the accounts of their mothers, marked behaviour disorders as early as pre-school age (overactivity and restlessness, stubbornness, etc.). Evidence of such behaviour disorders below the age of seven was found much more frequently among offenders convicted of robbery (61 per cent) than in the control group containing young adult recidivists who had committed other offences (34 per cent). Only 69 per cent of the robbery offenders had completed the seven grades of elementary school, and of these only 12 pet cent had never been kept back a grade, while 24 per cent had fallen back one grade, 39 per cent two grades and 24 per cent three or more grades. This poor progress at school cannot be explained by lower levers of intelligence since 68 per cent of the subjects had normal IQs, 24.5 per cent were dull, 6.2 per cent were on the borderline of mental deficiency and 2 per cent were morons. Among the young robbery offenders (and the young recidivists as well for that matter) there had been frequent cases of truancy (77 per cent) and this had begun at an early age since almost half had got into the habit before the fourth grade. Thefts had been committed by 61 per cent of the subjects below the age of 15. The majority (65 per cent) had no vocational qualifications. Altogether among all the young adult robbery offenders with previous convictions, 16 per, cent had never been gainfully employed, and 49 per cent had jobs for less than half the period they were at liberty after completing their sixteenth year. At the time the robbery was committed, the percentage in employment did not exceed 17 per cent. The subjects spent their time among demoralized peers with whom they drank. The nature of the environment in which they mixed can best be seen from the fact that among the persons who were accomplices to their robberies (almost always young adults or juveniles), as many as 75 per cent had been previously convicted and 60 per cent frequently drank to excess. It should be noted that the young recidivists in the control group convicted of other offences and drawn from persons with a record of theft as juveniles, had made even poorer progress at school than the robbery offenders, had in fewer cases completed elementary school, had more frequently run away from home, had started to steal regularly at an earlier age and had committed many more thefts as juveniles and children. The inquiry found, however, that the robbery offenders had displayed personality disorders at an earlier age and had started to drink younger and done much more drinking at 16 – 17 years of age. The data on the drinking habits of the robbery offenders merit special attention. It was found that only 23 per cent of these young adults drank less frequently than once a week, 55 per cent drank 2-3 times a week, and 22 per cent drank at least four times a week (these figures are certainly not an accurate reflection of the degree of drinking which was undoubtedly even higher). It should be emphasized that 43 per cent of the subjects began to drink wine or spirits at least once a week below the age of 16, and 75 per cent were drinking with the same regularity before their 17th birthday. In the period preceding the robbery a large percentage of the young adults (52 per cent) were drinking large quantities of alcohol at each session (at least 1/4 litre in terms of spirits) 2 - 3 times a week or more. They drank wine or vodka, or both. It should not be forgotten in considering these figures that some 60 per cent of the robbery offenders were only 17-18 years of age. Furthermore 42 per cent of the 17-18 age  group had been drinking 2-3 times a week or more for at least two years, and 50 per cent of the 19 -20 age bracket had been doing so for at least three years. A third of the subjects admitted to intoxication at least once or twice a month, and a half recorded that they were inebriated several times a month. A very large majority (c. 80 per cent) were under the influence of alcohol when they committed their robbery. In the psychological inquiries detailed attention was given to the problems of aggression in the case of the young robbery offenders, their level of aggressiveness being determined from the evidence of aggressive behaviour in childhood and later yielded by interviews with both the subjects themselves and their mothers. Ratings of “very aggressive” were scored by 62 per cent of the young robbery offenders. In comparison with the findings of the Department of Criminology study of other samples of juvenile and adult recidivists (not convicted of robbery), it has been found that the robbery offenders do indeed display a greater incidence of aggressive behaviour and score higher in the Buss-Durkee aggression questionnaire. The robbery offenders not qualified as “very aggressive”, (38 per cent) also had occasional acts of aggression in their past career, and 25 per cent of them had  even been previously prosecuted for offences containing an element of violence. However, they differed in certain respects from the robbery offenders qualified as “very aggressive”. Among the latter regular drinking was more frequent (p < 0.001) and had begun at an earlier age (p < 0.01), thefts had been more common and the rate of recidivism was greater. Evidence of the presence of such characteristics as overactivity, impulsiveness, etc., in childhood was also more frequent (p < 0.05). In addition they possessed a higher rate of brain damage. Very aggressive robbery offenders more frequently displayed overactivity whereas the non-aggressive offenders tended to have clearly passive personalities (p < 0.02) inclined to let others take the lead. Attention should finally be drawn to the more frequent occurence among the “very aggressive” offenders (in comparison with the remaining young adults convicted of robbery) of certain adverse conditions in their home background. There were many more cases of among these subjects of defective emotional relationships between parents and son (p < 0.01) and more frequent employment of brutal corporal punishment (p < 0.02). These are factors found by various inquiries to be conducive to the development of aggressive attitudes. However, as regards such environmental factors as alcoholic or criminal parents and siblings, no significant differences were found between the backgrounds of the aggressive and non-aggressive robbery offenders. In analysing the problem of aggressiveness the question of brain damage should not be overlooked. In the case of as many as 29 of the sample (49 per cent) there was evidence pointing to such a condition with a high degree of probability. These subjects displayed, it was found, more frequent symptoms of behaviour disorders and social maladjustment such as frequent stealing (p < 0.001), early excessive drinking (p < 0.02), considerable violence (p < 0.001) and more frequent self-aggression (p < 0.02). This multiplication of behaviour disorders among offenders suffering from brain damage points to greater adaptation difficulties further compounded by their home circumstances. Among the whole sample of young robbery offenders there were only 16 per cent who were not found to be subject either to brain damage or decidedly adverse influences at home. The homes of the young robbery offenders present as negative a picture as those of the previously studied recidivists convicted of other offences. Only 57 per cent of the former spent their childhood in unbroken homes. As many as 65 per cent of their fathers regularly drank to excess, and at least 27 per cent of them can be qualified as alcoholics. The percentage of fathers with a criminal record was less than 23 per cent and the majority of these were not persistent offenders. Most of their offences were of a drunk-and-disorderly nature. The subjects’ fathers were by and large persons with a low standard of education and vocational qualifications: only 28 per cent had advanced beyond elementary school, usually to vocational school. Almost all the subjects came from the homes of unskilled or low-skilled labourers. Only a third of their homes were relatively well off. Among a large majority of the fathers (71 per cent) and as much as 45 per cent of the mothers there was evidence of their emotional relationship with their children being inadequate. In the case of 61 per cent of the fathers there was very frequent employment of excessively severe corporal punishment of the subjects. The inquiry also revealed the typical fact that 51 per cent of the brothers of the young adults serving sentences for robbery had (by the time they had completed their tenth birthday) been before the courts and that the same percentage were heavy drinkers. Only in 28 per cent of the homes was there no evidence of frequent excessive drinking and criminal offences by brothers. A comparison of the home environments of the young recidivists convicted of robbery and those convicted of other offences revealed no differences as regards such factors as family structure or alcoholic and criminal parents and siblings (except that the brothers of the robbery offenders had committed more offences of an aggressive nature than the brothers of the persons in the control group). However, marked differences were found in the emotional relationship of parents to children and the practice of severe  corporal punishment which was much more frequent in the case of the fathers of the robbery offenders. These are factors which various inquiries have found to be conducive to the formation of aggressive attitudes.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1972, V; 151-189
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wykorzystanie badań poligraficznych wobec przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii
    The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK
    Autorzy:
    Wilcox, Daniel T.
    Gray, Rosie
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477059.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    Polygraph
    sex offender assessment
    UK sex offender legislation
    poligraf
    przestępcy seksualni
    regulacje prawne dotyczące przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii
    Opis:
    This is a translation of the article „The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK” by Daniel T. Wilcox and Rosie Gray, appeared in a European Polygraph volume number 1 in the 2012.This article is about of how the polygraph can be used to work with sexual offenders in the United Kingdom Publication it’s important for the development of Polish penal policy, the possible solutions of new regulations in Polish legislation, and as a result of the use of research possibilities of Post Conviction Clinical Polygraph Examination Testing (Lie Detector Testing) offers significant opportunities for monitoring sex offenders.
    Jest to przekład artykułu „The Use of the Polygraph with Sex Offenders in the UK” autorstwa Daniela T. Wilcoxa i Rosie Gray’a, który ukazał się w „European Polygraph” numer 1 w 2012 roku. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki badań poligraficznych stosowanych wobec przestępców seksualnych w Wielkiej Brytanii. Publikacja ta jest ważna dla rozwoju polskiej polityki karnej, możliwych rozwiązań nowych regulacji w polskim prawodawstwie, a na skutek wykorzystania możliwości badawczych ekspertyz poligraficznych PCSOT, stosowanych wobec skazanych za przestępstwa popełnione na tle seksualnym, oferuje znaczne szanse monitorowania przestępców seksualnych.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2016, 2(19); 25-36
    1689-8052
    2451-0807
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Miejsce sprawiedliwości naprawczej w polskim systemie karnym
    Autorzy:
    Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1397317.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-01
    Wydawca:
    Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koninie. Wydawnictwo
    Tematy:
    restorative justice
    retributive justice
    criminal proceedings
    victim
    offender
    Opis:
    Place of restorative justice in the Polish penal system This paper shows the conceptions of restorative justice against the background of the idea of general justice. The author indicates to the relationship between the retributive and restorative approaches. By analysing the literature on the subject matter and criminal law, the importance of restorative justice practices and profits that bring to the offender, victim of a crime and for the local community.
    Źródło:
    Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne; 2021, 7, 1; 69-84
    2391-8632
    Pojawia się w:
    Konińskie Studia Społeczno-Ekonomiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawcy podpalenia – charakterystyka psychologiczna
    Firesetters – Psychological Profile
    Autorzy:
    Piotrowski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/372796.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
    Tematy:
    podpalenie
    psychologia
    motywacja
    przestępca
    arson
    psychology
    motivation
    offender
    Opis:
    Cel: Celem pracy jest dokonanie przeglądu badań oraz koncepcji teoretycznych dotyczących zarówno psychologicznego funkcjonowania sprawców podpaleń, jak i kryminologicznych aspektów przestępstw polegających na umyślnym wzniecaniu pożarów. Metody: W pracy przeanalizowano angielskojęzyczną oraz polską literaturę na temat psychologicznego, kryminologicznego i psychiatrycznego podłoża przestępczego wywoływania pożarów. Wyniki: Podpalenie to jedno z przestępstw powodujących poważne zagrożenie porządku publicznego oraz niebezpieczeństwo odniesienia obrażeń, utraty życia i mienia przez jednostki. Popełnienie tego czynu nie wymaga najczęściej ani szczególnych umiejętności, ani pomocy innych osób, a sprawcom dość łatwo jest zachować anonimowość. W literaturze wyróżnia się najczęściej kilka głównych motywów popełnienia przestępstwa podpalenia. Są to: zemsta, podniecenie, wandalizm, maskowanie dowodów, odnoszenie korzyści oraz ekstremizm polityczny (terroryzm). W opracowaniu omówiono między innymi jedną z najnowszych koncepcji wyjaśniających tło przyczynowe podpaleń – wielotorową teorię podpaleń. Populacja sprawców podpaleń jest wewnętrznie zróżnicowana. Gdyby jednak dokonać zabiegu ekstrapolacji, typowym sprawcą podpalenia okazałby się młody mężczyzna o niskim statusie społecznym i zawodowym, notowany przez policję, zmagający się z problemami natury psychologicznej lub psychiatrycznej, których źródeł można doszukiwać się w dysfunkcyjnym środowisku wychowawczym. Wnioski: Literatura poświęcona psychologicznym uwarunkowaniom dokonywania podpaleń nie jest zbyt bogata. Uzyskanie jednoznacznych danych jest utrudnione z kilku względów. Przede wszystkim badacze reprezentujący nauki społeczne nie są zgodni co do terminologii dotyczącej przestępczego wzniecania pożarów. Ponadto niektóre projekty badawcze obejmują stosunkowo niewielką grupę podpalaczy. Charakterystyka osób wzniecających pożary jest też niejednokrotnie wycinkowa w tym sensie, że koncentruje się wyłącznie na wybranym aspekcie zjawiska. Nawet jeśli uznamy, że dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na temat psychospołecznych przyczyn podpaleń nie jest zadawalający, dotychczas zgromadzone dane będzie można wykorzystać w procesie opracowywania metod oddziaływań prewencyjnych i terapeutycznych. Powinny one uwzględniać psychologiczne i kryminologiczne mechanizmy leżące u podstaw przestępczego wzniecania pożarów oraz wewnętrzne zróżnicowanie populacji sprawców.
    Aim: To review the literature on research and theoretical concepts related to the psychological functioning of firesetters and the criminological aspects of arson (deliberate firesetting). Methods: A thorough analysis of the English and Polish literature on the psychological, criminological and psychiatric determinants of criminal arson. Results: Arson is a crime causing threat to public order and resulting in injuries, death or property damage for individuals. It is easy to start a fire, because it does not require special skills or help from other people; it is also relatively easy for perpetrators to remain anonymous. According to the literature on the subject, the main motives for committing arson include revenge, excitement, vandalism, crime-concealment, profit and political extremism (terrorism). The article provides an overview of the latest concepts explaining the causal background of criminal arson, including the FBI classification, the Canter and Fritzon typology, Fritzon’s et al. analysis of firesetting as an “action system”, Jackson’s functional analysis of arson and Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF). The population of deliberate firesetters is not a homogenous group. However, some conclusions on the characteristics of this group can be drawn. “The typical fire-raiser” is likely to be a young, single male, usually of low social and professional status, with a police record, struggling with psychological or psychiatric problems, whose sources can be traced back to a dysfunctional family environment. Conclusions: The literature on the psychological conditions of firesetting is still relatively scarce. Achieving a clear understanding is difficult for several reasons. First of all, there is no consensus among social scientists on the terminology used to describe criminal arson. Some research projects include a relatively small group of firesetters. The profile of offenders is often partial in the sense that it focuses only on the selected aspect of the phenomenon. Even if we assume that the current state of knowledge on the psychosocial causes of arson is not satisfactory, the collected data should be considered when designing prevention and treatment programmes. In particular, psychological correlates and criminological mechanisms underlying firesetting, along with the internal diversity of the population of offenders, should be taken into account.
    Źródło:
    Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2017, 45, 1; 88-100
    1895-8443
    Pojawia się w:
    Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Teoretyczne podstawy mediacji między ofiarą a sprawcą przestępstwa
    The Theoretical Foundations of Mediation Between the Victim and Offender
    Autorzy:
    Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2000
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    ofiara
    konflikt
    przestępca
    victim
    offender
    mediation
    conflict
    Opis:
    Mediation as a method of conflict resolution also applicable to conflict resulting from an offences is the alternative of legal solution of disputes, a technique shared by various models that promote the use in practice of consensus. This novel plocedure fot conflict resolution (which is however derived from the traditions of the oldest societies) - a consensual one, based on agreement between parties - has been developing most dynamically over the recent decades, and pervaded all branches of the law in most legal systems (H. Jung, T. Marshall). In the specific context of criminal justice, mediation does not necessarily aim at conflict resolution. For this reason, it is defined as a process, where parties to proceedings are offered the possibility to actively participate in resolving issues that result from the offence, and are assisted in so doing by an impartial third person or mediator. Mediation may take a variety of forms (direct or indirect); it may be conducted by professional or lay mediators, under auspices of the law enforcement agencies or by an independent social organization, and the parties to it may include not only the victim and the offender but also their relatives and other supporters as well as representatives of the criminal justice system. As has already been mentioned, the origins of mediation between the offender and his victim date back to the oldest past when all issues related to harm involved in acts that are today treated as offences were adjusted in the course of negotiations by those directly concerned assisted by their families and clans. The offences was seen as a conflict between the victim and the perpetrator, with due consideration to the social context. Once the function of reacting to crime was taken over by the state, the reactions initially resembled the modern rules of civil law. Later on, when crime was interpreted as violation of the order established by the ruler, penal sanctions aimed not only at compensating the victim but also at supporting the authority of the state. Although Nils Christie's picture of the state stealing the conflict is a convincing illustration of this situation, the fact should be borne in mind that the state's taking over of the function of punishing was an immense cultural achievement of its time, especially for those members of the conmunity who were too weak to vindicate their claims (B.-D. Meier). Solutions that provide for specific forms of consensus can also be found in modern legal systems. In the area of mediation between the victim and offender, the practice outpaced theory. It was inspired, among other things, by examples of "community justice'' of non-Western cultures; by the movement on behalf of victims, the progress of victimology, the diversion conception, and abolitionism; by the theory of social peace and conflict resolution and by the conception of reparatory justice. This latter conception deals with most problems posed by the other ones. It is, however, difficult to define, and its essence is difficult to explain, especially if we try to embrace threads important for all the trends on which it bases. Thus in the end, a simpler definition suggested by T. Marshall won general acceptance: "reparatory justice is an approach to crime, oriented on solving the problem, which engages perionally all parties involved in it as well as the community, in active relation to the public sector institutions. It is not a specific activity but a set of ruled that may set the direction of the bulk of actions of all institutions or groups related to crime. Reparatory justice is a process in which all parties involved in a specific offence meet to reach a joint solution of the issue of effects of crime and conclusions for the future". This definition was subsequently modified somewhat by other authors. In particular, it was accepted by an international body - the International Research Network on Reparatory Juvenile Justice in its Leuven Declaration of May 1997 concerning advisability of promoting the reparatory approach to juvenile delinquency. Reparatory justice is discussed as a specific trend, approach, philosophy or even idea; according to most authors, however, it has not yet developed into a consistent theory, although incessant efforts are made towards this aim. The term "reparatory justice'' is attributed to R. Barnett; H. Zehr's contribution is the first general model of that justice as an "alternative paradigm of justice" whose main principles are opposed to those of the traditional retributive justice. Also J. Braithwaite's idea of "reintegrating confusion'' was of importance for the development of the reparatory justice conception. It is associated e.g. with Hirschi's theory of control, Matza's neutralization theory, Luhmann's systemic theory, and also with the traditional penal law theories under which evil has to be compensated by punishment, but compensation involving suffering prohibits a better arrangement of social relartions. Instead, reparatory justice balances the harm involved in crime through action aimed at compensation and “doing good” (Ch. Pelikan, B.D. Meier). M. Wright stresses that this conception largely tallies with the common-sense ideas as to how society should react to crime, supported by appropriate actions, analysis, and studies. Mediation and other restorative reactions are sometimes shown as responses that function instead, parallel or within the traditional justice system. Much speaks, however, for integration of reparatory justice with the criminal justice system. The approach that isolates mediation altogether from criminal justice pays insufficient attention to the danger of inequality of the parties to mediation in the area of efficient execution of their conflicting interests. Thus public interest requires that the course and results of mediation proceedings be supervised. The manner in which reparatory justice may replace repressive one depends first and foremost on the seriousness of crime. It is not in all cases that a purely reparatory reaction should be recommended as sufficient. This is among the frequent arguments of critics of reparatory justice (although even its supporters accept the existence of limits to its application). Skeptics also stress that reparatory justice violates a number of generally accepted rules of procedure, especially that of equality before the law (which, however, could be disputed) and the offender’s procedural rights due to him in criminal proceedings (which is in fact a weakness of reparatory justice, but collisions might be solved by appropriate rules and standards of the reparatory process or e.g. by judicial review of negotiated solutions). The conception of reparatory justice is often explicated through opposition of the basic models of reaction to crime (although faulty in some respects, this method well illustrates the most fundamental features). Reparatory justice is sometimes called the "third path'', an alternative to the (neo-) retributive penal law and the rehabilitation model which proves ineffective, and a fully mature self-standing model (L. Walgrave, I. Aertsen). M. Wright stressed two spccial ideas that distinguish reparatory justice from the traditional criminal justice system. The first of them is that the process itself constitutes an essential element of the reaction, that it is constructive and may even have a therapeutic importance. The other idea is compensation interpreted in a much broader sense - from symbolic actions such as work to those reducing the risk of the offender relapsing into crime. The justification and legitimization of mediation in criminal cases bases not only on new theorietical conceptions. Such justification can also be found in the assumptions of the traditional justice system. This is what B.D. Meier did assuming as his point of departure the penal law system's public function, including in particular that of restoring public order that has been violated through crime, and also that of preventing repeated violations. The traditional systems have always provided for two or three different models of reaction to crime. Prevalent is punishment imposed on the person who has been found guilty. The second model involves imposition of special measures irrespective of the offender's liability (security and preventive measures). The third model, of crucial importance for legitimization of mediation in the criminal justice system, consists in renouncing formal proceedings, e.g. in view of slight social harmfulness of the act, the fact that no public interest is involved in the imposition of penalty, or reasons of general and special prevention. According to T. Marshall, justifications of reparatory justice (fulfilled i.a. through mediation) should be sought in the community nature of the offence and its effects. Explaining the theoretical foundations of mediation between the victim and the offender is a complex task because of the multitude of its sources as well as theories and conceptions quoted, and particularly because of the lack of agreement as to the essence of the usually quoted conception of reparatory justice and as to its treatment as "competitive'' with fespect to traditional justice or (for which interpretation I would like to declare) as that system's highly profitable logical supplementation, improvement and expansion. Also in Poland, the practice of actions involving mediation have outpaced the theory: for several years now, there has been quite a rapid growth in its application in practice. In both spheres, there are many problems and challenges worth taking up. At the same time, expanding the theory is of importance for the practice. Explanation of the ideas, aims and foundations of mediation and of its position with respect to traditional justice is paramount for the institution's reasonable development, evaluation and shaping towards its meeting the expectations.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 9-28
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Poglądy studentów prawa na podstawowe instytucje prawa karnego (Wstępne rozpoznanie problemu)
    Law students opinions on the essential institutions of criminal law and criminology. Preliminary diagnosis of the problem
    Autorzy:
    Szuba-Boroń, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/528773.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    public opinion
    death penalty
    offender
    criminal law
    criminology
    Opis:
    This paper presets survey results regarding law students opinions on the criminal law and criminology, e.g. death penalty, the offender and the offense as an object of criminological research, the purposes of criminal punishment and criminal law. This article is an attempt to determine an influence of academic knowledge in the field of criminal law and criminology at the students opinions and to analyze or law student hold a public opinion concerning criminal law and criminology.
    Źródło:
    Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 4; 173-200
    1643-8299
    2451-0858
    Pojawia się w:
    Państwo i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przyczyny i czynniki stymulujące przestępstwa rozbójnicze
    Causes and Factors of Crime Racketeering and Extortion
    Autorzy:
    Adamczyk, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2140563.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
    Tematy:
    demoralizacja
    przestępca
    rodzina patologiczna
    agresja
    demoralisation
    offender
    family pathological
    agresion
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono przyczyny i czynniki mające wpływ na przestępczość rozbójniczą. Przybliżono wpływ środowiska rodzinnego, rówieśniczego, czynników osobowościowych, sytuacyjnych i wiele innych w oparciu o badania sondażowe przeprowadzone w Areszcie Śledczym w Poznaniu wśród osadzonych. Określono związki korelacyjne pomiędzy poszczególnymi czynnikami a przyczynami przestępczości rozbójnicze tj. jak bezrobocie, zatrudnienie, gęstość zaludnienia.
    The article discusses the causes and factors that influence crime robbery. Approximated the effect of family environment, peer, personality factors, situational, and many others. Discusses the survey carried out in Remand in Poznan among inmates. The parsed correlations of variables IE. as unemployment, employment, population density.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego; 2017, 11, 2; 156-173
    1896-8848
    2450-3436
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Idea sprawiedliwości naprawczej w mediacji
    The Idea of Restorative Justice in Mediation
    Autorzy:
    Urbańska, Magda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2038276.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-29
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediacje pokrzywdzony–sprawca
    restorative justice
    victim-offender mediation
    Opis:
    Sprawiedliwość naprawcza to idea, w centrum której stawiane jest naprawienie krzywdy i zadośćuczynienie. Nie skupia się na karze. Jej istotą jest włączenie wszystkich osób doświadczonych przestępstwem, zarówno osoby poszkodowanej, jak i sprawcy, a także społeczności lokalnej, w proces rozwiązania problemów powstałych w wyniku przestępstwa oraz naprawienia szkody i cierpienia będących jego skutkiem. Sprawiedliwość naprawcza przede wszystkim dopuszcza do głosu osoby pokrzywdzone oraz umożliwia sprawcy dobrowolne przyjęcie odpowiedzialności za własne działanie. Bazuje na wspólnym ustaleniu, na drodze dialogu i negocjacji, satysfakcjonującego zadośćuczynienia. Jedną z form sprawiedliwości naprawczej są mediacje pomiędzy pokrzywdzonym a sprawcą, którzy przy pomocy bezstronnego i neutralnego mediatora mogą w sposób ugodowy rozwiązać spory powstałe w wyniku przestępstwa.
    Restorative justice is an idea which centres around repairing the harms and compensation. Itis not focused on punishment. Its essence is to engage everyone affected by the crime, both thevictim, and the offender, as well as the local community in the process of solving the problemsarising out of the crime and repairing the damage and suffering which are resulting from it. Mostof all, restorative justice allows the victims to speak as well as it makes it possible for the offenderto take responsibility for their own actions voluntarily. It is based on determining the satisfactorycompensation jointly, through dialogue and negotiations. One of the forms of restorative justice ismediation between the victim and the offender who, with the assistance of an impartial and neutralmediator, may amicably resolve any disputes resulting from the crime.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2019, 10, 4; 79-84
    2080-9069
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Mediacja w sprawach nieletnich – wymiar wychowawczy
    Autorzy:
    Urbańska, Magda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1992824.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    agreement
    compensation
    juvenile offender
    mediation
    mediacja
    nieletni sprawca
    porozumienie
    zadośćuczynienie
    Opis:
    Jednym ze sposobów rozwiązywania konfliktów są mediacje, w trakcie których strony dążą, przy  pomocy mediatora, do osiągnięcia obopólnie korzystnego porozumienia. Mediacja znajduje swoje zastosowanie także w kontekście spraw karnych, których sprawcami są nieletni. W wyniku mediacji mogą zostać wypracowane satysfakcjonujące obie strony warunki zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia wyrządzonej szkody. Stwarza to szanse na wychowawcze oddziaływanie na młodzież łamiącą normy prawne.Cel badań: W artykule dokonano analizy literatury przedmiotu z zakresu mediacji karnych oraz aktów prawnych dotyczących mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, skupiając się na ukazaniu specyfiki mediacji z udziałem nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych  oraz korzyściach wychowawczych związanych z prowadzeniem postępowania mediacyjnego w tego rodzaju sprawach.Stan wiedzy: Literatura przedmiotu zwraca uwagę na liczne korzyści związane z prowadzeniem mediacji w sprawach nieletnich, podkreślając zwłaszcza jej wymiar wychowawczy i pozytywny wpływ na rozwój osobowości młodego człowieka. Udział w spotkaniu mediacyjnym pozwala bowiem osiągnąć nie tylko wzajemnie satysfakcjonujące porozumienie, ale także dzięki dobrowolnym i samodzielnym decyzjom podejmowanym przez młodego sprawcę w trakcie mediacji ma on szansę na zmianę swojego postępowania w kierunku pożądanym społecznie. Podsumowanie: Mediacja jako sposób rozwiązywania sporów będących wynikiem czynu karalnego pozwala na wypracowanie porozumienia w kwestii zadośćuczynienia i naprawienia przez sprawcę wyrządzanych przez niego krzywd. Ze względu na wychowawczy potencjał mediacji warto byłoby propagować jej szersze wykorzystanie w pracy z młodzieżą, w tym z nieletnimi sprawcami czynów karalnych.
    One way of resolving conflicts is through mediation, in which the parties seek a mutually beneficial agreement reached with the help of a mediator. Mediation may also be used in criminal cases involving minors as perpetrators. Mediation can lead to agreeing conditions of the compensation and redress for the harm done which are satisfactory to both parties. This creates opportunities for educating young people who violate legal standards.Research purpose: This article provides an analysis of the literature dealing with criminal mediation and legal acts concerning mediation in cases involving minor perpetrators. It focuses on showing the specifics of mediation targeted to minor law offenders and the educational benefits of mediation in such cases.State of knowledge: Professional literature concerning the subject matter draws attention to numerous benefits of mediation in cases involving minor offenders, emphasising in particular its educational aspect and its positive impact on the development of the personality of the young person. It is so because participation in a mediation meeting allows not only to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement, but also thanks to voluntary and independent decisions made by young offenders during such meetings, they have a chance to change their behaviour as desired by the society. Summary: Mediation as disputes resolution method applied to disputes arising from a criminal act makes it possible to reach an agreement concerning the compensation and redress for the harm done by the perpetrator. Due to the educational potential of mediation, its wider use in work with young people, including minor law offenders, would be worth propagating.
    Źródło:
    Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2021, 40, 1; 129-142
    0137-6136
    Pojawia się w:
    Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sytuacyjne zapobieganie przestępczości
    Situational Crime Prevention
    Autorzy:
    Kossowska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699050.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1994
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    zapobieganie przestępczości
    przestępczość
    kryminologia
    przestępca
    crime prevention
    delinquency
    criminology
    offender
    Opis:
    Disappointment in crime prevention based on the etiological approach led to a closer analysis of the circumstances of the offence, its physical conditions, and the resulting motivations of the offender. Whatever his inborn or socially acquired criminal predispositions, object and opportunity are necessary for an offence to take place. Advocates of the situational approach in criminology argue that a potential offender generally does not act on an impulse: instead, he more or less consciously analyses the situation and decides to commit the offence at a given time and place and against a given target. This is the basic assumption of situational crime prevention.             Situational crime prevention resolves itself into reduction or liquidation of the physical opportunity to commit an offence, and extension of the probability of apprehension of the offender. This can be done in three different ways.             First, the guard over the target can be extended or intensified, or the potential offender can be made to believe that, while dwelling in a given place, he is under incessant surveillance by the police or other competent persons, or by the inhabitants or users of a given object or area.             Second, the target can be made less open to crime: special circumstances make it less easily accessible (or completely inaccessible), and theft can no longer yield the expected profit to the offender. This procedure is called target hardening.             Third, various organizational steps can be taken that change the environment of crime: new ciercumstances arise and situation in which an offence might take place is changed.             The above three methods of situational crime prevention have different efficiency. Their actual efficiency depends on a variety of factors related to the methodology of the crime prevention program and to cultural conditions. As regards programs basied on increased surveillance, the most efficient are those which involve the local population who are allowed both passively to watch over their area of residence, and actively to participate in its protection.             What is considered a particulary effective method of situational crime prevention is target hardening where access to the target is made difficult through a variety of physical obstacles. Not as obvious is the efficiency of another target hardening measure where valuable objects are marked so as to make it difficult for the offender to gain by his theft and to increase the probability of his apprehension. Such measures, called operation identification, prove highly efficient in some countries but are next to ineffective in others. Thee ffects here depend largely on the efficiency of the police. Whith a low detection rate of thefts, the marking of objects cannot possibly yield the expected results.             It has been  found in studies of offenders’ processes of deciding that their decision to commit an offencis based on the factors that condition, first, the physical opportunity (access to the object) nad second, the offender’s safety. The idea of situational crime prevention has many followers who stress the relative easiness of the application of the suggested methods and their efficiency. The opponents argue that,while it many perhaps contribute to preventing definite offences at a definite time and place, situational crime prevention does not actually prevent crime. What it leads to is displacement of crime. The offence is committed anyway but perhaps in another time or place, by other means, or against another target. Despite all the reservations concerning displacement of crime, it msot be stated that situational crime prevention often proves effective; what is more, it requires neither prolonged programs nor entangled methods of manipulating society. Admittedly the offender is not reformed; yet a definite offence is not committed in a definite place, and the target remains safe. This makes situational prevention as important an element of crime prevention programs as the generally recognized social methods.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1994, XX; 7-20
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
    Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
    Autorzy:
    Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1995
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kara
    sprawca przestępstwa
    badania empiryczne
    punishment
    criminal offender
    empirical research
    Opis:
    The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    THE PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF PERPETRATORS
    Autorzy:
    Malwina, Dankiewicz,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/891499.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-08-22
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    aggression
    offender
    the sketch of a suspect
    criminal profiling
    behavioral traces
    Opis:
    The methods for identification of potentially aggressive persons based on observation of behavior and appearance were described. The results of studies on the signals from the facial expressions and other relationships between human behavior and hostile intent were presented. The practical use of tools for the detection of deception and hostile intent was described, based among others on the Paul Ekman’s theory of basic emotions. The rules for creating the sketch of a suspect were described, it was also raised the issue of profiling offenders based on behavioral traces under analysis.
    Źródło:
    Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje; 2013, 13; 79-97
    2299-4033
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawca przestępstwa (zarys problematyki)
    The Offender: An Outline of the Problems
    Autorzy:
    Ostrihanska, Zofia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698498.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1991
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawca przestępstwa
    przestępstwo
    badania kryminologiczne
    psychologia
    offender
    offense
    criminological research
    psychology
    Opis:
    The paper shows various approaches to the perpetrator of crime, and practical consequences of the specific point of view adopted. The object is not to point to ready solutions or to declare for or against the discussed views, but to give an outline of the variety of problems that concern the person of offender, and to mention the related questions and issues. Discussed have been the general theoretical problems related to the person of offender; psychological problems; those arising from the fact that the offender has been made subject of criminological research; and the problems of the image of offender functioning in public opinion. Whether we formulate criminological theories or adopt definite practical solutions, questions cannot be avoided about the offender as a human being, about his rights, the extent of his freedom and responsibility, his relationship with society, and the limits of a just and permissible intervention in those rights and liberties. The problems mentioned in this relation point to the need for the problems of offender to be considered in a broad philosophical perspective based on a moral reflection. The discussion of psychological problems is focused on two issues. The first of them are the psychological conceptions of man which provide explanations of the offender’s criminal behaviour and lead to conclusions as to the treatment of offenders. Those problems have been exemplified by behaviourist and psychoanalytical  ideas and the conception of  humanistic psychology. Another important psychological problem is whether the offender’s behaviour that violates the legal norms results from his personality traits or has been conditioned by the situation in which he found himself. Studies point to complexity of this problem and  to the fact that both personality and situation influence criminal behaviour. At the same time, some individuals are particularly resistant and others particularly susceptible to situations conducive to that behaviour. There are also situations in which an offence is particularly easily committed. Among them, there are the rapid changes found during great historic events and social transformations, as well as the situations, most and sotimes even extremely difficult, created by socio-political systems. In some offences, situation is a most important factor; in others the offender’s personality plays a greater part. This complexity of the problem should be taken into account when deciding about a given offender in the practical operation of criminal justice. The image of offender obtained in criminological studies of convicted persons is connected with a variety of problems. Some of tchem arise from the very definition of offender. It is a most general notion, related to the legislation in  force in a given country at a given moment, and designating perpetrators of a great variety of acts which may result from different situations and psychological mechanisms. A question arises whether a single act, possibly jus an episode, may really constitute a good criterion to distinguish a given individual from others who have not committed such an act: whether that act is an isolated event only or results from the given person’s way of living. What also matters for the picture of a convicted offender obtained in studies is the process of selection to which he had been subjected before the offence was revealed, criminal proceedings instituted, and the offender convicted. A factor essential for that selection, for decisions concerning the offender, and for his readaptation to life in society after release is the stereotype of offender which functions in public opinion. As shown by studies, that stereotype is shaped by fear and the thirst for revenge on a person who is perceived as a threat but at the same time treated as a distant stranger. A condemnation of certain acts makes the Public realize the noxiousness of those acts and shapes moral attitudes. But the condemnation of acts does not have to lead to a similar disapproval of their perpetrators. It is most necessary to conduct criminological research and to provide society with straightforward information about the findings.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1991, XVII; 41-74
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Selected issues of juvenile delinquency proceedings
    Wybrane problemy postępowania wobec nieletnich popełniających czyny karalne
    Autorzy:
    Rajewska de Mezer, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/921189.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-04-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    juvenile
    juvenile offender
    juvenile delinquency proceeding
    educational measure
    corrective measure
    rehabilitation
    Opis:
    This paper discusses selected issues of juvenile delinquency proceedings. It points the reader’s attention to the difference in the approach towards a juvenile offender. This different approach consists in shaping the way the state reacts to them breaking a legal norm and directing it towards resocializing education. It underlines the specific characteristics of the interactions’ subject – a juvenile whose identity and social attitudes are in the making. These features justify the fact that educational and reformatory measures based on the law on juvenile delinquency proceedings are applied in their case, rather than the punitive ones defined in the Penal Code. The paper analyses selected topics related to executing specific (educational or reformatory) measures that spark controversy among the entities that take up educational, activating and aid-related actions.
    Źródło:
    Studia Edukacyjne; 2018, 48; 229-248
    1233-6688
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Edukacyjne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestępstwa seksualne osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w świetle hipotezy pozornej dewiacji
    Sexual offenses committed by people with intellectual disabilities in the light of the counterfeit deviance hypothesis
    Autorzy:
    Pospiszyl, Kazimierz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1932464.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-16
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
    Tematy:
    hipoteza pozornej dewiacji
    terapia przestępców seksualnych
    counterfeit deviance hypothesis
    sex offender therapy
    Opis:
    Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej części przedstawiono negatywny, a w każdym razie ambiwalentny stosunek do aktywności seksualnej osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną przejawiany zarówno przez większość społeczeństwa, jak i tradycyjnych psychologów. Wychodząc z tego założenia, starano się ukazać ważność i pionierskość hipotezy pozornej dewiacji u osób z niepełnosprawnością popełniających przestępstwa seksualne. Hipoteza ta ukazuje zjawisko przestępczości seksualnej tego typu osób w całkowicie nowej, bardziej wnikliwej postaci, uwzględniającej specyfikę percepcji otaczającego świata oraz norm moralnych osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono ukazaniu, w jakim stopniu counterfeit deviance hypothesis może wpływać na zwiększenie efektywności oddziaływań terapeutycznych na osoby z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną popełniające przestępstwa seksualne.
    The article consists of two parts. The first presents a negative, or at least ambivalent attitude to sexual activity of people with intellectual disabilities manifested by most people, including traditional psychologists. Based on the above assumption, the author tried to show the validity and pioneering nature of the hypothesis of counterfeit deviance in people with disabilities committing sexual offenses. This hypothesis shows the phenomenon of sexual crime among people with intellectual disabilities in a completely new, more insightful form, taking into account the specificity of their perception of the surrounding world and their moral norms. Most attention was devoted to showing to what extent the counterfeit deviance hypothesis can increase the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for sex offenders with intellectual disabilities.
    Źródło:
    Szkoła Specjalna; 2021, LXXXII(1); 5-16
    0137-818X
    Pojawia się w:
    Szkoła Specjalna
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zabójca z motywów seksualnych.
    Sexual homicide offender.
    Autorzy:
    Hejmej, Angelika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529154.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    murder
    murderer
    crime of lust
    sex crime
    offender
    killer
    modus operandi
    perpetrator
    Opis:
    Numerous studies, interviews, observations or probing inquiries and analyses of homicide as a forbidden act allow the investigators to thoroughly distinguish and explore the motives, the personality and the environment of the perpetrator. The act of killing, regardless of the motive, is always conditioned by various factors such as family, upbringing, environment, society, life experiences, diseases, injuries, relations with others, etc. It is, as it can be clearly seen, a wide spectrum, of which the motives and the perpetrator’s functioning in the world constitute only a small part. The motivation is crucially important as it provides us with information about the direct cause of the murder and it allows us to organise the crime of killing into appropriate categories. Homicide can be classified into the following categories based on the type of motive: sexual, economical, emotional and fear factor which is extremely important in the diagnostic process as well as during the stage of making a psychological and personal profile of the perpetrator who killed someone. While analysing the crime, it should be remembered that although we are dealing with people who committed the same kind of crime, it is the different motive that differentiates the offenders both in terms of their personality and in the way they treat their victims. The murder itself is not a spontaneous incident but a lifelong process that might result from the whole range of factors and life situations.
    Źródło:
    Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2015, 2; 99-111
    1643-8299
    2451-0858
    Pojawia się w:
    Państwo i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Investigating Citizens’ Concern About Corruption and Anti-corruption: A Case Study in Vietnam
    Badanie postrzegania przez obywateli zjawiska korupcji i jej zwalczania. Studium przypadku w Wietnamie
    Autorzy:
    Van Vu, Tuan
    Cao, Oanh
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1964465.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    corruption
    anti-corruption
    offender
    transparency
    preventive measures
    korupcja
    antykorupcja
    przestępca
    transparentność
    środki zapobiegawcze
    Opis:
    Corruption has been the centre of attention on a global scale. Almost all studies concentrate on corruptive effects on the governance, economics or politics. This paper investigates the citizens’ perceptions towards corruption and anti-corruption in Vietnam. This is a new look contributing to the panoramic picture of anti-corrup-tion. The study employed a descriptive approach with a researcher-made ques-tionnaire for 385 respondents selected by a stratified random sampling method based on Cochran’s formula. It was found out that preventive measures and corrup tion laws are not severe enough to admonish corruption offenders. Transpa-rency is not highly promoted for people to access information, so citizens’ super-vision is not very effective. There is a mismatch between citizens’ perceptions and external organisations’ assessment. It is necessary to implement anti-corruption law strictly and renovate people’s right to get corruptive information. Moreover, the government should recheck and adjust preventive anti-corruption laws to match each specific type of corruption. Urgently, the operation of the state appa-ratus ought to cooperate and join hands to combat corruption. It is advisable for the government to collaborate with external organisations to exchange experience in curbing corruption.
    Korupcja znalazła się w centrum uwagi na skalę globalną. Niemal wszystkie badania skupiają się na jej szkodliwych skutkach w odniesieniu do rządów, ekonomii i polityki. Niniejszy artykuł bada to, jak obywatele postrzegają korupcję i antykorupcję w Wietnamie. To nowe spojrzenie przyczyniające się do szerokiego ujęcia problematyki antykorupcji. Badanie ma charakter opisowy, do jego przeprowadzenia wykorzystano autorską ankietę dla 385 respondentów, wybranych metodą losowania warstwowego w oparciu o wzór Cochrana. Okazało się, że środki zapobiegawcze i przepisy dotyczące korupcji nie są wystarczająco surowe, by stanowiły przestrogę dla sprawców korupcji. Transparentność nie jest promowana na tyle mocno, by ludzie mieli dostęp do informacji, więc kontrola obywatelska nie jest zbyt skuteczna. Istnieje niezgodność między postrzeganiem korupcji przez obywateli a tym, jak oceniają ją organizacje zewnętrzne. Konieczne jest ścisłe wdrożenie prawa antykorupcyjnego i odnowienie prawa obywateli do uzyskiwania informacji dotyczących korupcji. Co więcej, rząd powinien ponownie sprawdzić przepisy dotyczące zapobiegania korupcji i dopasować je do każdego rodzaju korupcji. Działanie aparatu państwowego powinno się pilnie oprzeć na współpracy i połączeniu sił w celu zwalczenia korupcji. Wskazane jest, by rząd nawiązał współpracę z organizacjami zewnętrznymi w celu wymiany doświadczeń w kwestii ograniczania korupcji.
    Źródło:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2021, 13, 4; 189-216
    2080-1084
    2450-7938
    Pojawia się w:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Obligation to Report Cases of Child Sexual Abuse – Comparison of Legal Regulations in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany
    Autorzy:
    Tuora-Schwierskott, Ewa
    Bień-Węgłowska, Iwona Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40454635.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    denucjacja
    przestępstwa seksualne
    sprawca
    niezawiadomienie
    denunciation
    sexual offences
    criminal offender
    failure to notify
    Opis:
    Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównanie regulacji prawnych w zakresie obowiązku zgłoszenia przypadków wykorzystania seksualnego dzieci w Polsce, Austrii i Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Autorki skupiły się na analizie sposobu realizacji zgłoszenia przestępstwa pedofilii, konsekwencji prawnych i społecznych niezawiadomienia oraz na różnicach w podejmowanych działaniach ustawodawczych, administracyjnych, społecznych i wychowawczych służących ochronie dobra dziecka.
    The subject matter of this work constitutes the comparison of the legal regulations governing the obligation to report cases of child sexual abuse in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The authors have focused on the analysis of the method of reporting the crime of paedophilia, the legal and social consequences of the failure to notify of that kind of offence, and the differences in the legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures taken to protect a child’s welfare.
    Źródło:
    Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, 54, 3; 221-238
    2545-384X
    Pojawia się w:
    Review of European and Comparative Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Mediacja w zmienionym modelu postępowania karnego. Zagadnienia wybrane
    Mediation in the modified model of criminal procedure. Selected problems
    Autorzy:
    Skrobotowicz, Grzegorz A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1804881.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-11-16
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    ofiara
    sprawca
    mediacja
    mediator
    ADR
    ugoda
    proces karny
    victim
    offender
    mediation
    agreement
    criminal trial
    Opis:
    Do polskiego systemu prawa karna mediacja wprowadzona została wraz z wejściem w życie Kodeksu postępowania karnego, czyli od dnia 1 września 1998 r. Stwierdzić zatem należy, że funkcjonuje już od ponad 17 lat. Niestety, jednak ciągle pozostaje instytucją bliżej nieznaną przeciętnemu obywatelowi. Dodatkowo, wiele osób jeżeli nawet posiada wiedzę o takiej formie ADR, to nie jest sobie w stanie wyobrazić – po pierwsze – możliwości spotkania się poza sądem z domniemanym sprawcą przestępstwa, a po wtóre – rozmowy zakończonej ewentualnym pogodzeniem się oraz określeniem sposobu naprawienia wyrządzonego zła. Mając na uwadze powyższe spostrzeżenia, uzasadnione było przybliżenie tego narzędzia sprawiedliwości naprawczej, szczególnie że mediacja karna doznała istotnych zmian legislacyjnych, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 lipcu 2015 r. Artykuł składa się z trzech części merytorycznych, które poświęcone zostały osobnym blokom tematycznym opisującym zagadnienia z zakresu mediacji karnej.
    Penal mediation was introduced to the Polish legal system when the Code of Criminal Procedure entered into force on 1 September 1998. This legal instrument has been therefore available for over 17 years, however, unfortunately it still remains largely unknown to an average citizen. Furthermore, many people, even if they are familiar with this form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), cannot imagine either the opportunity to meet with the alleged perpetrator of the crime out of court, or the possible reconciliation talks resolving the dispute and finding a way to compensate for the damage caused. With above observations in mind, it is reasonable to conduct this “tool” of restorative justice, especially that the model of penal mediation was modified in 2015.The article was divided into the three parts and each part described different issue of penal mediation.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2016, 26, 1; 51-70
    1507-7896
    2544-5227
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kara pozbawienia wolności w świetle kodeksu karnego RSFRR z 1960 r. — problemy prawa oraz praktyki jej orzekania
    Imprisonment in the light of the RSFSR Penal Code of 1960 — problems of law and the practice of its adjudication
    Autorzy:
    Laskowska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782643.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    RSFSR Penal Code of 1960
    imprisonment
    particularly serious crime
    particularly dangerous repeat offender
    conviction
    Opis:
    This study concerns a selected institution of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960, i.e. the penalty of deprivation of liberty, and it consists of three parts. The first part shows the place and legal status of this punishment in comparison with other penalties in the 1960 Code. Its fundamental character is emphasised. Next, the scope of legal regulation of imprisonment is discussed (Article 24 of the Penal Code). Its time limits and categories of perpetrators subject to imprisonment as well as the place of execution of the sentence are presented. The possibilities of changing the places of imprisonment are also shown. The third part of the This study concerns a selected institution of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960, i.e. the penalty of deprivation of liberty, and it consists of three parts. The first part shows the place and legal status of this punishment in comparison with other penalties in the 1960 Code. Its fundamental character is emphasised. Next, the scope of legal regulation of imprisonment is discussed (Article 24 of the Penal Code). Its time limits and categories of perpetrators subject to imprisonment as well as the place of execution of the sentence are presented. The possibilities of changing the places of imprisonment are also shown. The third part of the article presents the general state of crime registered in the analysed period, and discusses the dynamics of convicted persons. This has enabled to establish the relations between the scale of the phenomenon and the number of persons serving this isolation sentence. It has shown a strict practice of imposing prison sentences by Soviet courts. On the basis of dogmatic and statistical analyses, it has made it possible to recognise this punishment as an important instrument of law and penal policy.
    Źródło:
    Z Dziejów Prawa; 2019, 12; 863-874
    1898-6986
    2353-9879
    Pojawia się w:
    Z Dziejów Prawa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawstwo czynu zabronionego w świetle art. 194 Kodeksu karnego z 1997 roku
    The Deed Authorship Prohibited in the Light of art. 194 Criminal Code from 1997
    La perpétration d’un acte prohibé en vertu de l’art. 199 du Code pénal de 1997
    Autorzy:
    Grudzińska, Karolina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1891737.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    wolność religijna
    dyskryminacja religijna
    odpowiedzialność karna
    przestępca
    religious freedom
    religious discrimination
    criminal responsibility
    offender
    Opis:
    The article applies to criminal liability arising from religious discrimination. Article reflect definition of offender and perpetration. It discusses the possibility of committing a criminal act in the forms of phenomenal. Religious discrimination takes place only when offender acting intentionally and his actions are determined by a particular motivation of worldview or profession of the victim. The discrimination can be after the operation or the abandonment.
    Źródło:
    Kościół i Prawo; 2014, 3 (16) nr 1; 167-178
    0208-7928
    2544-5804
    Pojawia się w:
    Kościół i Prawo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Instytucja mediacji w polskim prawie karnym
    The institution of mediation in Polish criminal law
    Autorzy:
    Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1369754.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-01
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pedagogium
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediacja
    postępowanie karne
    ofiara
    sprawca przestępstwa
    restorative justice
    mediation
    criminal proceedings
    victim offender
    Opis:
    Artykuł porusza problematykę mediacji w sprawach karnych w odniesieniu do idei sprawiedliwości naprawczej. Wskazano zalety i zagrożenia dla osoby pokrzywdzonej i sprawcyprzestępstwa wynikające z zastosowania tej alternatywnej metody rozwiązywania konfliktów. Przedstawiona została procedura postępowania mediacyjnego, aktualny stan prawny orazperspektywy upowszechnienia mediacji na różnych etapach postępowania karnego.
    The article deals with the issue of mediation in criminal matters in relation to the idea of restorative justice. Advantages and threats for the victim and offender resulting from the use of this alternative method of conflict resolution are indicated. It presents the procedure of mediation proceedings, the current legal status and the prospects of popularization of mediation at different stages of criminal proceedings.
    Źródło:
    Resocjalizacja Polska; 2020, 19; 127-144
    2081-3767
    2392-2656
    Pojawia się w:
    Resocjalizacja Polska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kilka uwag o kazirodztwie
    A few remarks about incest
    Autorzy:
    Jaśkowiec, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2068602.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
    Tematy:
    kazirodztwo
    obyczajność
    wolność seksualna
    przestępstwa seksualne
    obcowanie płciowe
    incest
    vice
    sexual freedom
    sex offender
    sexual intercourse
    Opis:
    W artykule została poddana analizie struktura przestępstwa z art. 201 k. k. Stosunki kazirodcze zaliczane do czynów nierządnych, od wieków podlegały negatywnej ocenie społecznej. Porównano treść przepisu przedmiotowego przestępstwa na gruncie kodeksu karnego z 1932 r., 1969 r. oraz obecnie obowiązującego kodeksu z 1997 r. Problem wskazania konkretnego przedmiotu ochrony koreluje z pytaniem o konieczność kryminalizowania obcowania płciowego między określonymi podmiotami. Racjonalne argumenty wskazują na potrzebę wyłączenia stosunków kazirodczych z katalogu czynów zabronionych. Kształtowana na przestrzeni wieków obyczajność, która jest przedmiotem ochrony przestępstwa z art. 201 k. k., chroni prawidłowe funkcjonowanie rodziny oraz utrwalone wartości. Obok obyczajności i prawidłowego funkcjonowania rodziny, jako przedmiot ochrony wskazuje się również kwestie eugeniczne, proces socjalizacji dzieci, moralność oraz interes publiczny w prawidłowym rozwoju społeczeństwa. Kwestia kazirodztwa bez wątpienia została unormowana „wycinkowo”. Włączenie do znamion strony przedmiotowej innych czynności seksualnych, świadczyłoby o kompleksowej ochronie obyczajności, funkcjonowania rodziny oraz o racjonalności ustawodawcy.
    The subject of analysis in this article is the structure of the offence under Art. 201 of the Polish Penal code. Incest relationships, included in the category of unlawful sexual intercourses, has been subject to negative social assessment for centuries. The content of the provision regarding the said offence under the Penal Code of 1932, 1969 and the currently governing Code of 1997 was compared. The issue of indication of a particular subject of defence correlates to the question regarding need for criminalisation of sexual intercourse between specific partners. Rational arguments point out to the need of exclusion of incest relationships from the catalogue of prohibited acts. The customs shaped over the ages, which are the subject of protection in relation to the offence under Art. 201 of the Polish Penal Code, protects proper functioning of the family and established values. In addition to customs and proper family functioning, the protection subject pointed out to are also eugenics issues, children socialisation process, morality and public interest in proper development of the society. The issue of incest has been, undoubtedly, standardised "fragmentarily". Inclusion of other sexual activities in the subject of the offence would demonstrate comprehensive protection of customs, family functioning and rationality of the legislator.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych; 2017, 1; 187--200
    2544-7262
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polygraph: The Use of Polygraphy in the Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders in the UK
    Autorzy:
    Wilcox, Daniel T.
    Collins, Nikki
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201081.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    Polygraph
    Sex Offenders
    Offender Management Act (2007)
    Domestic Violence Bill (2020)
    Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Bill (2019/2021)
    Źródło:
    European Polygraph; 2020, 14, 2(52); 55-62
    1898-5238
    2380-0550
    Pojawia się w:
    European Polygraph
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakterystyka kryminalistyczna przestępstw przemocy domowej zgodnie z ustawodawstwem Ukrainy
    Concept and composition of the forensic characteristics of domestic violence in Ukraine
    Autorzy:
    Franchuk, Vasyl
    Kuntij, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087440.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna im. ks. Bronisława Markiewicza w Jarosławiu
    Tematy:
    domestic violence
    forensic characteristics
    elements
    victim
    offender
    traces
    manner
    przemoc domowa
    charakterystyka sądowa
    elementy
    ofiara
    sprawca
    ślady
    sposób
    Opis:
    Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji kryminalistycznych cech przemocy domowej na Ukrainie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań, a także analizy praktyk śledczych i sądowych ustalono, że proponowany skład kryminalistycznych cech przemocy domowej obejmuje: czas, miejsce, środki, sposób popełnienia przestępstwa, tożsamość ofiary, tożsamość sprawcy, „wzór śladu” – ściśle powiązane ze sobą elementy.
    The work is dedicated to the concept and composition of the forensic characteristics of domestic violence in Ukraine. An analysis of the work of forensic scientists on the concept and elements of forensic characteristics was done. On this basis, as well as on the analysis of the investigative and judicial practice, the composition of the forensic characteristic of domestic violence is proposed. It was investigated that to those elements are included: time, place, means, crime manner, victim’s person, offender person, “trace pattern”, which are closely correlated with each other. The analysis of each of the elements is carried out.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka; 2020, 2; 211-220
    2658-0071
    2720-2429
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Współczesne aspekty resocjalizacji przestępców w wybranych krajach europejskich
    Contemporary aspects of prisoner rehabilitation in chosen European countries
    Autorzy:
    Kacprzak, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/652559.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    resocjalizacja
    reintegracja społeczna
    przestępczość
    polityka karna
    kara pozbawienia wolności
    probacja
    offender rehabilitation
    social reintegration
    crime
    penal policy
    imprisonment
    probation
    Opis:
    The article focuses on innovative solutions undertaken in prisoner rehabilitation in chosen European countries: England and Wales, France, Germany, Spain and Scandinavian countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. New solutions implemented in systems of offender rehabilitation in these countries, which aim to avoid recidivism, are linked to the current tendency of liberalization of penal politics. As such, their particular emphasis is on applying nonisolation methods of punishing acts of offending as one of their key goals is to promote offenders’ social reintegration and – on the other hand – preventing them from further social marginalization.
    Tekst stanowi przegląd innowacyjnych rozwiązań stosowanych w zakresie resocjalizacji przestępców w wybranych krajach europejskich: Wielkiej Brytanii, Francji, Niemczech, Hiszpanii oraz krajach skandynawskich (Szwecji, Norwegii, Finlandii i Danii). Nowe rozwiązania wdrażane w ramach systemów resocjalizacyjnych tych krajów, mające na celu przeciwdziałanie przestępczości powrotnej (recydywy), wpisują się we współczesną tendencję liberalizacji polityki karnej. Jako takie kładą szczególny nacisk na kary nieizolacyjne, których jednym z kluczowych zadań jest wspieranie reintegracji społecznej skazanych i przeciwdziałanie ich społecznej marginalizacji.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica; 2017, 62; 63-81
    0208-600X
    2353-4850
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rejestr sprawców przestępstw seksualnych. Uwagi na tle ustawy z dnia 13 maja 2016 r. o przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom przestępczością na tle seksualnym
    Autorzy:
    Mierzwińska-Lorencka, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788171.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    Rejestr sprawców przestępstw seksualnych
    przestępczość na tle seksualnym
    sprawca
    Polish legal system the Registry of Sex Offenders
    sexual offence
    offender
    Opis:
    The article discusses on the Act on counteracting threats of sexual offences. It introduces to the Polish legal system the Registry of Sex Offenders in a version with a limited access and a version available to the public. Criticising the adopted solutions, the author point out the lack of integration with other interventions conducted in Poland against sex offenders, noncompliance with the recommendations of the most important expert circles in the field. The summary emphasises that access to information contained in the registry of limited access will increase the safety of children, especially in those areas where the authorities of the state or local government shall perform activities related to the wider education, treatment or care of minors. However, it should be connected with the organization of a wide range of preventive measures. From the other side the public registry will contribute to increasing public concerns and will be associated with the negative consequences for the perpetrators, and often their families, and the victims themselves. There is certainly an effective instrument that can be used countering threats of crime against sexual abuse.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2016, 4 (208); 147-162
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Toward New Focus on Retributive Justice. Reflections on Background of Passive Subject of Crime
    Autorzy:
    Smarzewski, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806770.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-11-16
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    retrybutywizm
    sprawiedliwość retrybutywna
    przestępstwo
    ofiara
    sprawca
    bierny podmiot przestępstwa
    kara
    karanie
    retributivism
    retributive justice
    crime
    victim
    offender
    a passive subject of a crime
    penalty
    punishment
    Opis:
    Nowe spojrzenie na sprawiedliwość retrybutywną. Rozważania na tle koncepcji biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. W artykule podjęto próbę nowego spojrzenia na retrybutywizm. Punkt wyjścia dla prezentowanej idei stanowi koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. Wydaje się bowiem, że retrybutywizm wobec wyczerpania środków do jego argumentacji wymaga nowej podbudowy. Stąd postuluje się zestawienie teorii retrybutywnego karania z koncepcją podkreślającą znaczenie ofiary przestępstwa w jej materialnoprawnym ujęciu. Prawo karne potrzebuje uzasadnienia dla publicznej reakcji, którą stanowi kara z uwzględnieniem pomiotu biernego, tj. tego, czyje dobra prawne, będące przedmiotem ochrony norm prawa karnego materialnego, zostały bezpośrednio naruszone lub zagrożone przez przestępstwo. To ofiara cierpi wskutek przestępstwa i dlatego też wymaga szczególnego podejścia, zwłaszcza ze strony odpowiednich organów państwowych. Jednocześnie jest ona podmiotem, który może posiadać istotne znaczenie w kontekście ustalenia tego, na co sprawca zasługuje, także w perspektywie sądowego wymiaru kary. Ofiara przestępstwa jest więc istotnym czynnikiem, abstrahując nawet od kompensacyjnej funkcji prawa karnego. Kluczowe miejsce w tym kontekście zajmuje koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa, która może zostać zestawiona spójnie z retrybutywizmem. Nie jest ona bowiem względem niego teorią sprzeczną, a wręcz przeciwnie, w wielu aspektach pozostaje z nią zbieżna i stanowi istotne dopełnienie, niejednokrotnie kluczowe dla uzasadnienia sensu retrybutywnego karania.
    This paper supports the attempt undertaken by its author to take a fresh look at criminal justice in relation to retributivism and conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime is the starting point for any related consideration, for it seems that retributivism needs new grounds when measures of argument strength are no longer feasible. Therefore, it is postulated to juxtapose the theory of retributive punishment with a victim of a crime in its substantive perspective. However, the criminal law requires reasonable grounds for public response being punishment, not losing sight of a subject whose legal goods are protected by norms of the criminal law but have been directly infringed or imperilled by an offence. After all, it is a victim who suffers in effect of an offence, thus requiring a special approach, especially on the part of relevant public authorities. At the same time, a victim is a subject who may be significant in the context of determination of what an offender deserves, and therefore in the perspective of judicial punishment, too. So, a victim is an important factor, even if we disregard the compensation function of the criminal law. The conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime, that may be consistently juxtaposed with retributivism, has been specifically highlighted in this paper. This conceptual framework is not contradictory to retributivism, on the contrary, in many respects it is consistent with retributivism and serves the grounds for retributive punishment.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2015, 25, 4; 69-90
    1507-7896
    2544-5227
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Obraz przestępcy w prozie Sergiusza Piaseckiego
    The Image of the Criminal in the Prose of Sergiusz Piasecki
    Autorzy:
    Szuba-Boroń, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698756.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kryminologia
    Sergiusz Piasecki
    przestępca w literaturze
    przestępstwo w literaturze
    wartość poznawcza prozy autobiograficznej
    criminology
    offender in literature
    crime in literature
    cognitive values of autobiographical prose
    Opis:
    Twenty years of personal experience in crime-related field that furthermore inspiredreflection on the reasons of crime made a Polish writer, Sergiusz Piasecki, interestingfor forensic sciences. His life started with a turbulent and difficult childhood, hematured among the turmoil of the Soviet Revolution and joined the guerrillas fightingBolsheviks, finally to graduate from the School of Infantry Cadets in Warsaw and beassigned to the Lithuanian-Belarusian Division in Vilnius. After the Bolshevik War,being a decommissioned soldier, Piasecki painfully experienced life in poverty. Thiswas when he began to earn his sustenance by smuggling. He later entered a few-yearlongcooperation with the 2nd Division of the High Command of the Polish Army andbecame an intelligence agent. In 1926, being unemployed again, he robbed a suburbantrain. In accordance with the law in force, the summary court sentenced him to death.However, the President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki pardoned Pia secki, exchangingthe penalty to 15 years in prison. Piasecki served 11 years of his sentence in the prisonsof Lida, Nowogódek, Rawicz, Mokotów, Koronowo, and finally in the toughest prisonof the Second Republic – at Święty Krzyż (the Holy Cross) near Kielce. The 20 yearsfrom 1917 to 1937 were the period decisive for the writing realism and thoroughnessof descriptions of the criminal world and presented protagonists, as well as analysesof psychological and social circumstances that lead individuals to the path of crime.Beginning with Piasecki’s first published book Kochanek Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy (Lover of the Greater Bear, aka Lover of the Ursa Major) whose author enjoyed a quite uniquestatus of criminal prisoner, and which presented the facts of life of smugglers onthe Polish-Soviet fringe in 1922–1924, the precious study of the criminal world wascontinued in the trilogy Jabłuszko, Spojrzę ja w okno, and Nikt nie da nam zbawienia(Apple, Shall I Look into the Window, and No One is to Redeem us). In Żywot człowiekarozbrojonego (Life of the Human Disarmed), the protagonist moves through all the levelsof conflict with the law, and the reader follows the process of his reflections to becomefamiliar with the impact of the external world on the dramatic choices made.The work of Piasecki follows the current of prose keen on social environmentof the 1930s, based on authenticity and autobiographic experience, and whose cog -nitive values result among others from the personal involvement of the author, whocorroborates knowledge based on experience and direct contact. It is a specific typeof participatory observation: a method of researching criminal phenomena wherethe observer is part of the criminal world.The goal of the writer, which he actually frequently emphasised, was the eagernessto share the knowledge on criminals with the society, with the provision thatthe criminal world he portrayed was multidimensional rather than just a separate,specific social group, standing out from among the “normal” people. He also paidspecial attention to the life’s circumstances that can “make” anyone a criminal. It is alsocharacteristic of Piasecki to juxtapose criminals against people who are “mechanically”honest. In examining the writer’s views on crime, such a ploy demolishes the positivistdivision of the society into criminals and decent people. Honest by default, manya decent citizen proves to be a bad man. On the other hand, many derailed outcastsfrom the society are in fact good and truly honest. Some stories presented by Piaseckiare quite precise illustrations of theories in the crime sciences. In his descriptionsof the demimonde of the Minsk thieves, Piasecki described them in terms very closeto those presented by Edward Sutherland in The Professional Thief, a book writtenby a professional thief with Sutherland’s sociological commentary.The history of literature knows many writers whose works were based on the introspectionof their respective authors, and whose content allows delving into the socialreality of a given time and an insightful analysis of criminal personalities, as well as anattempt at defining the factors that influence criminal behaviours. Such a knowledgeof the human/the criminal is especially well articulated in realistic prose (Balzac,Zola, Faulkner, Steinbeck, Marquez, Remarque, Piasecki, Nachalnik, Wiskowski, Mironowicz).Certainly, the belles-lettres play a special role in this context, providinga source of knowledge, especially if by the virtue of the vicissitudes of his or her life andthoughts the author can convey information helpful in explaining and understanding the assessment of the phenomena investigated by criminal sciences.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 535-560
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Victim-offender Mediation in Poland – The Lay Perspective
    Autorzy:
    Matczak, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962408.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediacja
    ofiara
    sprawca
    opinia świecka
    system wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach karnych
    przeprosiny
    restorative justice
    victim-offender mediation
    lay opinion
    criminal justice system
    apology
    Opis:
    Restorative justice is a complex and multi-faceted concept, the introduction of whichdoes not happen in a socio-political and economic vacuum. Every society engageswith restorative justice in its own distinctive way as it is the society – lay people – thatis always on the receiving end of restorative solutions. In this article, I draw on mydoctoral research that explores qualitatively how a small number of Polish peopleunderstand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viabilityof restorative approaches to justice in Poland. In other words, I propose to considera macro-sociological perspective, and how lay people’s understanding of punishmentand justice should be seen as an avenue by which to explore certain preconditions forthe viability of restorative justice.Poland’s socialist past, change of the political regime, post-communist “accession”to the international community in the West and a high level of religiosity (among manyother factors) make Poland a fascinating object of study that can, at the same time,offer insights about restorative justice in other societies. Restorative justice, introducedin the form of victim-offender mediation, was part of the post-1989 political ambitionsto change the Polish penal landscape and join the international community in the West.There were a number of forces behind the establishment of restorative justice in Poland.Given that the concept was introduced at a time when the Polish society was dealingwith the socialist legacy and creating a new democratic reality, it was also hoped thatmediation could serve as a fast-track remedy and act as an ancillary mechanism toreduce the sudden spike in court workloads after the fall of communism. In the caseof Poland, it seems that the exceptionally limited interest in mediation and the paucityof anticipated outcomes of victim-offender mediation is the problem. In order toexplore the viability of restorative justice in the Polish context, one must thereforelook beyond the legal basis and formal logistics which have been already in place formany years.My research opens up new debates on the viability of restorative justice, and thisarticle in particular fleshes out the nature of the participants’ perceptions of victimoffendermediation. In this article, I first briefly introduce the Polish model of victimoffendermediation. I then discuss the nature of the initial responses to mediationbased on the participants’ knowledge of, support for, and any experience of, victimoffendermediation. This is followed by the discussion on how the participants’ viewson mediation were articulated in the shadow of the Polish criminal justice system.Next, I explore why the participants viewed mediation as a business-like encounterand, finally, I explore the participants’ perceptions of apology – something that cameup as one of the most interesting findings of the study.The aim of this paper is to argue that the viability of restorative justice should beapproached as a process that is influenced by broader socio-economic, political andeven linguistic factors. Although the Polish model of victim-offender mediation wasinspired by the restorative justice concept, the narratives of my lay participants suggesta number of socio-cultural obstacles to the further development of restorative justicein Poland. Despite a limited knowledge of victim-offender mediation among the studyparticipants, it is clear that support for mediation is negotiated and conditional.Although victim-offender mediation was mainly perceived not as a punishment, therole and purpose of this practice was discussed against the background of the Polishcriminal justice system. Although the relationship might be defined as “uneasy” (seeShapland et al. 2006), restorative justice, since its conception, has been interwoven withthe two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative systemof crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectoryof restorative justice solutions in many countries demonstrates that the functioningof a majority of them is dependent on criminal justice agencies. Given the close andinseparable relationship between the two, I argue in my research that the ways in whichlay people perceive the criminal justice institutions affect their perceptions of alternativeconflict resolutions. Then, as it emerged in my fieldwork, the study participants’ perceptionof harm suggests that mediation might be seen as an avenue to focus onthe financial side of the reparation, and as result might achieve something other thanrestorative goals. The narratives of my study participants also explore the difficultyof acknowledging apology as a genuine element of the restorative encounter. Thiscould be due to looking at apology through the lens of court apology, sociolinguistic or cultural reasons. John Braithwaite in his book Restorative Justice and ResponsiveRegulation (2002) rightly indicated that “we are still learning how to do restorativejustice well” (p. 565). Nevertheless, the question whether a perfect restorative justiceprogramme is ever possible remains open.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 495-522
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Issue of "dangerours" perpetrators in research and case law
    Autorzy:
    Rogacka-Rzewnicka, Maria
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1363720.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
    Tematy:
    dangerous offender
    sexual offence
    dangerousness criteria
    “dangerousness” in
    case law
    “dangerousness” in the doctrine
    sprawca niebezpieczny
    przestępstwo seksualne
    kryteria niebezpieczności
    „niebezpieczność” w orzecznictwie sądowym
    „niebezpieczność” w doktrynie
    Opis:
    The article discusses the issue of dangerous offenders from the point of view of the past and present description of the phenomenon. The comparative approach to legislation and case law constitutes a benchmark for the contemporary analysis. The issue of dangerousness of offenders is mainly presented in the context of perpetrators of sexual offences and exemplified by selected judicial decisions. The conclusion contains an assumption that conditions are created in criminal law doctrine to conduct research into the phenomenon of “dangerousness” as a separate juridical category
    Artykuł podejmuje problematykę sprawców niebezpiecznych z perspektywy opisu zjawiska w ujęciu historycznym i współczesnym. Punktem odniesienia dla rozważań współczesnych jest ustawodawstwo prawne w ujęciu komparatystycznym oraz orzecznictwo sądowe. Problem niebezpieczności sprawców został ukazany przede wszystkim w kontekście sprawców przestępstw seksualnych na przykładzie wybranych judykatów. Konkluzja tekstu zakłada, że w nauce prawa karnego obecnie powstają warunki do badania zjawiska „niebezpieczności” jako osobnej kategorii jurydycznej.
    Źródło:
    Ius Novum; 2018, 12, 4; 48-61
    1897-5577
    Pojawia się w:
    Ius Novum
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Enforceability of the Victim – Offender Mediation Settlement in the Context of the Idea of Restorative Justice
    Autorzy:
    Pawlak, Barbara Jadwiga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/619225.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    restorative justice
    victim-offender mediation
    secondary victimisation
    victim’s needs
    enforcement of mediation settlement
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediacja pomiędzy ofiarą a sprawcą
    wtórna wiktymizacja
    potrzeby ofiar
    wykonalność ugody mediacyjnej
    Opis:
    The European Union is committed to protect and establish minimum standards with regard to victims of crime. Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. The Directive builds upon the key principle of the ‘role of the victim in the relevant criminal justice system’, so that any victim can rely on the same basic level of rights, regardless of their nationality and country in the EU in which the crime took place. The core objective of this Directive is to assume an individual approach to victims’ needs and to offer protection for victims of certain crimes, in particular, due to the risk of secondary victimisation. In this text, I am going to concentrate on the problem of enforcement of settlements reached in the presence of a mediator and to show samples of the results from qualitative and quantitative studies conducted in Łódź. The research aim is to show that the idea of restorative justice, in the light of the victim’s right to remedy of damage, when the settlement reached in the presence of a mediator is not performed, is fiction because it is only the perpetrator who benefits from the beneficial procedural effects of the settlement while the victim may be subject to secondary victimisation. I’d like to show a few important facts that should be taken into consideration when referring a case to mediation and when conducting a restorative justice process and current practice it in Poland.
    Unia Europejska zobowiązała się do ochrony i ustanawiania minimalnych standardów odnoszących się do ofiar przestępstw. Dyrektywa 2012/29/EU Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z 2012 r. ustanowiła minimalne normy w zakresie praw, wsparcia i ochrony ofiar przestępstw. Dyrektywa opiera się na kluczowej zasadzie „roli ofiary w odpowiednim systemie wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach karnych”, tak aby każda ofiara mogła mieć dostęp do tego samego podstawowego poziomu praw, niezależnie od narodowości i kraju UE, w którym przestępstwo miało miejsce. Głównym celem dyrektywy jest przyjęcie indywidualnego podejścia do potrzeb ofiar oraz zapewnienie specjalnej ochrony ofiarom niektórych przestępstw, w szczególności ze względu na ryzyko wtórnej wiktymizacji. Niniejsze opracowanie jest skoncentrowane na problemie wykonalności ugody mediacyjnej oraz przedstawieniu wyników badań jakościowych i ilościowych przeprowadzonych w apelacji łódzkiej. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie kilku ważnych faktów, które należy wziąć pod uwagę, kierując sprawę do mediacji i przeprowadzając proces sprawiedliwości naprawczej.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2018, 27, 3
    1731-6375
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cyberprzemoc w opiniach uczniów szkół średnich
    The Perception of Cyberbullying by Students
    Autorzy:
    BARTKOWICZ, ZDZISŁAW
    CHUDNICKI, ANDRZEJ
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/457699.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
    Tematy:
    cyberprzemoc
    przemoc szkolna
    postawy młodzieży wobec przemocy sprawcy i ofiary cyberprzemocy
    cyberbullying
    school violence
    the attitude of young people to violence
    the offender and the victim of cyberbullying
    Opis:
    Nasilenie zjawiska cyberprzemocy na tle przemocy tradycyjnej wśród 76 uczniów kończących naukę w szkole średniej zmierzono za pomocą Skali do Badania Przemocy zawierającej 20 opisów przemocy szkolnej (opatrzonych 7-stopniowymi skalami typu self-report), do której dodano 5-itemową podskalę Cyberprzemoc. Ustalono, że badani stosują i doświadczają agresji elektronicznej rzadziej niż tradycyjnej przemocy szkolnej, niemniej uczestniczenie w cyberprzemocy w roli sprawcy lub ofiary dotyczy aż 59,2% badanych. Co trzeci uczeń (32,9%) stosuje albo doświadcza cyberprzemocy systematycznie. Zidentyfikowano 14,4% typowych ofiar biernych i tyle samo ofiar agresywnych, a tylko 3,9% typowych sprawców cyberprzemocy. Zauważono, że badana młodzież dość liberalnie ocenia przemoc elektroniczną i realizowaną w sposób tradycyjny. Wskazano na pedagogiczne implikacje wynikające z uzyskanych wyników.
    The intensity of cyberbullying against traditional violence among 76 students graduating from secondary school was measured using the Violence Research Scale, containing 20 descriptions of school violence (with 7-point self-report scales), to which a 5-item Cyberbullying subscale was added. It was established that the respondents use and experience electronic aggression less frequently than traditional school violence, nevertheless, participation in cyberbullying as the perpetrator or victim concerns as many as 59.2% of the respondents. Every third student (32.9%) uses or experiences cyberbullying systematically. 14.4% of typical passive victims and the same number of aggressive victims were identified, and only 3.9% of typical perpetrators of cyberbullying. It was noted that the surveyed youth is quite liberal in evaluating electronic violence as well as being carried out in a traditional way. Pedagogical implications resulting from the obtained results have been pointed out.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2019, 10, 2; 264-269
    2080-9069
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Młodociani sprawcy przestępstw przeciwko mieniu
    Young Adult Perpetrators of Offences Against Property
    Autorzy:
    Paszkowska, Hanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699058.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1982
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    przestępstwo
    młodociani
    przestępca młodociany
    przestępczość
    nieletniość
    recydywiści
    środowisko rodzinne
    spożywanie alkoholu
    przestępstwo przeciwko mieniu
    offense
    juvenile
    juvenile offender
    criminality
    nonage
    recidivists
    family environment
    alcohol consumption
    crime against property
    Opis:
    The new Polish penal legislation of 1969 introduced special rules of criminal liability of young adult offenders' aged 17-20. In 1972 criminological research was undertaken in order to characterize this group of offenders, i.e., its most numerous category - those found guilty of offences against property. The research ended in 1975. In 1980 a follow-up of convictions of the persons, under observation was carried out. The object of the study of young adults found guilty of offences against property was to analyse the psycho-social factors connected with their social maladjustment and demoralization, particularly their family and school environment, personality, extent of drinking and offending. It was also the object of the study to compare two groups of young adult towards whom different measures had been adjudicated. As the most typical offences of young adults are those against property, a group of young adults convicted for this very type of offences was included in the study. There were 100 persons under examination who had been sentenced to immediate imprisonment. This group consisted of all prisoners of two Warsaw prisons in the years 1973-75 (group A). The group of young adults (group B) consisted of 100 persons conviced in 1973 for offences against property and sentenced to fine, limitation of freedom, imprisonment with suspension of execution, or educational-corrective measures. The two groups of convicted persons that were selected for the study, different as regards the adjudicated and executed measures, were compared in many respects in order to ascertain the distinctions between them as regards the degree of intensity of the process of social maladjustment which had been related to the application of various penal measures. Empirical research consisted in gathering detailed information on the persons under scrutiny concerning their previous convictions, their school career and the course of work. Also interviews were carried out with them and separately with their mothers, by means of a detailed questionnaire. Three psychological tests were also employed towards each person, that is Raven’s intelligence test, Eysenck’s questionnaire to measure extroversion and neurotism and Buss-Durkee inventory to measure aggression. 3.1. Offences against property constituted the criterion for selection to the study. The most numerous group were convictions for larceny qualified as “stealing in a particularly audacious manner or by a breaking and entering” (Art. 208 of the Penal Code), though the “audacious theft” was extremely rare as compared with the second choice. 64% of the persons of group A had been  convicted for offences described in this article, the percentage as regards group B being 35%. Many persons also committed thefts of social property, while the receiving of stolen goods was the least frequent. Generally, the persons of group A had been active for a longer time than those of group B, and their offences were more frequently qualified as continuous. It should also be emphasized that the mean value of the objects stolen by the persons of group B was considerably lower than it was the case with the young adults of group A. It also happened (16% of cases) that the act of the young adults of group B ended as a mere attempt at committing an offence. To sum up, the offences against property committed by the persons, sentenced to immediate imprisonment were more serious than those committed by the young adults towards whom other measures had been adjudicated. 3.2. 69% of the persons of group A had cases in juvenile courts, while as many as 84% admitted having committed offences, mostly thefts, at that age. On the other hand, 44% of the persons of group B had committed offences for which they were brought to court as juveniles. The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.00l). The origins of delinquency dating back from before the age of 13 were found in as many as 23 persons of group A and 10 persons of group B. The earlier they started to commit offences and had their first case in juvenile court, the more numerous were their subsequent convictions in that period. The mean number of convictions in juvenile court was 2,2 in group A and 1,6 in group B. The structure of delinquency of the persons under examination is hardly differentiated: they committed first of all offences against property (85.7%), mostly larceny. The juvenile court, had employed such measures as admonition and charge of parents in the case of persons of group B considerably more frequently than towards those of group A (25% and 8.7% respectively). On the other hand, the persons of group A had been much more frequently sent to children’s homes and to corrective schools (44.9%) than those of group B (25%). 3.3. In the period discussed below all the persons were young adults, with the mean age similar in both groups: 19 in group A and 18.9 in group B. The mean number of convictions of the persons of groups A from the age of 17 was 1.7, and in group B 1.2. Each member of group A was responsible for 3.3. offences, while in group B the mean number of offences was 2.2. It should not be forgotten that many persons, particularly those of group A, were  repeatedly imprisoned in the discussed period. A considerable majority of the persons of both groups who had committed more than one offence, were convicted for offences against property only. The data quoted above illustrate the whole of delinquency of the persons under examination and recidivism among them. Taking into account both the period of minority and the later period from 17 years of age on, there were as many as 4 per every five persons of group A who had already been convicted before, and in group B nearly every second person had had a conviction previously (the difference is significant, p < 0.01). These data confirm the conclusion as to the more advanced process of demoralization of the young adults of group A as compared with group B. 49% of the persons guilty of offences against property of group A came from unbroken homes; the respective percentage in group B was 71% (difference significant, p < 0.001). Broken homes resulted mostly from the death of one parent (23% of cases in group A and 15% in group B), or from divorce (28% of cases in group A, 14% in group B). A majority of the persons came from workmen’s families (90.5% in group A, 70.7% in group B). The level of professional qualifications and education of parents of the persons examined is significantly lower (p < 0.01) in group A as compared with group B. Approximately 60% of families of the persons of group A and 67% of group B had been living in poor financial conditions, which was connected, among others, with excessive drinking of the fathers. 56.3% of fathers of the persons of group A had regularly been drinking excessively, that is drinking vodka at least twice a week. This percentage was only 26.3% in group B, it was lowered, however, as the examination of young adults of young adults of group B was carried on at home, often with the fathers themselves present. 37% of fathers in group A and 19% of those in group B had been taken to a detoxication centre, including 21% and 14% respectively taken at least three times. As in other criminological studies, in the present one young adults have not been found to live in criminal family environment. It was extremely rare that the fathers of the persons examined had criminal records. To sum up, certain negative phenomena were more frequent in the families of young adults of group A (for instance, broken home, excessive drinking of fathers). However, the cumulation of a number of negative factors could have influenced in a particulary unfarourable way the process of socialization of the persons under examination. 5.1. There were 37% of the persons of group A and 23% of those (p< 0.001) of group B with elementary education, and 18% and 5% respectively with incomplete elementary education. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). School retardation which appears more often among delinquents than among non-delinquents is connected with a lower level of education of young adults. Among the young adults of group A as few as 17% revealed no  retardation, the percentage as regards group B being 46.5%. The difference is significant (p < 0.001). The retardation of the persons of group B usually amounts to one year only, while it is often 3 years or more among the persons of group A. School problems are also connected with truancy (group A - 78%, group B – 66% of the examined persons), which begins in the very first grades of elementary school. Early and regular truancy of the persons of group A was one of the symptoms of their maladjustment. Truancy is conducive to running away from home. The persons under scrutiny, particularly those of group A, had  been running away from home considerably often and for longer periods. 2. Among those who were employed, every second person in group A and every fifth person in group B worked casually only. They usually took jobs requiring low professional qualifications, as only few of them had any professional training (group A-38%, group B-62%). 6.1. Raven’s test was employed to estimate the level of intelligence of the persons examined. 53.6% of young adults of group A and 31.7% of group B scored low and very low (up to 25 centile). 10.3% of group A and 29.3% of  group B scored high and very high (centile 75 and more). The mean score was 35.4 in group A standard deviation: 9.87, and 41.1 in group B (standard deviation 10.09). The difference between both groups is significant (p < 0.01). Low scares on the Raven’s scale were often found among those persons whose level of education had been low, which was accompanied by a considerable school retardation. 2. To measure the level of extroversion and neurotism, Eysenck’s MPI scale was employed. The level of extroversion and neurotism among the young adult perpetrators of offences against property was not found to be higher than that of the average youth. 6.3. The level of aggressiveness was examined by means of the Buss-Durkee questionnaire. None of its scales differentiated significantly the persons of both groups. The mean total score was 61.7 (standard deviation 21.4) in group A and 61.06 (standard deviation 23.6) in group B. The data given below concern the persons of group A only, as the information obtained from those of group B as to the volume and frequency of drinking among them do not seem reliable. The analysis of statements of the subjects reveals that the percentage of teetotallers diminishes with age. The persons examined have been drinking large amounts of alcohol from their earliest years. 36% of them stated that they had drunk such quantities of various spirits at the age of 15, which converted  to 40 proof vodka would amount to 2.5 litres a month. From the age of 17 on, 60% of the persons drank over 2.5 litres of 40 proof alcohol a month. They  drank vodka as well as wine and beer, which leads relatively quickly to the “treshold of intoxication”. Mean yearly consumption of alcohol per 1 examined person was 34.2 litres at the age of 15, and increased sed from year to year to reach 113.7 litres yearly at the age of 19, which means that approximately 9.5 litres of 40 proof vodka were consumed monthly; this quantity goes far beyond the mean level of drinking by men at this age. 3/4 of the subjects can be recognized as excessive drinkers. A significant correlation was found between the excessive drinking among the persons under scrutiny and their early delinquency and recidivism. The highest percentage (40%) of the persons who did not drink excessively was found among those convicter once only, while the lowest (14.8%) was found among those who had 5 or more convictions. The analysis of the young adults’ information as to their , peer groups revealed that also their closest friends had been drinking excessively and often intoxicated. In February 1980, further convictions of the persons examined, then aged 25 on the average, were checked up again. As revealed by the analysis, the persons of group A (60%) still continued to commit offences and indeed many of them become multiple recidivists. The difference between the persons of groups A and B is significant (p < 0.001). 40% of the persons of group A and 67% of those of group B have not been convicted within the period of the follow-up. The majority of the persons under observation continued to commit offences against property. The courts have mainly adjudged the penalty of immediate imprisonment (group A - 92.3%, group B - 78.2%). Among those sentenced to immediate imprisonment there were in group A 57.1% sentenced to 2 years or less of imprisonment, and in group B - 93%. There was significant correlation (p < 0.01)between the convictions in juvenile courts and further convictions in the period of the follow-up. As the data reveal, group B towards which the sanctions other than immediate imprisonment were adjudicated, differed from the imprisoned group A as to the smaller extent and intensity of their offending -  also during the follow-up - and their lower degree of progress in the process of social maladjustment. However, there were quite many persons in group B as well (though less than in group A), who had been convicted as juveniles; they had  yet no convictions during the follow-up in a much highter percentage of cases than the subjects of group. A who had been convicted by the juvenile court previously. On the basis of the above information, criminal policy can be discussed as regards young adults found guilty of offences against property. One should not postulate a total abandonment of the penalty of immediate imprisonment, and yet, as shown by the above data, its adjudgement should be considerably limited. The limitation in question should concern first of all young adults convicted for the first time and socially demoralized to a small degree. Within the years 1970 -76 imprisonment was the measure most frequently adjudicated towards young adults. In the years 1970 - 1974 the percentage of young adults sentenced to immediate imprisonment increased regularly. It is only since 1975 that a favourable phenomenon of regular decrease of the percentage of adjudicated penalties of immediate imprisonment can be noticed, with simultaneous increase of the percentage of measures which are not connected with deprivation of liberty. As it seems, the application of immediate imprisonment towards young adults should undergo further limitations. When postulating the re-orientation of the criminal policy of the courts towards a maximum realization of the instructions of Art. 51of the Penal Code, one should also demand changes in the stage of execution of penalty. As indicated , by many studies of readaptive effectiveness of corrective schools and prisons, their influence is minimal and sometimes their resocializing activities are destructive for the convicted persons. Imprisonment causes a state of deprivation of essential physical and mental needs, destroys the ties of those convicted with their family, gives rise to socially negative patterns of prisoners’ subculture. In the present study also the offenders of group A were described, the considerable part of whom had been changing various types of institutions and prisons, first as juveniles, then as young adults, and the effects of these imprisonments were negative as measured by further convictions within the period of the follow-up. The information presented in this study concerning the family background of the persons of group A (particularly the alcoholism or excessive drinking of the fathers, which is frequent in these families), and information concerning the early and large social maladjustment of these persons, indicate a need to consider the problem of young adult perpetrators of offences against property not only in relation to the measures that should be adjudged and their execution. It is also of almost importance to consider the prevention of social maladjustment of this category of youth.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 403-445
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Koncepcja podziału procesu karnego na dwie fazy – 50 lat później
    The Concept of Dividing the Criminal Trial into Two Phases – 50 Years Later
    Autorzy:
    Łukowiak, Bartosz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782401.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    the concept of dividing the criminal trial into two phases
    two-phase criminal trial
    preliminary judgment
    final judgment
    horizontal validity of part of the judgment
    independence of jurisdiction of the criminal court
    measures of appeal
    cassation
    consensual proceedings
    criminal proceedings
    prohibited act
    offence
    offender
    Opis:
    This paper aims to answer the question whether the concept of dividing a criminal trial into two phases is still useful now, more than half a century after its last broader analysis. It also attempts to solve some specific problems related to the said analysis. The starting point for the considerations contained in the paper was to look at the concept of a two-phase criminal trial as a purely procedural construction and thus to reject its functional link with any model of substantive criminal law. The first part of the paper discusses the history of the concept of a two-phase criminal trial, as well as some of the arguments put forward by its supporters and opponents. In the course of further deliberations, the focus is on searching for elements of the concept in the current legal status. The final part of the text deals with the question whether and, possibly, in what form the concept of division of jurisdictional proceedings should become an element of the Polish criminal procedure. This is followed by numerous and widely justified de lege ferenda conclusions.
    Źródło:
    Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2020, 30, 4; 11-37
    0208-5577
    2353-9712
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Prawa Karnego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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