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Tytuł:
3M Peltor TMAS
Autorzy:
Szołucha, Bartosz.
Powiązania:
Strzał 2021, nr 11/12, s. 52-56
Data publikacji:
2021
Tematy:
Budowa i konstrukcje
Obsługa i eksploatacja
Środki ochrony indywidualnej
Ubiór ochronny
Hałas
Ochronnik słuchu
Słuch
Artykuł z czasopisma fachowego
Artykuł z czasopisma wojskowego
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono nowy system ochrony słuchu marki Peltor – system TMAS (Tactical Modular Audio System). Firma Peltor produkuje ochronniki dla profesjonalnych użytkowników, tj. wojska, policji i służb mundurowych. Sam system TMAS składa się z trzech połączonych ze sobą elementów: ochronników słuchu ComTac 7, jednostki sterującej SCU-300 oraz dousznych wkładek TEP-300. Autor omawia budowę zestawu oraz przedstawia różne opcje korzystania z systemu według potrzeb użytkownika.
Fotografie.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A mining extraction system with advancing longwall as a method of protecting technical objects and an element of rational deposit management
Eksploatacja ze ścianą wyprzedzającą jako metoda ochrony obiektów infrastruktury technicznej i element racjonalnej gospodarki złożem
Autorzy:
Ścigała, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/216216.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
Tematy:
wpływ eksploatacji górniczej
eksploatacja podziemna
filar ochronny
minimalizacja wpływów
underground mining influence
protective pillar
minimization of mining influence
Opis:
Podziemna eksploatacja górnicza wywołuje wiele niekorzystnych zmian w środowisku naturalnym, a także może prowadzić do uszkodzeń obiektów budowlanych oraz infrastruktury technicznej. Aby chronić te obiekty, w pewnych sytuacjach wyznaczane są dla nich filary ochronne, w których – jak powszechnie wiadomo – eksploatacja może być prowadzona tylko na specjalnych warunkach, zapewniających odpowiednią ochronę tych obiektów. Kopalnie z reguły rezygnują z eksploatacji filarów ochronnych, co powoduje określone straty złoża i zaburza racjonalne nim gospodarowanie. Jedną z metod w zakresie profilaktyki górniczej dla obiektów powierzchniowych, która wydaje się być współcześnie możliwa do zastosowania, jest eksploatacja systemem ścianowym ze ścianą wyprzedzającą. Pozwala ona na ograniczenie deformacji dla tzw. obiektów liniowych, których typowymi przykładami są: szlaki kolejowe, szlaki drogowe, rurociągi. Należy jednocześnie mieć na uwadze, że współcześnie praktyczne zastosowanie eksploatacji ze ścianą wyprzedzającą niewątpliwie będzie trudne w realizacji, z uwagi na wiele niesprzyjających czynników naturalnych i technicznych. Należy tu przede wszystkim wskazać na trudności w prowadzeniu eksploatacji trzech ścian równocześnie z uwagi na zagrożenia naturalne, głównie metanowe oraz tąpaniami. W artykule przedstawiono rozważania w zakresie wykorzystania tej metody eksploatacji do minimalizacji oddziaływania podziemnej eksploatacji górniczej na powierzchnię. [...]
Underground mining leads to many adverse changes in the natural environment and also affects building structures and elements of urban technical infrastructure. Protective pillars are usually designed to protect these objects. As is well known, extraction within these pillars may only be conducted taking special actions to insure proper protection of existing infrastructure against mining damages. Mines usually refrain from the extraction of protective pillars, which results in the specific loss of reserves and interferes with the rational management of a deposit. At present, longwall extraction using the so-called “advancing longwall” appears to be one of few feasible methods. This method can be used for the protection of linear objects like railways, motorways, pipelines, etc. This paper presents considerations concerning the use of an extraction system with an advancing longwall for terrain deformation minimization. For these purposes, a theoretical model was designed using the Wolfram Mathematica 9 calculation system. The W. Budryk-S. Knothe theory was employed to build the model for asymptotic and transient state of deformation. The solution contains a full space-time model, enabled for analyses of front shapes, its dimensions and the extraction velocity’s influence on tilt and horizontal strain values along the longitudinal axis of a linear object of technical infrastructure located at the surface. The rock mass properties were considered too, using selected values of time factor c which can be viewed as a parameter describing the rate of subsidence trough transition from the extracted seam toward the surface. The results presented in this paper may be helpful in designing the proper parameters of a central longwall when planning the extraction of protective pillars.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi; 2013, 29, 3; 191-208
0860-0953
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badanie skuteczności warstwy przeciwkorozyjnej wytworzonej przez olej ochronny o niskiej lepkości w warunkach polowych
Field examination of the effectiveness of the corrosion layer formed by the protective oil of low viscosity
Autorzy:
Frydrych, Jarosław
Ziółkowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
korozja
olej ochronny
czasowa ochrona
lepkość kinematyczna
badania polowe
corrosion
protective oil
temporary protection
kinematic viscosity
field tests
Opis:
The phenomenon of atmospheric corrosion of metals causes significant economic losses in the economy of most developed countries. In order to reduce them, many methods have been developed that use physical phenomena and chemical reactions to protect metal surfaces against corrosion. One of the methods that use the phenomenon of physical protection is temporary protection of metals with lubricants, i.e. plastic greases and lubricating-protective oils. Plastic greases are characterized by a very high kinematic viscosity and create tight and thick protective layers on the surface of metals. Protective oils intended for temporary protection are designed to create a tight, thin, well-adhering protective layer on the metal surface. Temporary protection of metals against corrosion with protective oil consists in covering the metal surface with easily removable lubricants, whose task is to create a tight protective layer separating the surface of the protected metal from the adverse effects of weather conditions. Temporary metal protection is also used in the case of corrosion protection of intermediates between production stages, and in the case of finished products, e.g. during storage and transport. One of the most important features of protective oils is the formation of a thin protective layer on the metal surface to separate the metal surface from the surrounding air. This protective layer is produced by protective oils of low kinematic viscosity. Due to the lack of any requirements for operational tests for protective oils in real conditions, an attempt was made to develop such a methodology and verify it by conducting a field test. The article describes a method of testing the effectiveness of metal protection against corrosion in field conditions. The method of preparing the surface of selected elements for corrosion protection and the method of applying a protective layer on metal plates of a simple shape and with a complex surface shape are described. The description of the test stand as well as the method of selecting the places of exhibition are included. The results of the conducted study are presented. The obtained test results are of an application nature.
Źródło:
Nafta-Gaz; 2020, 76, 12; 969--976
0867-8871
Pojawia się w:
Nafta-Gaz
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dokumentowanie warunków hydrogeologicznych głównych zbiorników wód podziemnych (GZWP) w związku z wyznaczeniem ich obszarów ochronnych : podsumowanie projektu badawczego
Geological documentation elaborated in order to specify hydrogeological conditions due to determining protection zone of Main Groundwater Basins (MGB) : summing-up research project
Autorzy:
Mikołajków, J.
Piasecka, A.
Węglarz, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075631.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
zbiornik wód podziemnych
GZWP
ochrona wód
obszar ochronny
main groundwater basin
MGB
groundwater protection
groundwater protection zones
Opis:
From 2009 till 2016 one of the largest in the recent years hydrogeological project "Making programmes and geological documentation in order to specify hydrogeological conditions due to determining protection zone of Main Groundwater Basins (MGB)" has been led by Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute. The aim of the project was to document and describe MGBs as the most valuable and strategic groundwater reservoirs in Poland. Therefore set of documents for 101 MGBs and adaptation of 30 already existing pieces of MGBs documentation made before 2008 has been done. 131 documented MGBs encompass around 87 000 km2, which is 26.8% area of Poland. 20 groundwater basins didn’t meet all for MGB s established hydrogeological parameters, so they were reclassified to Local Groundwater Basins (LGB). 19 of all groundwater basins (15 MGBs and 4 LGBs) don’t need protection zones as the natural thickness of confining bed provides sufficient protection. For 112 of groundwater basins the protection zone has been determined. Their surface covers around 48 500 km2, which encompasses 15.5% area of Poland.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2017, 65, 11/2; 1225--1228
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Efektywność nadzoru ochronnego (wyniki badań 232 recydywistów poddanych nadzorowi ochronnemu)
The effectiveness of protective supervision (results of a stud of 232 habitual criminals put under protective supersivion)
Autorzy:
Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699072.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
recydywa
nadzór ochronny
recydywista
resocjalizacja
kodeks karny
protective supervision
recidivist
resocialization
Penal Code
recidivism
Opis:
   1.The 1969 Penal Code introduced a new system of sanctions for offences committed by habitual criminals in special circumstances. Two new categories of special recidivism are here introduced: special basic recidivism (Art. 60, § 1 of the Penal Code), and special multi-recidivism (Art. 60, § 2 of the Penal Code). The legal consequences of a conviction under Art. 60, § 1 or § 2 are as follows: 1) longer terms of imprisonment, 2)the application of special measures: protective supervison and commitment to a social readaptation centre, These measures take effect after the prison sentence has been served.       Under the protective supervision system, the habitual offender is free, but supervised for a period of 3-5 years.      The readaptation centre is a closed institution. The habitual offender is sent there for a minimum period of two years, up to a maximum of five years.  After two years the penitentiary court may free the recidivist if it thinks he is unlikely to commit another crime after regaining his freedom.       The conditions under which a  person is  sent to a readaptation centre differ, according to whether he or she was sentenced under Art. 60,  §1 or  Art. 60, § 2 of the Penal Code. A recidivist may be sent to a readaptation centre by either the  criminal court or the penitentiary courts. The decision to apply these measures may be taken at diverse stages of the juridical and penitentiary process: 1) when the sentence is pronounced (by the criminal court), 2) towards the end of the prison sentence (penitentiary court), or 3) during the period of protective supervision (penitentiary court).      In the first of the three stages mentioned above, the recidivist senrenced under Art. 60,  § 1 of the Penal Code may or may not be put under protective supervison. It is not obligatory. In the case of a person sentenced under   § 2 of Art. 60 of  the Penal Code, it is obligatory either to put him under protecive supervision or to send him to a social readaptation centre. The decision to send a recidivist to a social readaptation centre (a more severe measure) is taken only if the court is of the opinion that protective supervision would be insufficient io prevent a return to crime.         In the second of the three stages mentioned above, towards the end of the recidivists's sentence the penitentiary court takes the following decisions: 1) it may put the habitual criminal under protective supervision if that was not done in the sentence of the criminal court; 2) it may alter the decision of the criminal court and put  the offender under a protective supervision order instead of sending  him to a social readaptation centre.       The third and last stage in which decisions are taken about the application of special measures, is when the offender is actually under the supervision of a Probation Officer. If the supervision is not working out satisfactorily, the recidivist may be sent to a social readaptation centre.        2.The habitual offender is supervised by a Probation Officer after he has served his prison sentence. No person who is under protective supervision may change his place of residence without the consent of the court. He is obliged to appear in court if summoned, and to carry out the court's recommendations (Art. 63 of the Penal Code).       The court may order the recidivists:  1. to perform an obligation incumbent on the sentenced person to provide support for another person;  2. to perform specified work for a social purpose; 3. to perform remunerated work, pursuing an education or preparing for an occupation; 4. to refrain from abusing alcohol; 5. to submit to medical treatment; 6. to refrain from frequenting specified surroundings or places; 7. other appropriated behaviour in the period of protective supervision, if it may prevent the commission again of an offense.         During the protective supervision period, the court may issue orders, or extend or alter those already given.      During the protective supervision period the recidivist comes under the supervision of a Probation Officer appointed by the court, who at the same time is responsible for organizing the resocialization of the person being supervised.       Protective supervision ceases: 1 when the appointed period of probation is at an end, and when probation has been successful, 2) Or aerlier, if the person being supervised fails to carry out the orders and obligations placed on him, or if he makes it impossible or difficult for the purpose of the protective supervison order to be attained (e.g. by committing a crime when under supervision, which means that the supervision was unsuccessful, 3) owing to causes which bring supervision to an end (e.g. death of the supervised person).        3. The study reported here dealt with one of the two special measures mentioned above - protective supervision. The main problem examined is the effectiveness of protective supervision.       Protective supervision is a system which has two goals: one is to keep the supervised person from committing another crime (here we may speak of the restraining function of supervision), while the other is to resocialise the person on supervision (in this case we may speak of the resocialising function of probation).         The key question asked by anyone who examines the effectiveness of some penal measure is: whether, and to what extent,  does it attain its aims? With this definition in mind, the effectiveness of probation was examined in two fields. In the first (narrower) field, the author asked if there had been a juridical improvement in the behaviour of persons put under supervision. In the second (wider) field, success was measured by the extent of the supervised persons resocialisation - that is, an attempt was made to find out how the supervised person functioned in society, that is, whether  he kept to the basic social norms that society expects,of its members. In both fields, the moment of time when effectiveness of supervision was assessed was that at which supervision ceased. Those who successfully completed their period of probation were checked again at the end of 38 months, to see whether or not they had reverted to crime.         The group studied here consisted of all male recidivists in Warsaw who were put under a protective supervision order in 1971-1972. There were 232 persons in the group.           Two research techniques were used. ln the first, the relevant documents were studied (documents concerning previous criminal caces, prison documents, records of the course of protective supervision, data, about previous convictions, as well as about periods spent in penal institutions and in remand). In the second, the recidivist was interviewed on the basis of a questionnaire.         4. Out of the 232 persons investigated, 43.1 %  completed the supervision period successfully, 53.3%  failed to do so, and in 3.4% of the cases death intervened.         In this group of recidivists who had been put under supervision the author differentiated three groups:          Group I - taken as having been resocialised during the supervision period, and as having successfully completed their supervision. This group consisted of 57 men (26% of the total number studied).          Group II – regarded as not having been resocialised, but that completed the probation period successfully, without ill consequences for themselves. Group II consisted of 43 men (19% of the total).         Group III,  consisting of men who were not resocialised, and who as a result  suffered the additional ill effect of being isolated in the social readaptation centre; this group failed to complete their supervision successfully. In this group were 124 men (55%  of the total).        Some of the unresocialised men in Group III did not carry out any of the duties or orders given them. Some reverted to crime even although for a time they carried out their duties and orders. Some did not carry out their duties and orders, and reverted to crime. In this group the supervision system failed to fulfil the functions expected of it. With regard to those who did not carry out their obligations and orders it failed in its resocialisation function, while with regard to the others, who committed a crime while under supervision, it failed in both its functions: restraint and resocialisation. The following characteristics were found in Groups I, II and III.        Group  I consisted mostly of the youngest men (only one-eighth of the group were over 40). They were educated at least up to elementary school standard (approx. age 14-15). During the probation period they carried out work that called for skills. They were physically healthy. In their case  the supervision period was one in which their lives were financially more stable (they had paid jobs). They also had stable family lives, and started their own a families. Of all the groups, they had the fewest convictions up to the time the probation period began. They had mainly committed offences against property, but a significant number had been gauilty of crimes of a predominantly aggressive nature. Drunkenness was not noted among them during the supervision period. The men in this group declared that after they had come out of prison and been put under protective supervision they had no special trouble in beginning life again in freedom. They also said they were pleased with life.      Group  II consisted of men who, judged from the formal point of view, completed their supervision period successfully. But their behaviour during supervision, and above all their heavy drinking, does not justify us in regarding them as having been resocialised. These were habitual criminals  who when put under supervision were older (mostly over the age of thirty), as compared witn the men in Group I. As many as a quarter of the men in Group  II were habitual criminals aged forty and over. Compared with the men in Group I, they were less well educated, and worse qualified for jobs. Among them various types  of physical complaints were found, possibly because they were older, and possibly also because they had a longer career of crime. Fewer of them were married. They seemed to make little effort to achieve financial stability. During the supervision period they frequently changed their job - often because of some infringement of discipline, or because they arbitrarily threw up their job. When they began probation, they had more convictions behind them than the men in Group I. Group II had the lowest number of men who had committed serious crimes against property, or serious aggressive crimes. They were guilty mostly of petty crimes.  Above all the habitual criminals in this group are the most awkward ones from the social point of view. They were the ones  who mostly said they were dissatisfied with their lives. While on supervision they did not give up heavy drinking. Moreover, although ordered to take a "drying-out" cure , they did not go for treatment at all, or did so irregularly. Before their conviction they had worked irregularly, with gaps in between jobs, but during the whole supervision period they worked.             Groups III: protective supervision was a failure with group. As compared with the other groups the men in this one had more previous convictions - the average number of previous convictions being nearly six. More of them, as compared with the men in the other groups, went in mainly for crimes against property; the minority went in for crimes of a predominantly aggressive character and crimes of diverse types. Half of the men in Group II came into the 21-30 age group when ,they began supervision, while the other half were older (moreover, one-seventh were habitual criminals aged over forty). Even at the beginning of supervision the men in this group were in a worse situation than the others - especially as compared with the men in Group II, for they were worse educated, and worse prepared for earning living. The majority of the men in this group were single. Only one in five was married. Their health was noticeably poorer than that of the men in the other groups. Most of the men in this group drank heavilly during the supervision period. The men here confessed that immediately after getting out of prison they had trouble in getting back to a normal life. The main obstacles were lack of money,  and the difficulty in finding a job. When questioned they said that on the whole they were not happy about their lives. The majority (72.6%) had reverted to crime while on supervision. The others had been taken out of supervision because they did not carry out their obligations ot the orders or the probation officer.         6. In this study of men put under protective supervision, one in every four is reckoned to have been a success. it was noted that during the supervision period factors that made for success were: setting up a family, having a regular skilled job, and avoidance of heavy drinking.             In view of the above, it is the youngest habitual criminals who have the best chance of completing their supervision period successfultry. Age is in their favour, they have a better chance of a stable family life, they are better educated, better fitted for a job, they do not show the symptoms of social degradation associated with alcoholism, Because of these factors they are more likely to be able to return to a normal life.        7. During a period of 38 months from the end of the each man's supervision period, a check was kept on whether or not these men had further convictions. The men covered by this part of the study were those in Groups I and II, that is, those who successfully completed their probation.        Thirteen men from Group I and twelve men from Group II (that is, twenty-five men altogether), had subsequent convictions. They constituted 25% of the two groups. It may therefore be stated that the majority (three-quarters) of the men in Groups I and II had no convictions during the thirty-eight months following the end of their supervision period.       8. In the supervised groups studied here, we took one quarter as having been resocialised by the end of supervision, one-fifth as having at most improved formally, and over a half as not having been resocialised - in their case supervision ended in failure.       On the basis of this study it may be stated that the chief criterion on which the man on supervision was judged (and on which the success of the supervision proces was judged) was whether or not he carried out the instruction to have a paid job. This was due to two reasons: in the first place, if the man was in paid employment, it mean that he was fulfilling at least the minimum of the demands made on him during the supervision period (this minimum  was: to earn his own living). Secondly, it was easy for both the Probation Officer and for the man he was supervising to check whether this order was being carried out, and how. The implementation of their instructions was treated as being of less importance. The main one was to have paid employment.  If the man being supervised was in a job, but failed to carry out other instructions given to him, the Probation Officers did not ask for him to be taken off supervision.         At the present moment, when reform of the criminal law in Poland is under discussion, one of the problems being examined is that of the penal  liability of people who revert to crime, and the question of what legal penalties should be imposed on them. It has been pointed out during this discussion that the severe legal penalties imposed on habitual criminals during the last ten years have not been effective. Consequently the question still remains open: whether we should not apply the special measures described above - protective supervision or commitment to a social readaptation centre after the prison sentence is served. What we have learned from the use of a closed institution such as a social readaptation centre shows that it is completely ineffective. As for protective supervision, it has been postulated that this way of controlling the behaviour of habitual criminals should be transferred from the sphere of penal measures to the sphere of social security measures. It has been suggested that within the framework of post penitentiary care,  specific medsures to help, which would be carried out by the probation officers, would be available to habitual criminals after coming out of prison.
         1.The 1969 Penal Code introduced a new system of sanctions for offences committed by habitual criminals in special circumstances. Two new categories of special recidivism are here introduced: special basic recidivism (Art. 60, § 1 of the Penal Code), and special multi-recidivism (Art. 60, § 2 of the Penal Code). The legal consequences of a conviction under Art. 60, § 1 or § 2 are as follows: 1) longer terms of imprisonment, 2)the application of special measures: protective supervison and commitment to a social readaptation centre, These measures take effect after the prison sentence has been served.       Under the protective supervision system, the habitual offender is free, but supervised for a period of 3-5 years.      The readaptation centre is a closed institution. The habitual offender is sent there for a minimum period of two years, up to a maximum of five years.  After two years the penitentiary court may free the recidivist if it thinks he is unlikely to commit another crime after regaining his freedom.       The conditions under which a  person is  sent to a readaptation centre differ, according to whether he or she was sentenced under Art. 60,  §1 or  Art. 60, § 2 of the Penal Code. A recidivist may be sent to a readaptation centre by either the  criminal court or the penitentiary courts. The decision to apply these measures may be taken at diverse stages of the juridical and penitentiary process: 1) when the sentence is pronounced (by the criminal court), 2) towards the end of the prison sentence (penitentiary court), or 3) during the period of protective supervision (penitentiary court).      In the first of the three stages mentioned above, the recidivist senrenced under Art. 60,  § 1 of the Penal Code may or may not be put under protective supervison. It is not obligatory. In the case of a person sentenced under   § 2 of Art. 60 of  the Penal Code, it is obligatory either to put him under protecive supervision or to send him to a social readaptation centre. The decision to send a recidivist to a social readaptation centre (a more severe measure) is taken only if the court is of the opinion that protective supervision would be insufficient io prevent a return to crime.         In the second of the three stages mentioned above, towards the end of the recidivists's sentence the penitentiary court takes the following decisions: 1) it may put the habitual criminal under protective supervision if that was not done in the sentence of the criminal court; 2) it may alter the decision of the criminal court and put  the offender under a protective supervision order instead of sending  him to a social readaptation centre.       The third and last stage in which decisions are taken about the application of special measures, is when the offender is actually under the supervision of a Probation Officer. If the supervision is not working out satisfactorily, the recidivist may be sent to a social readaptation centre.        2.The habitual offender is supervised by a Probation Officer after he has served his prison sentence. No person who is under protective supervision may change his place of residence without the consent of the court. He is obliged to appear in court if summoned, and to carry out the court's recommendations (Art. 63 of the Penal Code).       The court may order the recidivists:  1. to perform an obligation incumbent on the sentenced person to provide support for another person;  2. to perform specified work for a social purpose; 3. to perform remunerated work, pursuing an education or preparing for an occupation; 4. to refrain from abusing alcohol; 5. to submit to medical treatment; 6. to refrain from frequenting specified surroundings or places; 7. other appropriated behaviour in the period of protective supervision, if it may prevent the commission again of an offense.         During the protective supervision period, the court may issue orders, or extend or alter those already given.      During the protective supervision period the recidivist comes under the supervision of a Probation Officer appointed by the court, who at the same time is responsible for organizing the resocialization of the person being supervised.       Protective supervision ceases: 1 when the appointed period of probation is at an end, and when probation has been successful, 2) Or aerlier, if the person being supervised fails to carry out the orders and obligations placed on him, or if he makes it impossible or difficult for the purpose of the protective supervison order to be attained (e.g. by committing a crime when under supervision, which means that the supervision was unsuccessful, 3) owing to causes which bring supervision to an end (e.g. death of the supervised person).        3. The study reported here dealt with one of the two special measures mentioned above - protective supervision. The main problem examined is the effectiveness of protective supervision.       Protective supervision is a system which has two goals: one is to keep the supervised person from committing another crime (here we may speak of the restraining function of supervision), while the other is to resocialise the person on supervision (in this case we may speak of the resocialising function of probation).         The key question asked by anyone who examines the effectiveness of some penal measure is: whether, and to what extent,  does it attain its aims? With this definition in mind, the effectiveness of probation was examined in two fields. In the first (narrower) field, the author asked if there had been a juridical improvement in the behaviour of persons put under supervision. In the second (wider) field, success was measured by the extent of the supervised persons resocialisation - that is, an attempt was made to find out how the supervised person functioned in society, that is, whether  he kept to the basic social norms that society expects,of its members. In both fields, the moment of time when effectiveness of supervision was assessed was that at which supervision ceased. Those who successfully completed their period of probation were checked again at the end of 38 months, to see whether or not they had reverted to crime.         The group studied here consisted of all male recidivists in Warsaw who were put under a protective supervision order in 1971-1972. There were 232 persons in the group.           Two research techniques were used. ln the first, the relevant documents were studied (documents concerning previous criminal caces, prison documents, records of the course of protective supervision, data, about previous convictions, as well as about periods spent in penal institutions and in remand). In the second, the recidivist was interviewed on the basis of a questionnaire.         4. Out of the 232 persons investigated, 43.1 %  completed the supervision period successfully, 53.3%  failed to do so, and in 3.4% of the cases death intervened.         In this group of recidivists who had been put under supervision the author differentiated three groups:          Group I - taken as having been resocialised during the supervision period, and as having successfully completed their supervision. This group consisted of 57 men (26% of the total number studied).          Group II – regarded as not having been resocialised, but that completed the probation period successfully, without ill consequences for themselves. Group II consisted of 43 men (19% of the total).         Group III,  consisting of men who were not resocialised, and who as a result  suffered the additional ill effect of being isolated in the social readaptation centre; this group failed to complete their supervision successfully. In this group were 124 men (55%  of the total).        Some of the unresocialised men in Group III did not carry out any of the duties or orders given them. Some reverted to crime even although for a time they carried out their duties and orders. Some did not carry out their duties and orders, and reverted to crime. In this group the supervision system failed to fulfil the functions expected of it. With regard to those who did not carry out their obligations and orders it failed in its resocialisation function, while with regard to the others, who committed a crime while under supervision, it failed in both its functions: restraint and resocialisation. The following characteristics were found in Groups I, II and III.        Group  I consisted mostly of the youngest men (only one-eighth of the group were over 40). They were educated at least up to elementary school standard (approx. age 14-15). During the probation period they carried out work that called for skills. They were physically healthy. In their case  the supervision period was one in which their lives were financially more stable (they had paid jobs). They also had stable family lives, and started their own a families. Of all the groups, they had the fewest convictions up to the time the probation period began. They had mainly committed offences against property, but a significant number had been gauilty of crimes of a predominantly aggressive nature. Drunkenness was not noted among them during the supervision period. The men in this group declared that after they had come out of prison and been put under protective supervision they had no special trouble in beginning life again in freedom. They also said they were pleased with life.      Group  II consisted of men who, judged from the formal point of view, completed their supervision period successfully. But their behaviour during supervision, and above all their heavy drinking, does not justify us in regarding them as having been resocialised. These were habitual criminals  who when put under supervision were older (mostly over the age of thirty), as compared witn the men in Group I. As many as a quarter of the men in Group  II were habitual criminals aged forty and over. Compared with the men in Group I, they were less well educated, and worse qualified for jobs. Among them various types  of physical complaints were found, possibly because they were older, and possibly also because they had a longer career of crime. Fewer of them were married. They seemed to make little effort to achieve financial stability. During the supervision period they frequently changed their job - often because of some infringement of discipline, or because they arbitrarily threw up their job. When they began probation, they had more convictions behind them than the men in Group I. Group II had the lowest number of men who had committed serious crimes against property, or serious aggressive crimes. They were guilty mostly of petty crimes.  Above all the habitual criminals in this group are the most awkward ones from the social point of view. They were the ones  who mostly said they were dissatisfied with their lives. While on supervision they did not give up heavy drinking. Moreover, although ordered to take a "drying-out" cure , they did not go for treatment at all, or did so irregularly. Before their conviction they had worked irregularly, with gaps in between jobs, but during the whole supervision period they worked.             Groups III: protective supervision was a failure with group. As compared with the other groups the men in this one had more previous convictions - the average number of previous convictions being nearly six. More of them, as compared with the men in the other groups, went in mainly for crimes against property; the minority went in for crimes of a predominantly aggressive character and crimes of diverse types. Half of the men in Group II came into the 21-30 age group when ,they began supervision, while the other half were older (moreover, one-seventh were habitual criminals aged over forty). Even at the beginning of supervision the men in this group were in a worse situation than the others - especially as compared with the men in Group II, for they were worse educated, and worse prepared for earning living. The majority of the men in this group were single. Only one in five was married. Their health was noticeably poorer than that of the men in the other groups. Most of the men in this group drank heavilly during the supervision period. The men here confessed that immediately after getting out of prison they had trouble in getting back to a normal life. The main obstacles were lack of money,  and the difficulty in finding a job. When questioned they said that on the whole they were not happy about their lives. The majority (72.6%) had reverted to crime while on supervision. The others had been taken out of supervision because they did not carry out their obligations ot the orders or the probation officer.         6. In this study of men put under protective supervision, one in every four is reckoned to have been a success. it was noted that during the supervision period factors that made for success were: setting up a family, having a regular skilled job, and avoidance of heavy drinking.             In view of the above, it is the youngest habitual criminals who have the best chance of completing their supervision period successfultry. Age is in their favour, they have a better chance of a stable family life, they are better educated, better fitted for a job, they do not show the symptoms of social degradation associated with alcoholism, Because of these factors they are more likely to be able to return to a normal life.        7. During a period of 38 months from the end of the each man's supervision period, a check was kept on whether or not these men had further convictions. The men covered by this part of the study were those in Groups I and II, that is, those who successfully completed their probation.        Thirteen men from Group I and twelve men from Group II (that is, twenty-five men altogether), had subsequent convictions. They constituted 25% of the two groups. It may therefore be stated that the majority (three-quarters) of the men in Groups I and II had no convictions during the thirty-eight months following the end of their supervision period.       8. In the supervised groups studied here, we took one quarter as having been resocialised by the end of supervision, one-fifth as having at most improved formally, and over a half as not having been resocialised - in their case supervision ended in failure.       On the basis of this study it may be stated that the chief criterion on which the man on supervision was judged (and on which the success of the supervision proces was judged) was whether or not he carried out the instruction to have a paid job. This was due to two reasons: in the first place, if the man was in paid employment, it mean that he was fulfilling at least the minimum of the demands made on him during the supervision period (this minimum  was: to earn his own living). Secondly, it was easy for both the Probation Officer and for the man he was supervising to check whether this order was being carried out, and how. The implementation of their instructions was treated as being of less importance. The main one was to have paid employment.  If the man being supervised was in a job, but failed to carry out other instructions given to him, the Probation Officers did not ask for him to be taken off supervision.         At the present moment, when reform of the criminal law in Poland is under discussion, one of the problems being examined is that of the penal  liability of people who revert to crime, and the question of what legal penalties should be imposed on them. It has been pointed out during this discussion that the severe legal penalties imposed on habitual criminals during the last ten years have not been effective. Consequently the question still remains open: whether we should not apply the special measures described above - protective supervision or commitment to a social readaptation centre after the prison sentence is served. What we have learned from the use of a closed institution such as a social readaptation centre shows that it is completely ineffective. As for protective supervision, it has been postulated that this way of controlling the behaviour of habitual criminals should be transferred from the sphere of penal measures to the sphere of social security measures. It has been suggested that within the framework of post penitentiary care,  specific medsures to help, which would be carried out by the probation officers, would be available to habitual criminals after coming out of prison.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 55-85
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Repeated Loading on Textile Rope and Webbing Characteristics in Personal Equipment Protecting Against Falls from a Height
Wpływ kolejnych obciążeń na zmiany charakterystyk lin i taśm włókienniczych stosowanych w sprzęcie chroniącym przed upadkiem z wysokości
Autorzy:
Baszczyński, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/233295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
Tematy:
personal protective equipment
falls from a height
flexible anchor lines
webbing
fibre rope
elongation
repeated loading
horizontal protective lines
osobisty sprzęt ochronny
upadki z wysokości
elastyczne liny kotwiczące
taśmy
liny z włókien
wydłużanie
wielokrotne ładowania
poziome linie ochronne
Opis:
Horizontal anchor lines manufactured from fibre ropes and textile webbing are important elements of equipment protecting against falls from a height. Their mechanical properties determine the process of a fall arresting.The simultaneous use of some components of the protective equipment by more than one user is possible and desirable under specific conditions. This paper presents testing methods and a test stand for the measurement ofload-elongation characteristics under static and dynamic conditions. The testing methods simulate the functioning of the equipment during the fall of consecutive users. The results indicate significant differences between the load-elongation characteristics obtained in the first versus subsequent loading tests, as well as between characteristics obtained under static and dynamic conditions. The paper also presents how the changes in rope and webbing characteristics described affect the ability of protective equipment to absorb the kinetic energy of a person falling from a height. Data obtained in the present study are useful for the development of numerical models for horizontal anchor lines.
Poziome liny kotwiczące są istotnym składnikiem sprzętu chroniącego przed upadkiem z wysokości. Podstawowym surowcem stosowanym do ich produkcji są liny i taśmy włókiennicze, których właściwości mechaniczne decydują o przebiegu powstrzymywania spadania z wysokości. W specyficznych warunkach jest teoretycznie możliwe i pożądane równoczesne stosowanie tych składników sprzętu przez więcej niż jednego użytkownika. W artykule przedstawiono metody oraz stanowiska badawcze do wyznaczania charakterystyk siła obciążająca - wydłużenie w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych lin i taśm włókienniczych. Zastosowane metody badań symulowały działanie sprzętu ochronnego w sytuacji powstrzymywania spadania kolejnych użytkowników. Wyniki badań lin i taśm włókienniczych wskazały na wyraźne różnice między charakterystykami w pierwszym i kolejnych obciążeniach oraz między charakterystykami otrzymanymi w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych. Przedstawiono również jak zmiany charakterystyk wpływają na zdolność sprzętu do pochłaniania energii kinetycznej spadającego człowieka. Uzyskane dane umożliwiają podjęcie prac zmierzających do opracowania modeli numerycznych poziomych lin kotwiczących.
Źródło:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe; 2015, 4 (112); 110-118
1230-3666
2300-7354
Pojawia się w:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Electrostatic properties of selected personal protective equipment regarding explosion hazard
Właściwości elektrostatyczne wybranych środków ochrony indywidualnej w aspekcie zagrożenia wybuchowego
Autorzy:
Jachowicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1205466.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Główny Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
elektrostatyka
hełm ochronny
środek ochrony oczu
środek ochrony twarzy
rezystancja właściwa
napięcie pola elektrostatycznego
środek ochrony indywidualnej
strefa zagrożenia wybuchem
electrostatics
protective helmet
eye protection
face protection
resistance
electrostatic field voltage
individual protection equipment
zone of explosion hazard
Opis:
In industries such as the mining, petrochemistry or power industries, personal protective equipment is often used in explosive atmospheres. What causes the occurrence of explosive hazards is ever-present in the work environment they include, electrostatic phenomena as well as the build-up of electrical charges on the surface of the protective equipment used. This paper presents the results of studies which were aimed at determining the fundamental electrostatic parameters of protective helmets as well as eye and face protection, surface resistance and the voltage of electrostatic fields. Examinations on the typical structure of the above mentioned equipment was conducted including the variable values of ambient humidity, which can occur in the working environment and with the use of various types of materials used to generate a charge. The adopted methods and testing equipment have been presented. Using the current, general requirements regarding the electrostatic properties of materials, the examined helmets and eye protection were assessed for their use in explosive atmospheres
W przemyśle, takim jak górnictwo, petrochemia czy energetyka, środki ochrony indywidualnej często są stosowane w strefach zagrożonych wybuchem. Przyczyną powstawania zagrożenia wybuchowego są występujące w środowisku pracy zjawiska elektrostatyczne i fakt gromadzenia się ładunku elektrycznego na powierzchni używanego sprzętu ochronnego. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, które miały na celu określenie podstawowych parametrów elektrostatycznych hełmów ochronnych oraz środków ochrony oczu i twarzy, takich jak rezystancja powierzchniowa i napięcie pola elektrostatycznego. Badania typowych konstrukcji ww. sprzętu przeprowadzono z uwzględnieniem zmiennych wartości wilgotności powietrza otaczającego, mogących wystąpić w środowisku pracy oraz z wykorzystaniem różnego rodzaju materiałów służących do generowania ładunku. Zaprezentowano zastosowane metody i aparaturę badawczą. Stosując aktualne ogólne wymagania w zakresie właściwości elektrostatycznych materiałów, oceniono przebadane hełmy i środki ochrony oczu pod kątem ich stosowania w strefach zagrożonych wybuchem.
Źródło:
Journal of Sustainable Mining; 2013, 12, 1; 27-33
2300-1364
2300-3960
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Sustainable Mining
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy transmission from bullet impact onto head or neck through structures of the protective ballistic helmet - tests and evaluation
Transmisja energii uderzenia pocisku na głowę i szyję użytkownika przez strukturę balistycznego hełmu ochronnego
Autorzy:
Komuński, P.
Kubiak, T.
Łandwijt, M.
Romek, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/238191.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Technologii Bezpieczeństwa Moratex
Tematy:
ochrona balistyczna
hełm kuloodporny
hełm ochronny
bulletproof helmet
balistic protection
helmet
Opis:
Design patterns of today's helmets significantly differ from those used before. The differences are, first of all, accountable to the developments in the technology of materials used for helmet production. A bullet-and splinter-resistant helmet of today is a complex product in which the following two main parts may be identified: the helmet's body and helmet's framing. The applied materials allow for increasing the effectiveness of ballistic protection, however, the bullet stoppage on the helmet's body does not guarantee appropriate protection of health and life. An important component of helmet protection potential is the level of kinetic energy which is transferred onto helmet user's body (the head or the cervical spine) during the process of penetration of the ballistic protection (a bullet- and splinter-resistant helmet) by a blowing element (a bullet or a splinter). The transfer of too much energy onto head may result in cranial fractures and cerebral or spinal injuries. The mechanism of such injuries is associated with accelerations and/or decelerations, resulting in a relative brain dislocation vs. the skull structure. A Hybrid III, "head-neck" dummy model was used for energy transfer tests, the dummy's structure and properties corresponding to the structure and properties of human head and neck. The obtained results will contribute to increased safety level of helmet users and to helmet structure optimisation.
Występowanie ryzyka w miejscu pracy wymaga opracowania środków dla eliminacji lub zmniejszenia ryzyka do akceptowalnego poziomu. Szczególne trudne zadanie dotyczy bezpieczeństwa pracowników służb specjalnych, np. sił interwencyjnych. Funkcjonariusze Policji i żołnierze, którzy wchodzą w skład zespołów pierwszego uderzenia często są wystawieni na ostrzał z nowoczesnych broni, co wymaga użycia ochrony balistycznej o wysokiej skuteczności ochronnej. Typowe wyposażenie osobiste wykorzystywane przez policje i wojsko to odpowiednie wkłady kamizelek i tarczy balistycznych. Aby poprawić jakość i funkcjonalność tych wyrobów, przeprowadzono liczne badania i testy. Równolegle z pracą nad poprawą bezpieczeństwa, potrzebne jest przeprowadzenie badań ergonomicznych aby zapobiec fizjologicznemu i psychologicznemu obciążeniu funkcjonariuszy. Pośród rozwiązań spełniających odpowiednie wymagania ochrony należy zawsze poszukiwać takich, które przedstawiają najmniejsze obciążenie ciała, biorąc pod uwagę: rodzaj pracy, techniczne parametry związane z pracą, czas ekspozycji, warunki środowiskowe (otoczenie termiczne), dopasowanie do innego wyposażenia ochrony osobistej. Artykuł przedstawia metodykę oceny kamizelek i tarczy balistycznych z punktu widzenia ergonomii jak również reakcji fizjologicznych i psychologicznych ich użytkowników.
Źródło:
Techniczne Wyroby Włókiennicze; 2009, R. 17, nr 4, 4; 18-23
1230-7491
Pojawia się w:
Techniczne Wyroby Włókiennicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Funkcja turystyczno-rekreacyjna Leśnego Pasa Ochronnego na przykładzie Lasów Lublinieckich, Raciborskich i Pszczyńskich
The tourist-recreational function of the Forest Protective Belt exemplified by Lasy Lublinieckie, Raciborskie and Pszczynskie
Autorzy:
Kurda, W.
Pukowiec, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/880323.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
Gorny Slask
Gornoslaski Okreg Przemyslowy
Lesny Pas Ochronny
lasy
funkcje lasu
funkcje turystyczne
funkcje rekreacyjne
Lasy Lublinieckie
Lasy Raciborskie
Lasy Pszczynskie
turystyka
zagospodarowanie turystyczne
ruch turystyczny
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2013, 15, 4[37]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Innowacyjne środki myjąco-konserwujące i oleje ochronne
Innovative cleaning and conservation chemicals and protective oils
Autorzy:
Gaździk, Barbara
Kempiński, Roman
Paćkowski, Zbigniew
Pomykała, Kamil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1835071.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
ochrona czasowa
środek myjąco-konserwujący
olej ochronny
korozja
powłoka ochronna
time protection
cleaning and conservation chemical
protective oil
corrosion
protective coating
Opis:
Środki ochrony czasowej, w tym środki myjąco-konserwujące i oleje ochronne, odgrywają ważną rolę w procesie produkcji, magazynowania i transportu wyrobów metalowych, decydując o utrzymaniu ich właściwości technicznych oraz przydatności użytkowej w wymaganym okresie. Przyczyną korozji wyrobów metalowych są: tlen, woda, kwasy, zmiany temperatury, kwaśne opary, skład chemiczny wyrobu, jakość powierzchni oraz rodzaj obróbki, której był poddany metal. W publikacji przedstawiono metodykę oraz wyniki badań laboratoryjnych innowacyjnych produktów opracowanych w Instytucie Nafty i Gazu – PIB, we współpracy z firmą Pachemtech, w ramach projektu Innowacyjne środki chemiczne z udziałem zmodyfikowanej imidazoliny dla przemysłu rafineryjnego, wydobywczego ropy naftowej, hutniczego i maszynowego, dofinansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju w ramach Programu Badań Stosowanych. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały bardzo dobre właściwości fizykochemiczne i funkcjonalne środka myjąco-konserwującego Pachem-SMK-4917 do mycia wyrobów metalowych oraz do międzyoperacyjnej ochrony przeciwkorozyjnej. Badany środek jest bezzapachową cieczą o jasnej barwie, niskiej lepkości, około 4 mm2 /s w 20°C, oraz temperaturze zapłonu powyżej 100°C. Wykazuje niskie napięcie powierzchniowe i niski punkt anilinowy, co zapewnia wysoką efektywność mycia wyrobów metalowych. Badania wykazały, że środek Pachem-SMK-4917 tworzy cienki film, o grubości 0,5 µm, odporny na działanie zmiennych temperatur, wilgoci, wody i chlorków. W wyniku badań właściwości przeciwkorozyjnych w wilgotnej atmosferze (100%) w temperaturze 49°C na płytkach ze stali stwierdzono, że pierwsze oznaki korozji pojawiły się po 336 godzinach, podczas gdy w przypadku próbki zerowej już po 6 godzinach. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały bardzo dobre właściwości fizykochemiczne i funkcjonalne oleju ochronnego Pachem-OO-4018 do ochrony czasowej (8–15 miesięcy) przed korozją atmosferyczną powierzchni wyrobów metalowych podczas ich składowania, transportu i użytkowania. Badany olej charakteryzuje się niską lepkością, około 5 mm2 /s w 40°C, temperaturą zapłonu powyżej 100°C oraz niską temperaturą płynięcia – poniżej −40°C. Olej ten na powierzchni metalu tworzy cienką, o grubości 2 µm, miękkopowłokową warstwę ochronną o wysokiej trwałości w czasie i zdolności do wypierania wody. W czasie badań właściwości przeciwkorozyjnych oleju Pachem-OO-4018 w wilgotnej atmosferze (100%) w temperaturze 49°C na płytkach ze stali stwierdzono, że pierwsze oznaki korozji pojawiły się po 768 godzinach. Olej wykazuje wysokie właściwości przeciwkorozyjne w stosunku do stali, miedzi, brązu cynowo-cynkowo-ołowianego i brązu aluminiowego, posiada również bardzo dobre właściwości deemulgujące.
Long lasting protection measures, including cleaning and conservation chemicals and protective oils, play an important role in the production, storage, and transport of metallic products, maintaining their technical properties and usability for the required duration. Corrosion is caused by the presence of oxygen, water, acids, temperature changes, acid vapors, high humidity and it depends on chemical composition of the product, surface quality, and the type of treatment provided to the metal. The article presents the research methodology and the laboratory test results of the innovative products: cleaning and conservation chemicals and protective oils, developed at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute in cooperation with Pachemtech Ltd. as part of the Project Innovative chemicals with modified imidazoline for the refinery, oil field, metallurgy and machinery industries, co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development as part of the Applied Research Program. The tests showed very good physicochemical and functional properties of PACHEM-SMK4917 – a cleaning and conservation chemical for metal products and for corrosion protection between their processing. The tested chemical is a light-colored, odorless liquid, with low viscosity of about 4 mm2 /s at 20°C and with a high flash point above 100°C. It has low surface tension and a low aniline point, which ensures high efficiency of cleaning metal elements. Studies have shown that PACHEM-SMK-4917 forms a thin film with a thickness of 0.5 μm, resistant to temperature variations, moisture, and water. Tests of anti-corrosive properties on steel plates in a humid atmosphere (100%) at 49°C showed that the first signs of corrosion appeared after 336 hours, while for the reference zero sample after 6 hours. The tests also showed very good physicochemical and functional properties of Pachem-OO-4018 – a protective oil, for temporary protection (8–15 months) against atmospheric corrosion of metal elements during storage, transport and use. The tested oil has a low viscosity of about 5 mm2 /s at 40°C, a flashpoint above 100°C and a low pour point of –40°C. The tested oil creates a thin, 2 μmthick, soft protective film on the surface of the metal, characterized by high durability and high hydrophobic properties. The tests of anticorrosive properties of Pachem-OO-4018 oil on steel plates in a humid atmosphere (100%) at 49°C showed that the first signs of corrosion appeared after 768 hours. The oil has high anti-corrosive properties in relation to steel, copper, tin-zinc-lead bronze and aluminum bronze; it also shows very good demulsifying properties.
Źródło:
Nafta-Gaz; 2019, 75, 7; 430-444
0867-8871
Pojawia się w:
Nafta-Gaz
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of Stab Protection Properties of Aramid Fibre-Reinforced 3D Printed Elements
Badanie właściwości ochrony przed przekłuciem elementów drukowanych 3D wzmocnionych włóknem aramidowym
Autorzy:
Sitotaw, Dereje Berihun
Ahrendt, Dustin
Kyosev, Yordan
Kabish, Abera Kechi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1419713.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
Tematy:
stab protection armor
3D printing
printed scales
impact energy
penetration depth
fibre-reinforcement
aramid
pancerz ochronny
druk 3D
łuski
energia uderzenia
głębokość penetracji
wzmocnienie włóknem
Opis:
A stab resistant vest is a reinforced piece of body armour designed to resist knife or needle attacks of different energy levels specifically to the upper part of the body (chest and abdomen) to save lives. The majority of armours limit several comfort parameters, such as free locomotion, respiration, flexibility and light weight, which determine efficient use by wearers and their willingness to wear. Currently available armours are usually made of a single plate, and although often segmentation is used with just a few but still quite large pieces, the materials are compact and bulky to wear. In this study, stab protective armor elements (scale-like elements) of 3 mm thickness and 50 mm diameter were designed, produced (3D printed) and tested for performance. Aramid fibre was used for its strength, durability and process ability to develop protection elements at unidirectional and multidirectional filling angles during 3D printing. The specimens were tested according to VPAM KDIW 2004. The specimens designed and developed with multidirectional filling angles of aramid resist the puncturing energy level K1 (25 J) with a penetration depth less than the maximum allowed for the K1 energy level by VPAM. These specimens showed a high protection level of relative small thickness (3 mm) and light weight (6.57 grams for the estimated area A ≈ 1963.5 mm2) as compared to the currently certified armors for K1 (for example, the aluminum mass is 13.33 grams for 2 mm thickness and 50 mm diameter).
Kamizelka odporna na dźgnięcie to wzmocniony element kamizelki kuloodpornej zaprojektowany tak, aby był odporny na ataki nożem lub igłą, w szczególności w górnej części ciała (klatce piersiowej i brzuchu), tak aby ratować życie. Kamizelka taka powinna spełniać kilka parametrów komfortu, takich jak: swoboda poruszania się, oddychanie, elastyczność i niewielka waga, które decydują o efektywnym użytkowaniu przez użytkowników i ich chęci do noszenia. Obecnie dostępne kamizelki są zwykle wykonane z jednej płyty i chociaż często stosuje się segmentację z zaledwie kilkoma, ale wciąż dość dużymi elementami, materiały są zwarte i nieporęczne w noszeniu. W pracy zaprojektowano, wyprodukowano (wydrukowano w 3D) i przetestowano pod kątem wydajności elementy pancerza ochronnego (elementy przypominające łuski) o grubości 3 mm i średnicy 50 mm. Zastosowano włókno aramidowe ze względu na jego wytrzymałość, trwałość i zdolność do wytwarzania elementów zabezpieczających przy jednokierunkowych i wielokierunkowych kątach wypełnienia podczas druku 3D. Próbki badano zgodnie z VPAM KDIW 2004. Stwierdzono, że zaprojektowane i opracowane próbki były odporne na poziom energii przebicia K1 (25 J) przy głębokości penetracji mniejszej, niż maksymalna dopuszczalna dla poziomu energii K1 przez VPAM. Próbki te wykazały wysoki poziom ochrony przy stosunkowo małej grubości (3 mm) i niewielkiej wadze (6.57 g dla szacowanego obszaru A ≈ 1963.5 mm2) w porównaniu z obecnie certyfikowanymi pancerzami dla K1 (np.: masa aluminium wynosi 13,33 g dla grubości 2 mm i średnicy 50 mm).
Źródło:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe; 2021, 3 (147); 67-73
1230-3666
2300-7354
Pojawia się w:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 58

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