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Tytuł:
Obowiązek alimentacyjny dziadków wobec wnuków. Analiza przypadku
The alimony obligation of grandparents to grandchildren. Analysis of the case
Autorzy:
Nowicka, Urszula
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/663043.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
obowiązek alimentacyjny
alimenty
obowiązek
alimony
obligation
alimony obligation
Opis:
Nowadays, the issues of the alimony obligation is very timely. This applies not only to maintenance of parents of children, but also exists in other family relationships. The purpose of this article is present the issues of the alimony obligation between grandparents and grandchildren. This analysis is made on the basis of the case, chich happener by the District Court in Lublin. It will be shown the facts, the legal status of the case and the reasons for the decision.
Źródło:
Ius Matrimoniale; 2016, 27, 3; 81-91
1429-3803
2353-8120
Pojawia się w:
Ius Matrimoniale
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przedmiot prawa ubezpieczeń społecznych
The subject of social insurance law
Autorzy:
Pacud, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697068.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
social insurance
social risk
contributory obligation
insurance protection obligation
Opis:
The subject of social insurance law has a thematic scope, which can be variously defined and thus not uniformly used in jurisprudence. The subject of social insurance law should be distinguished from the subject of social insurance. In the definition of the subject of social insurance law, the role of contributions that distinguish insurance systems from social security systems needs to be taken into account. Apart from the contributions, the number of subjects in the social insurance law equates with the number of legally defined benefits. The thematic scope of the subject of social insurance law should be determined according to the catalog of social risks secured by social insurance law. While noting the subject of insurance law in the context of diversified rights of certain categories of entities, the subject of social insurance law should be combined with the subject of abstractive legal relations in the field of social insurance. Therefore, the subject of social insurance law is the corresponding contributory obligation and protection obligations in the scope of social risk defined by this branch of law.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2018, 16, 3; 21-33
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Liability in Polish law for infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform
Autorzy:
Dziedzic, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788283.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-04-07
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
pre-contractual liability
compensatory liability
obligation to inform
pre-contractual obligation to inform
damages
trust
infringement of pre-contractual obligation to inform
Opis:
In contemporary contract and consumer law, obligations to inform are an example of instruments (protective ones) which imposes on business entities a duty to make a statement of knowledge (a representation), the content of which is determined by regulations and the purpose of which is to aid the consumer in taking a well-informed, rational decision. Appropriate regulations referring to liability for failing to carry out this obligation to inform aim to maintain optimal trust between the contracting parties and, as a result, lead to a balance in the parties’ position, at the same time upholding the principle of the freedom of contract. In accordance with the fundamental assumption in European consumer law, one’s liability towards a consumer should meet the criteria of both efficiency and proportionality, which means that one should not strictly consider such liability purely formally, i.e., as maintaining an economic balance between the parties. The sanction the company shall incur is to serve the actual satisfaction of the interests of the consumer, and not only to make a profit. Additionally, the sanctions for neglecting the obligation to inform are expected to encourage companies to comply with them. Neglecting this obligation to inform in the pre-contractual phase may take the form of not providing information which is required and explicitly defined by law or providing incomplete information. A large amount of detail in determining a business’s responsibility is presumedto guarantee the consumer knowledge of his/her rights and to enable him/her to evaluate the risks resulting from entering into a particular transaction. One must not, however, ignore the fact that providing excessive, thus illegible, information must be treated equally to non-disclosure of such information, which may result in infringement of the aforementioned regulations. Neglecting the obligation to inform may also arise in such a case where the consumer is not provided with a particular piece of information, despite the lack of a definite legal basis in this regard – such as a detailed regulation contained in an act – but such a duty would result from a general loyalty duty between the contracting parties. In the beginning, it should be noted that the liability for an infringement of the pre-contractual obligation to inform is characterised by system heterogeneity. In particular, it refers to the distinct consumer protection regime. It is very often the case that depending on the contractor’s status (professional or nonprofessional) the legal consequences of failing to inform or improperly informing are framed in different ways. One must bear in mind the difference between solely the failure to inform or to improperly carry out the pre-contractual obligation to inform (pursued within pre-contractual liability, fundamentally according to an ex delicto regime) and the consequences arising from the content of the delivered information, i.e., the guarantee of definite elements in the legal relationship of an obligatory nature (assigned to the classic liability in an ex contractu regime). The subject of civil liability for the infringement of duties to inform can be analysed from two perspectives: firstly, from an economic point of view, i.e., whether for the aggrieved party and for the market at large it would be more favourable for the infringement of the duty to inform to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime, and secondly, from the perspective of the theory of law, whether for the system of contract law it would be better for this liability to be pursued within an ex contractu or ex delicto regime. In response to the second question, the position of academics is that the liability for the violation of trust due to failing to properly inform the consumer should be pursued in an ex delicto system in order to maintain the internal cohesion of contract law.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 3 (215); 153-168
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Individual in a Traditional Chinese Family
Autorzy:
Yun, Wang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2046977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
individual
family
group
obligation
China
Opis:
The article analyzes the relation between the individual and the family in traditional China in a historical and cultural context. It concludes that the family, besides being a source of material support, provides a sense of identity, which is obtained through the performance of family role ethics. The ethics consist in fulfilling one’s specific obligations, such as filial piety, obedience, responsibility for family members, etc. Through practicing them since childhood, individuals shape their personality in a way that enables them to participate in a hierarchical, patriarchal family structure and maintain harmonious relations with its members.
Źródło:
Azja-Pacyfik; 2021, XXIV; 71-84
1643-692X
Pojawia się w:
Azja-Pacyfik
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problem dotyczący zgody na kwalifikacyjną wizytę szczepienną oraz obowiązkowe szczepienia ochronne
Autorzy:
Jacek, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1369539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-07-01
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
obowiązek
szczepienie
prawo
obligation
vaccination
law
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest ocena rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących wyrażania zgody na kwalifikacyjną wizytę szczepienną oraz obowiązkowe szczepienie ochronne przez pacjenta. Przeanalizowano i oceniono obowiązek poddania się szczepieniom ochronnym w Polsce, omówiono regulacje prawne dotyczące kwalifikacyjnej wizyty szczepiennej, jak i wyrażania zgody na kwalifikacyjną wizytę szczepienną oraz obowiązkowe szczepienie ochronne. W zakończeniu wskazano, że z przepisów ustawy z dnia 6 listopada 2008 r. o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta wynika wyłączenie uprawnienia pacjenta do wyrażenia zgody bądź jej odmowy w sytuacji kwalifikowania do obowiązkowego szczepienia ochronnego oraz poddania się obowiązkowemu szczepieniu ochronnemu. W artykule zwrócono również uwagę na konieczność doprecyzowania przez ustawodawcę formy przekazania informacji o szczepieniach ochronnych i zalecanych oraz zakresu obowiązku informacyjnego lekarza w odniesieniu do kwalifikacyjnej wizyty szczepiennej.  
The aim of the paper is evaluation the provisions concerning consent to visit determining vaccine eligibility and mandatory protective vaccination. The paper analyses and evaluates the obligation to undergo protective vaccination in Poland, and legal regulations regarding the visit determining vaccine eligibility and consent to it, as well as mandatory protective vaccination. The conclusion section of the paper draws attention to the fact that the provisions of the Act on Patient’s Rights specify only a patient’s right to express agreement or refusal in case of qualification for mandatory protective vaccination and submission to mandatory protective vaccination. The paper also proposed the need for the legislator to specify the form of providing information on protective and recommended vaccinations, and the scope of the physician’s information obligation in relation to the appointment qualifying for vaccination.  
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2021, 1; 75-92
1897-7146
2719-4264
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Definition and Characteristics of Obligations under Unjust Enrichment
Autorzy:
Borysiak, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1976398.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
unjust enrichment
obligation
financial gain
impoverishment
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to discuss unjust enrichment as a source of obligations, already known in Roman law, which dealt with the most important problems related to the matter in question and ways to solve those problems in practice. The author, aware of the complexity of the issues related to unjust enrichment and the problems that may arise from the application of this institution, will focus on the presentation of the definition and the characteristics of unjust enrichment as a source of obligations. These characteristics are covered only in Article 405 of the Civil Code, but the apparently obvious regulation includes some unnamed elements that need to be taken into account when deciding whether unjust enrichment has actually taken place. The author intends to show that the special nature of unjust enrichment is determined first and foremost by the fulfilment of the conditions for its occurrence. These conditions include: an individual’s gain, benefiting at the expense of another person, the relationship between enrichment and impoverishment and the lack of legal grounds for enrichment; it should be added, however, that the Civil Code does not speak of the last of the listed conditions. The knowledge or the will of the enriched person will not be considered such conditions, though. The liability of the enriched person in such circumstances will occur regardless of the cause of the person’s gain.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2018, 10, 4; 70-89
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cele ekonomiczne i społeczne przedsiębiorstwa
The Social and Economic Goals of Business Organizations
Autorzy:
Grzegorzewska-Ramocka, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/575751.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-08-31
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
enterprise
Corporate Social Responsibility
before-profit obligation
after-profit obligation
maximization of the market value of a firm
Opis:
The paper looks at the strategies of Polish businesses to determine if these companies are interested in helping solve social problems in their community. The author assumes that a business organization is an integral part of a social development model in which consumers are seen not only as a market but also as a community that builds democracy. Consequently, enterprises should follow rules that help maintain the socioeconomic order in the community and follow shared values, the author says. This means that enterprises should not harm society while pursuing profit. The moral responsibility of individuals for their economic decisions becomes a fundamental component of corporate social responsibility, according to Grzegorzewska-Ramocka. While making business decisions, entrepreneurs must follow certain legal, ethical, moral and social standards. They should not limit themselves to choosing between profit and risk, the author says, but their main aim should be to replace profit maximization with the maximization of the company’s market value. According to the author, every company can contribute to the idea of corporate social responsibility by helping its local community. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) means operating a business in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business. CSR is a commitment for businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the work force and their families as well as the local community at large. CSR means that a business organization takes responsibility for the impact of its activities on its employees, customers, the community, and the environment.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2009, 233, 7-8; 59-78
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Platona Kriton. Wokół obywatelskiego nieposłuszeństwa i politycznego zobowiązania
Plato’s Crito on Civil Disobedience and Political Obligations
Autorzy:
Kuniński, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938123.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Plato
Socrates
Crito
civil disobedience
political obligation
Opis:
The present paper focuses on the complex relation between ethics andpolitics in Plato’s Crito. While the issue is presented from a contemporaryperspective, the problems of civil disobedience and politicalobligation are the present study’s primarily concern. The issue of civildisobedience concerns moral reasons for breaking the law, whereasthe concept of political obligation refers to a moral duty to obey the law.When disagreeing with the view that Socrates in the dialogue arguesfor an unconditional obedience to the state, the article builds on theApology. Subsequently, the similarities between the position of Socratesand that of H.D. Thoreau are investigated. Finally, the paper discussesthe concept of political obligation so as to show that the argumentin the Crito anticipates several modern theories. The modern controversiesthat this article covers are shown to play an important role in Plato’sdialogue, as they are the basis of Socrates’ political obligation.
Źródło:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua; 2011, 2, 1; 139-158
2082-7539
Pojawia się w:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pomoc materialna – analiza powinności
Material Assistance – an Analysis of Obligation
Autorzy:
Sosenko, Kazimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/468601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN
Tematy:
material assistance
value
moral obligation
moral duty
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to search for an answer to the question whether an ethical person should aid others or whether it is a moral duty. The postulate of assistance follows from concern for the good of another person, which is a characteristic of morality. However, not all contemporary ethical conceptions postulate the moral value of assistance. In particular, the ethics of Nietzsche and libertarians question its moral importance. The question of whether assistance has moral value depends on how we understand morality and the compulsoriness of its principles. Providing material assistance is a human act and the value of that act is influenced by its circumstances. Depending on the circumstances, the moral obligation of aid varies from permission to requirement. There are also praxeological conditions of the value of material assistance, connected with a negative evaluation of wastefulness and inefficiency. If people should help, how strong is the obligation to do so? The answer depends on the source of duty; unfortunately, deontological ethics cannot clearly differentiate situations in which material assistance is a duty from situations in which it as supererogatory act. We are therefore left to our own moral sensitivity.
Źródło:
Prakseologia; 2012, 153; 31-42
0079-4872
Pojawia się w:
Prakseologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opinia prawna w sprawie ulg dla przedsiębiorstw budowlanych, które nie otrzymały w terminie zapłaty zleceniodawcy
Legal opinion on the reliefs for construction firms which have not received payment by the due date from contractors
Autorzy:
Dzwonkowski, Henryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
VAT
due date of payment
tax obligation
Opis:
The article provides an answer to the question whether the proposal for change in current legislation by shifting an obligation to pay VAT on to the contractor, in the event that he fails to make payment by the due date, provided that the supply of good or services has been completed, is in conformity with Article 63 of the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax and other regulations of the European Union on VAT. In the conclusion, the author claims that the legislative solution under which a tax obligation would arise on the part of the part of the person to whom services are supplied only after the due date of payment in the event that he fails to pay in the due date, does not seem to have sufficient support in the VAT Directive.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2012, 4(36); 235-239
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Consequences of the impossibility of fulfilling tax obligations
Autorzy:
Ślifirczyk, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49051013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
impossibilium nulla obligatio est
tax obligation
tax payment
reliefs in tax payment
fulfilment/performance of a tax obligation
Opis:
The impossibility of fulfilling tax obligations may have many causes, but nowadays the importance of potential impossibility increases significantly due to the historically unprecedented dependence of the tax system on factors of technical and IT nature. The author, for the purposes of tax law, adapts various types of impossibility of performance established in civil law. He also finds it acceptable to use the concept of impossibility both in relation to the obligation to pay a tax and in relation to the so-called instrumental tax obligations. He discusses the ways in which cases where tax obligations could not be fulfilled have been dealt with to date, taking into account both the jurisprudential concepts of the Polish administrative courts based on the principle of impossibilium nulla obligatio est and the legislative solutions introduced in Ukraine in connection with the 2022 invasion by the Russian Federation, in Poland in connection with the war started in 1939 by the German Third Reich, as well as the regulations introduced into the legal systems of various countries in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the new regulations on the Polish National Electronic Invoice System enacted on 16 June 2023. In addition, the author analyses the possibility of using, in the scope discussed, the provisions of the present Tax Ordinance on reliefs in payment of tax obligations. The study indicates the need to introduce general provisions on the impossibility of fulfilling tax obligations. In the author’s opinion, these should address cases of impossibility differently depending on their nature and whether they relate to obligations to pay tax or to instrumental tax obligations.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2024, 102; 220-241
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Position of men on whom an alimony obligation has been imposed. Aspects of individual safety
Autorzy:
Jakubiuk, Martyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1807606.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-30
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
individual safety
alimony obligation men
divorce
private life
Opis:
The paper presents the nature of alimony obligation as a threat to the safety of an individual. The imposed charges affect the sense of security of the subject, as they cause a high probability of being in a critical position. While the issue concerning the alimony itself is a topical issue, the issue of the safety of indebted alimony fathers is ignored. The first part of the paper deals with the phenomenon of alimony evasion in general. Then the phenomenon of divorce and its consequences for a man were analysed. It also shows the difficulties that occur in attempts to normalize private and professional life.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2021, 37(37); 46-62
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obowiązek natychmiastowego zwolnienia osoby pozbawionej wolności, wobec której uchylono tymczasowe aresztowanie lub odstąpiono od jego stosowania – przepisy prawa na tle nieprawidłowej praktyki
Obligation of immediately release the person in custody to whom arrest is repealed or not applied - laws against malpractice
Autorzy:
Przybycień, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/528600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
release from custody
arrest
obligation of immediately release
Opis:
The subject of the article is analysis of regulations concerning the obligation of immediately release person in custody in a situation where arrest is repealed or not applied in context of incorrect practice. The author presents selected legislation, doctrinal standpoints and practice in this matter.
Źródło:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 4; 147-155
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
I doveri delle donne secondo l’insegnamento di alcuni predicatori francesi
How should the woman behave and what are her duties? The guidelines for women presented in the selected sermons of Gilbert of Tournai
Autorzy:
Głusiuk, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/450140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
women
Gilbert of Tournai
behavior
obligation
middle age
Opis:
The article presents the opinions of the 13th century preacher Gilbert of Tournai about the duties of girls, wives and widows. Gilbert seeing the great lack of women’s education addressed his sermons to them and indicated which behaviors were correct and which they should change or avoid. His sermons show how the women was seen, which was her position and role in the 13th century French society.
Źródło:
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne; 2017, 24; 75-84
1232-1575
Pojawia się w:
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawna odpowiedzialność z tytułu pełnienia roli społecznej
The so-called role-responsibility and the law
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964886.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
legal responsibility
role responsibility
social role
obligation
liability
Opis:
Responsibility is a “core issue” in philosophy of law. “Responsibility” in a legal discourse refers primarily to formal sanctions or it expresses an idea of having to answer for something. I argue in the study that the legal responsibility can be attached to social roles (or even tasks), which are important to the functioning of the society. I try to elucidate the notions of a role (social role) and role-responsibility. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the role responsibility (the notion of the role-responsibility is derived from the Herbert Hart’s philosophical works) is largely constituted by inter-connected sets of rights, duties and responsibilities. Moreover, the role responsibility plays an important role in the law.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2015, 74
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Giełdowe obligo gazowe – próba oceny
Exchange obligation related to natural gas – analyses and evaluation
Autorzy:
Wojcieszak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2003086.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
giełda
obligo
gaz
ocena
exchange
obligation
gas
assessment
Opis:
W artykule ukazana została geneza oraz wprowadzenia cel giełdowego obliga gazowego, jak również jego specyfika i inne związane z nim regulacje. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono skutki giełdowego obliga gazowego, a także argumenty przemawiające za zasadnością jego wprowadzenia. Zdaniem autora giełdowe obligo gazowe jest właściwym rozwiązaniem w prawie polskim, jednak jego poziom powinien wynosić mniej niż 10%. Wprowadzenie obliga giełdowego już w 2012 r. należy jednak uznać za działanie sztuczne i nakierowane głównie na osłabienie dominującej roli PGNiG. W procesie urynkawiania sektora energetycznego w Polsce i liberalizacji rynku gazu wprowadzenie obliga stanowiło krok we właściwym kierunku, choć instrument ten nie odpowiadał uwarunkowaniom rynkowym istniejącym w okresie, w którym obligo zostało wprowadzone. Niezależnie jednak od wprowadzenia giełdowego obliga gazowego zasadniczy wpływ na wzrost znaczenia giełdowego obrotu gazem będzie mieć zaś przede wszystkim dywersyfikacja kierunków i źródeł dostaw tego surowca.
The article deals with the origin and purpose of the exchange obligation related to natural gas (an obligation to sell some of the natural gas on an exchange), it shows specifics of this regulation as well as related requirements. Further the paper presents what effects it had to implement exchange obligation and what was the reason to introduce it. According to the author the regulation is a right solution in the Polish law but its level should be less than 10%. The exchange obligation was introduced already in 2012 and this is considered as unpremeditated action with the main aim to weaken the dominant role of the gas company PGNiG. The regulation is a step in the right direction to liberalize gas market in Poland though this tool wasn’t appropriate for the market at the time it was introduced. However, notwithstanding the introduction of exchange obligation, diversification of routes and sources to supply natural gas will have the major impact on gas trading via exchange.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2016, 8, 4; 137-152
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oszustwo podatkowe na przykładzie wystawienia fikcyjnych faktur VAT
Tax Fraud on the Example of Issuing Fictitious VAT Invoices
Autorzy:
Kobylski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/36094726.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
tax
taxpayer
tax obligation
tax fraud
invoices
abuse
Opis:
The purpose of this article. In the literature, you can find quite extensive studies on value added tax, while the issue of tax fraud on the example of issuing fictitious VAT invoices from the perspective of the effect of Art. 56 § 1 of the Act of September 10, 1999 – Fiscal Penal Code has been treated quite fragmentarily. The main research objective of this study is to characterize the impact of the above-mentioned legal regulation in determining the scope of its impact on the tax law system. The work will prove that it is actually unjustified to maintain the current structure of the model of the right to deduct this tax. In connection with the above, the aim of the work will be to assess the directions of changes in the analyzed institution against the background of the applicable legal provisions. Methodology. It was created on the basis of an analysis of the content of legal acts and documents as well as studies of the subject literature. The result of the research. The taxpayer should not be held responsible for unlawful actions of third parties with regard to the fulfillment of the tax obligation in the tax on goods and services. Based on the considerations, it can be concluded that as long as the current structure of the model of the right to deduct tax on goods and services is maintained, this issue will still remain open.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2022, 2 (Numer Specjalny); 7-18
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System szczepień ochronnych dzieci – szczepienia jako profilaktyka chorób zakaźnych
System of Vaccinations for Children – Vaccinations as Prevention of Contagious Diseases
Autorzy:
Dziwisz, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416459.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12
Wydawca:
Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Tematy:
vaccinations
vaccination obligation
unwanted vaccination reaction
contagious diseases
prevention
Opis:
Vaccinations are the most effective prevention of contagious diseases. They are supposed to prevent from catching contagious diseases, as well as to develop resistance of the whole population, which provides protection also to those persons who due to medical contraindications could not have been vaccinated. However, in order to obtain effective protection against return of contagious diseases epidemics, it is necessary to maintain the high percentage of those vaccinated. That is why a trend towards not to vaccinating children, which has been growing everywhere in Europe, is alarming. The reasons behind this trend are parents’ fears that vaccinations can negatively affect the health and development of children.
Źródło:
Kontrola Państwowa; 2016, 61, 6 (371); 91-98
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:
Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The duration of the civil obligation, the termination of the contract
Autorzy:
Guyvan, Petro
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128095.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
term of the civil contract
duration of the obligation
Opis:
This scientific article is devoted to the study of the current issue of the duration of civil liability and its relationship with the term of the contract. There is a position that the subjective rights and obligations of the parties to the contract remain valid until terminated. Every obligation has its duration, and the term is its key characteristic and is included in the content of the obligation. The expiration of the term of the right and the corresponding obligation should, in theory, lead to the termination of the obligation. This applies to both regulatory relations (intact) and security (those that arise and develop autonomously after the offense). The paper focuses on the general principles of termination of obligations provided for in Chapter 50 of the Civil Code. These are grounds such as performance, crediting of counter-obligations, innovation, impossibility of performance, etc. However, it is emphasized that the current legislation does not define the expiration of the term as a ground for termination of the obligation. This is its significant disadvantage. With a certain assumption, it can be considered a settled legal relationship, which has no protective capacity in the event of expiration of the cut-off period. But in the law there is no such regulation of the relationship, limited in time by ordinary deadlines. This applies to the duration of all civil contracts. The contract may be terminated not only as a result of unilateral actions of the party, but also with the consent of the counterparties and as a result of other phenomena. The author proves that the contract ends with the termination of obligations contained in the contract. In other words, it is terminated due to exhaustion of conditions. An unfulfilled contract may also be terminated early. This is possible by mutual consent of the participants, or by the will of one counterparty, if provided by the agreement or established by law. The article examines in detail the grounds and mechanisms of these actions, special attention is paid to the termination of the contract as a sanction for improper compliance with its terms. After all, such an action, along with the termination of regulatory obligations, can give rise to others – security. These obligations are related to the return of the performed (for example, the return of the leased thing), compensation for damages, performance in kind of counter-obligation, etc.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2022, 22; 42-55
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Traktowanie pandemii wywołanej chorobą COVID-19 jako siły wyższej w kontekście zobowiązań umownych oraz biegu terminu przedawnienia w polskim prawie cywilnym
Autorzy:
Kozień, Kamila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034064.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
siła wyższa
pandemia COVID-19
zobowiązanie umowne
niewykonanie zobowiązania
odpowiedzialność
force majeure
COVID-19 pandemic
contractual obligation
non-performance of an obligation
liability
Opis:
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wskazanie, czy obecnie panująca pandemia, związana z chorobą wywołaną przez wirus SARS-CoV-2, może być uznana na gruncie prawa cywilnego jako zdarzenie siły wyższej w kontekście zobowiązań umownych. Konieczne więc będzie rozważenie, czym jest siła wyższa w rozumieniu prawa cywilnego i jakie przesłanki muszą być spełnione, aby dane zdarzenie można było uznać za siłę wyższą. Nie ulega bowiem wątpliwości, że pandemia COVID-19 wywarła ogromny wpływ na obrót gospodarczy. Uzasadnione więc jest pytanie, czy pandemia ta może być traktowana jako siła wyższa uzasadniająca zwolnienie z odpowiedzialności za niewykonanie zobowiązania bądź zawieszenie biegu terminu przedawnienia w związku z niemożnością dochodzenia roszczeń w czasie jej trwania. Należy jednak zaznaczyć, iż opracowanie ma charakter ogólny i nie dotyczy rozwiązań szczegółowych.
The aim of this article is to indicate whether the current pandemic related to the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be recognised from a legal perspectice in the context of contractual obligations. It is essential to consider what force majeure is within the meaning of the civil law and what premises have to be fulfil to recognise the unforeseen circumstance as force majeure. The COVID-19 pandemic exerted, without a doubt, a huge influence on economic turnover. Here comes up a question whether this pandemic can be treated as force majeure justifying an exemption from liability for non-permormance of an obligation or suspension of the time-limit for the period of limitation in connection with an impossibility of prosecution of claims during the pandemic. It should be pointed out that the article is general and it does not involve detailed solutions.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2021, 97; 111-129
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Własność kościelna w systemie ochrony przeciwpowodziowej na Żuławach i Dolinie Dolnej Wisły w średniowieczu
Church property in the flood protection system in Żuławy and the Lower Vistula Valley in the Middle Ages
Autorzy:
Długokęcki, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2144336.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
Żuławy
dolina dolnej Wisły
obowiązek wałowy
grunty parafialne
wykupienie obowiązku wałowego
Lower Vistula Valley
dike obligation
parish land
purchase of dike obligation
Opis:
W XIV w. za sprawą zakonu krzyżackiego na Żuławach Wiślanych i w dolinie dolnej Wisły przeprowadzono akcje kolonizacyjną i zbudowano system przeciwpowodziowo-odwadniający. Społeczno-ekonomiczna efektywność tych działań uzależniona była od racjonalnego podziału pracy między jego utrzymaniem w należytym stanie a rolniczo-hodowlaną eksploatacją gruntów. Podstawowe znaczenie miała zasada prawna kein Land ohne Deich. Oznaczała ona, że na każdym właścicielu ziemi chronionej przez wały, bez względu na jego stan, spoczywał obowiązek wałowy. Wywołało to kontrowersje między wspólnotą przeciwpowodziową Żuław Wielkich a plebanami. Ten długoletni spór został zakończony w 1387 r. wykupieniem wszystkich zobowiązań spoczywających na ziemi kościelnej, z wyjątkiem prac wewnątrz granic wsi.
In the 14th century, thanks to the Teutonic Order, colonisation of Żuławy Wiślane (the alluvial delta area of the Vistula River) and the lower Vistula valley was carried out and a flood control and drainage system was built. The social and economic effectiveness of these activities depended on a rational division of labour between its maintenance and agricultural exploitation of land. The legal principle kein Land ohne Deich was fundamental. It meant that every owner of land protected by dikes, regardless of its condition, had a dike obligation. This gave rise to a controversy between the flood protection community of the Żulawy Wielkie and the parsonages. This long-running dispute was ended in 1387 by the redemption of all obligations resting on church land, except for work inside the village boundaries.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2021, 22; 9-20
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Administracyjnoprawny obowiązek szczepienia dzieci a zgoda przedstawiciela ustawowego na badania kwalifikacyjne
Mandatory child vaccination and the consent of a statutory representative for the performance of a qualifying medical examination
Autorzy:
Haberko, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/927295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
vaccination
obligation
statutory representative
consent
szczepienie
obowiązek
przedstawiciel ustawowy
zgoda
Opis:
The article focuses on the analysis of the parent situation (or statutory representatives) who are under legal requirement to subject their children to preventive vaccination. The main deliberations focus on answering the question of how the parents’ (or statutory representatives’) position should be treated if they, relying on the principle of autonomy and their parental rights, and pointing to their duty to exercise care of a minor and to represent a minor child, fail to take any action intended to implement the obligation imposed by law. Parents refer to the principle of child’s welfare and argue that vaccination constitutes an essential threat to the values they recognise, such as autonomy, freedom to make decisions regarding the actual situation and legal position of a child, or the child’s welfare. The issue of parents’ autonomy and implementation of child’s welfare is raised. Parents often bring up an argument of the harmful eff ects of vaccination and claim that by refusing to agree to vaccination they exercise the principle of child’s welfare. The legal character of the refusal to consent to child vaccination is also analysed. Here, deliberations are set in the context of imprecisely formulated statutory provisions and their mutual relations, especially in the context of the meeting of acts from two branches of law:  administrative and civil, and within the latter family law in particular. An attempt has been made to explain doubts whether despite the mandatory requirement and resulting from it obligation threatened with an administrative fi ne statutory representatives still have a right to express or not consent for vaccination of their children or to decide about at any stage of the procedure.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2017, 3 (19); 9-28
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Projekt skodyfikowania przestępstw przeciwko obronności państwa w ramach kodeksu karnego
Autorzy:
Leśko, Teofil (1929-1990).
Powiązania:
Wojskowy Przegląd Prawniczy 1990, nr 1, s. 53-58
Współwytwórcy:
Stenkiewicz, Andrzej. Polemika
Data publikacji:
1990
Tematy:
Obowiązek obronny powszechny prawo projekty 1990 r.
General defensive obligation
Opis:
Polem. : Z problematyki projektu rozdziału przestępstw przeciwko obronności / Andrzej Stenkiewicz
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obowiązek oparty na preferencji
Obligation Based on Preference
Autorzy:
Drofiszyn, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38429569.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Filozofii
Tematy:
Henryk Elzenberg
moral obligation
value
deontic logic
logic of preference
Opis:
The paper presents a formalization of Henryk Elzenberg’s system of axiology, which features the notions of value, ought, and obligation. The formalization I propose is constructed in the language of sentential modal logic. However, as Elzenberg was well aware, his system of axiology had several difficulties. To avoid them, I propose a modification of the system’s foundations and show that it preserves the formal properties of ought and obligation postulated by Elzenberg. To show this, I express in the proposed formal language a certain theory of the logic of preference that I describe from the syntactical as well as the semantical point of view.
Źródło:
Filozofia Nauki; 2022, 30, 3; 101-130
1230-6894
2657-5868
Pojawia się w:
Filozofia Nauki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ludzkie ciało i powinność moralna. Artykuł recenzyjny monografii wieloautorskiej
The human body and moral obligation. Review article
Autorzy:
Olczyk, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31339344.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
anthropology
body
integrity
moral obligation
antropologia
ciało
integralność
powinność moralna
Opis:
Celem artykułu recenzyjnego jest krytyczne omówienie i skomentowanie treści zawartych w monografii pt. Integralność ludzkiego ciała jako powinność moralna. Przesłanie moralne Kościoła, która pod redakcją K. Smykowskiego ukazała się na rynku wydawniczym w 2022 roku. W recenzowanej publikacji przybliżono i zanalizowano dwa podstawowe znaczenia, w jakich możemy mówić o zależności wspomnianej w tytule monografii. W artykule ukazano, w jaki sposób pryncypium integralności ludzkiego ciała znajduje zastosowanie w antropologii teologicznomoralnej, bioetyce oraz w wielu innych praktycznych dyscyplinach wiedzy, takich jak: prawo kanoniczne, katechetyka pedagogika, homiletyka i nauki społeczne.
The purpose of this review article is to critically discuss and comment on the contents of the monograph entitled Integralność ciała ludzkiego jako powinność moralna. Przesłanie moralne Kościoła [The integrity of the human body as a moral obligation. The moral message of the Church], which, edited by K. Smykowski, appeared on the publishing market in 2022. In the reviewed publication, two basic meanings in which we can talk about the dependence mentioned in the title of the monograph are brought closer and analysed. The article shows how the principium of the integrity of the human body finds application in theological and moral anthropology, bioethics and in many other practical disciplines of knowledge, such as canon law, catechetical pedagogy, homiletics and social sciences.
Źródło:
Teologia i moralność; 2022, 17, 2(32); 341-362
1898-2964
2450-4602
Pojawia się w:
Teologia i moralność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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