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    Tytuł:
    The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in wind-damaged stands of the eastern part of the Tatra National Park - the population dynamics pattern remains constant
    Autorzy:
    Grodzki, Wojciech
    Gąsienica Fronek, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042492.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
    Tematy:
    Picea abies
    mountain forests
    insect outbreak
    nature conservation
    Opis:
    In March 2017, in the eastern part of the Tatra National Park in Poland, large windthrowns affected the passively and actively protected Norway spruce Picea abies stands. In early 2018, a set of 12 small research plots (20 trees on each plot) was established in the Norway spruce stands next to the windblown area – 6 in the stands under active nature protection (broken and fallen trees processed in 2017), and 6 in the stands under passive nature protection (trees left on the ground). Living trees on the plots were regularly checked during the growing season in order to identify and register the spruces infested by Ips typographus, which were dissected in 2 or 4 halfmeter sections. 155 spruces (64%) infested by I. typographus were recorded on all 12 plots: 118 out of 120 (98%) in passive and 37 out of 120 trees (31%) in active protection. Mean infestation density calculated on 128 samples from 47 trees was higher under passive than under active protection (1.23 and 0.92 mating chamber per 1 dm2, respectively). Among 1709 gallery systems, those with 2 maternal galleries prevailed (63.0%); the mean share of females was higher in passive than in active protection zone (63.1 and 59.6% respectively). The mean number of progeny per one female was higher in active than in passive protection zone (20.23 and 19.12 respectively). I. typographus attack on standing trees had lower intensity in the stands previously subjected to the processing and removal of fallen and broken trees, which indicates positive effect of implemented active protection procedures. The parameters describing I. typographus population on attacked trees, as well as low activity of natural enemies, demonstrate its reproduction potential and resulting high risk of a new outbreak, according to the pattern known earlier from the other areas in Poland and Europe.
    Źródło:
    Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2019, 61, 3; 174-181
    0071-6677
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Plan urządzenia lasu w Polsce - problemy i kierunki rozwoju
    Forest management plan in Poland - problems and development directions
    Autorzy:
    Jaszczak, R.
    Bankowski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142636.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
    Tematy:
    mountain forests
    urban forests
    experimental forests
    private forests
    social factor
    economic factor
    lasy górskie
    lasy miejskie
    lasy doświadczalne
    lasy prywatne
    czynnik społeczny
    czynnik ekonomiczny
    Opis:
    nowadays, improving forest management is done by way of amendments to the forest management instructions, silvicultural rules and forest protection instructions. From the point of view of forest management, the most important is the forest management plan, the basic document prepared for a specific object, containing a description and assessment of the state of the forest, as well as the objectives, tasks and ways of forest management. Before each subsequent revision of the forest management guidelines, new instructions are developed in consultation with the public, based on discussions on the proposed changes that are in each case to serve as the best plan for forest management. the forest management plan is vital as it ties together silviculture, conservation, production and non-production purposes as well as social forestry tasks, but only if the primary and operational nature of the objectives considered at the stage of creating the plan are recognized. therefore, the role of forest management in shaping and protecting the environment cannot be overestimated. In this work, we outline the basic principles and rights related to both, forest management under various forms of ownership, as well as detailed guidelines for the content of the forest management plan. We found that the specificity of mountain forests requires the use of different rules and methods. taking into account the exis- ting rich scientific achievements, it is tempting to attempt to develop forest management instructions specifically for mountain forests, whether in the form of a separate chapter or a separate publication. the basic problem with forest management under other forms of ownership (urban, experimental, private forests) is the lack of a detailed legal basis accounting for their specific nature. therefore, appropriate steps should be taken towards intro- ducing appropriate new or supplementary provisions into the forest legislation, which would allow for the development of modern standards. For the state Forests, forest management instructions should be prepared by a team of experts appointed by the Minister of the Environment who will approve the finished document for official use. the forest management plan should include an economic annex focused on the forecast of the expected financial result, inclu- ding costs associated with a deviation from the optimal due to social or protective reasons.
    Źródło:
    Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2020, 81, 3; 139-146
    1732-9442
    2082-8926
    Pojawia się w:
    Leśne Prace Badawcze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uszkodzenia drzew w górskich przedrębnych drzewostanach sosnowych
    Tree damage in premature mountain Scots pine stands
    Autorzy:
    Zastocki, D.
    Walczak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973750.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    drzewostany sosnowe
    uszkodzenia drzew
    pozyskiwanie drewna
    zrywka drewna
    szlaki zrywkowe
    leśnictwo
    lasy górskie
    drzewostany przedrębne
    mountain forests
    stand damage
    private forest firms
    Opis:
    The aim of the study is to evaluate the selected methods and technological processes of wood harvesting used by Forest Service Enterprises and analyse the impact of the adopted solutions on the selected elements of the forest environment. The study is limited to a detailed analysis of the extent of damage to trees retained in stands caused by extraction during late thinning operations carried out under difficult mountain conditions. Analysed stands with pine as a dominant tree species (its percentage share exceeding 70%) aged 41−60 years and grew on the mountain forest habitat. Wood was harvested using the assortment method and skidded by the adapted farm tractors and specialized skidders, such as Kockums 812 and VFA.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2011, 155, 09; 642-650
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestrzenny rozkład wilgotności gruntu w obszarze przyległym do wylotu urządzeń odwadniających drogi leśne
    Spatial distribution of soil moisture in the area adjacent to the outlet of forest roads drainage devices
    Autorzy:
    Gołąb, J.
    Badach, E.
    Słowik-Opoka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989490.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    inzynieria lesna
    drogi lesne
    urzadzenia odwadniajace
    stoki
    wilgotnosc gruntu
    rozklad wilgotnosci
    rozklad przestrzenny
    osuwiska
    mountain forests
    forest roads
    drainage devices
    landslides
    soil moisture
    Opis:
    Transformation of the natural environment of human life may have different speed, depending on the number of conditions, especially the climate. There is a long−term transformation, but also the sudden changes, often having for humans the nature of disaster. An example of sudden and undesirable changes in the environment are observed in form of movements of soil on the slopes of the mountain. One of the environmental factors that determine the slope stability is the current soil moisture. Its sudden increase caused by heavy rain or spring thaw can significantly change soil physical conditions and triger landslides. Water saturation may also occur in soils of these areas, to which water from the road drainage devices flows. The aim of the study is to determine the spatial distribution of soil moisture in the outlet of the drainage facilities for forest roads in the context of changes in selected soil characteristics affecting the possibility of landslides. We selected two culverts and two open top culverts that drain the forest road in Gorce National Park. The most important for the observations was to determine the spatial distribution of soil moisture and soil moisture differences in selected locations of an outlet of the road drainage facilities in relation to the place of outlet and the unit drain line. In the analysis of measurement results, there was no significant difference between the average humidity clustered according to ‘position' and by the ‘line'. The significance of this was obtained for the average moisture grouped according to ‘depth'. This can be explained by the impermeability of land and a large decrease in the slopes in the area of research. In general, rather small soil moisture fluctuations, despite the variability of rainfall, in conjunction with significant fraction of skeleton particles, do not create conditions conducive to the formation of landslides.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 10; 861-870
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zamieranie limby w Tatrach – ocena skali zjawiska i roli owadów kambiofagicznych
    Swiss stone pine dieback in the Tatra Mts. – assessment of intensity and impact of cambiophagous insects
    Autorzy:
    Grodzki, W.
    Zięba, A.
    Zwijacz-Kozica, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979570.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Tatry
    drzewa lesne
    sosna limba
    Pinus cembra
    zamieranie drzew
    szkodniki roslin
    kambiofagi
    Scolytinae
    Cerambycidae
    pinus cembra
    scolytinae
    cerambycidae
    high−mountain forests
    nature conservation
    Opis:
    The strictly protected Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) is one of the most valuable elements of Polish dendroflora, naturally distributed only in the Tatra Mts. (S Poland/N Slovakia). In 2008−2009 intense P. cembra dieback was recorded in Slovak part of the mountains, especially in the localities adjacent to the Norway spruce stands affected by bark beetle Ips typographus outbreak. The mortality of individual P. cembra trees was observed in 2012 also in the Polish part, next to the area of the bark beetle outbreak on spruce. In the winter 2017/2018 the survey was carried out in order to assess the intensity of P. cembra dieback and the impact of the bark and wood boring insects on this process. In Suchej Wody Valley, where all P. cembra trees were precisely mapped in 2004−2008, health status of all previously living trees were checked again. In the summer 2018 bark samples from 50 dying or dead standing trees attacked by those insects and distributed over the whole Tatra National Park area were collected in order to define their species composition based on the gallery systems and (if possible) beetles or their fragments. Only 4 out of 439 checked trees (<1%) were recorded as dead. The bark samples were collected mostly from dead trees (88%), and in some cases from dying ones. The presence of insects belonging to 10 taxa (Curculionidae, Scolytinae – 6, Molytinae – 1; Cerambycidae – 2) was detected. Most of them is known as infesting Norway spruce. The most frequently (on the entire tree level) occurring were Cerambycids Tetropium sp. (56%) and Rhagium sp. (36%), as well as I. typographus (52%), contrarily to the species known as living on or preferring P. cembra (I. amitinus, Pissodes pini, Polygraphus sp.). The dieback of Swiss stone pine seems to be a slow process, in which the bark and wood boring insects (I. typographus, I. amitinus, Tetropium sp., Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphus sp.) are involved, but rather as secondary factor affecting weakened trees. However, the possible impact of the bark beetle outbreak in neighbouring spruce stands, expressed by high I. typographus frequency, should be also taken in consideration.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 10; 795-801
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy planowania składu gatunkowego w lasach górskich na przykładzie Beskidu Niskiego
    Basis of the species composition planning model for mountain forests on the example of Beskid Niski Mts.
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Mionskowski, M.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972988.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    hodowla lasu
    planowanie
    czynniki siedliska
    typy siedliskowe lasu
    leśnictwo
    tereny górskie
    lasy górskie
    skład gatunkowy
    wysokość nad poziomem morza
    rzeźba terenu
    species composition
    habitats
    landforms
    mountain forests
    Opis:
    The study presents a method of planning species composition of forest stands in mountain areas on the example of Beskid Niski Mts. (south−eastern Poland). The focus was on the species composition of forest stands growing in different conditions, taking into account the type of forest habitat and terrain characteristics: altitude, exposition and slope. The research was based on data stored in the Information System of the State Forests. We used modified growth model for data processing and calculation of site index for the forests older than 60 years. The Beskid Niski Mts. are covered mostly by European beech (33.8%), silver fir (28.3%) and Scots pine (18.9%). Taking into account exclusively the productive capacity of individual forest stands, fir and spruce would be the most desirable species in analysed region. The Beskid Niski Mts. are characterized by a very small diversity of the habitat with domination of mountain fresh deciduous forest (LGśw, 92.1% of the area). We divided analysed region into four altitudinal zones that vary greatly in fraction of afforested area. Beech dominates in all zones and its share increases from the foothills to montane zone (fig. 5). Basing on a digital terrain model, the areal share of 10 landforms was determined for each stand and altitudinal zone (fig. 8). This enabled more detailed planning of species composition. However, it required the adoption of six specific assumptions including the need to maintain a suitable proportion of all tree species growing in the mountains, specifically the main forest tree species: spruce, fir and beech. The 5−stage project (preliminary, historical, current, planning, verification stages) consisting of planning species composition uses, in stage 4, detailed information on landforms. The project assumes that the fragments of forests where trees are expected to grow fast will be earmarked for endangered species. The model sees the need of planting the weaker tree species to be present in the forest ecosystems of the Beskid Niski. The proposed project will enable foresters−practitioners to plan the forest species composition for each of the forest districts in the Beskid Niski quickly. Such a programme might also be an integral part of the growth model of forests useful for forecasting and increasing timber resources.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 03; 219-229
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmienność cech szyszek i nasion świerka pospolitego (Picea abies (L.) Karst) w zależności od ich lokalizacji w koronie drzewa
    Variability of the selected traits of Picea abies (L.) Karst. cones and seeds depending on their location in the crown
    Autorzy:
    Jastrzębowski, S.
    Kantorowicz, W.
    Ukalski, K.
    Klisz, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/980287.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    lasy gorskie
    swierk pospolity
    Picea abies
    szyszki swierku
    cechy jakosciowe
    nasiona
    jakosc nasion
    lokalizacja w koronie drzewa
    norway spruce
    seeds quality
    crown zone
    cone distribution
    mountain forests
    Opis:
    The objective of the study was to determine whether differences exist between the selected characteristics of Norway spruce cones and seeds depending on their location in the crown. The study was performed in two spruce tree stands growing under mountainous conditions (the Beskidy Mountains, southern Poland). In winter 2015, the cones were collected from 60 standing trees located in the two selected seed stands – Ujsoły and Rycerka. From each tree, the cones were collected from three crown zones: top, central and bottom differing in terms of light conditions. Two characteristics of the cones and six characteristics of the seeds were analysed. To determine quantitative and qualitative traits of seeds standard methods for seed testing were applied. Significant differences between the populations were determined for cone weight and fraction of full seeds, weight of 1000 seeds and germination capacity. The crown zones differed significantly in terms of fraction of cones in the parts of the crown and mass of one cone as well as weight of 1000 seeds, germination energy and germination capacity. Moreover, a significant intra−population variation was observed for a majority of the analysed characteristics (fraction of full seeds, weight of one cone, weight of 1000 seeds, germination energy, and germination capacity). However, no statistically significant interaction between population and crown zone was observed. A significantly lower contribution of cones in the bottom zone of the crown may affect the economic viability of the commercial harvest. On the other hand some of the important seeds traits (e.g. weight of 1000 seeds, germination energy and germination capacity) were significantly better in the bottom and central part of the crown than in the top zone. There are no justified circumstances (both qualitative and quantitative) to perform the cone harvest only from the top zone of the crown.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 01; 3-12
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ocena funkcjonowania modeli ryzyka uszkodzenia drzewostanów przez wiatr w górach na przykładzie Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego
    Assessment of the risk models of the wind damage to the stands in the mountains - the Tatra National Park case study
    Autorzy:
    Zięba, S.
    Doleżuchowicz, M.
    Banaś, J.
    Bujoczek, L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989579.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    lasy gorskie
    wiatry
    huragany
    szkody w lesie
    szkody od wiatru
    uszkodzenia drzewostanow
    modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
    Tatrzanski Park Narodowy
    norway spruce
    damaged from the wind
    mountain forests
    forestry planning
    regional planning
    Opis:
    The paper assesses the performance of the risk models of the wind damage to the mountain forest stands located in the Tatra National Park (southern Poland). The models assume that the forest susceptibility to the damage from the wind depends on the characteristics of stands, their location and frequency of the occurrence of damage in the past. According to the methodology we built 5 variants of models, which take into account the following attributes: various stand features, forest type, regional factor of the damage to the the trees, thickness scrap, subversive and deadwood from the stand in the last 10 years, characteristics of the terrain: exhibition, slope inclination and altitude above sea level. The model output is a classification of the stand susceptibility to the wind damage expressed by a number between 0 and 3 (0.5 interval). The suitability of each variant was tested by comparing the in−class rate as well as the area and growing stock of undamaged and damaged stands. In this study we rated 2908 stands with a total area of 15,386.05 ha. Taking into account the risk class, it is possible to develop the appropriate procedures in order to limit the damage. The analysis conducted for the forests of the Tatra National Park showed high compliance of the developed risk models with the damages arising by the wind. This is confirmed by a particularly high proportion of damaged forest stands included in the class of high risk. Their fraction ranged from 43.8% (WR1) to 92.4% (WR5). Considering the position and stands characteristics the greatest damage arose at an altitude of 950 to 1000 m (70.2%) and the exposures NW, N and NE (60.2%).
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 05; 378-387
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Detekcja posuszu kornikowego z wykorzystaniem zobrazowań BlackBridge na przykładzie drzewostanów Sudetów i Beskidów
    Detection of bark beetle infected trees with BlackBridge image on the example of the Sudety and the Beskidy mountains
    Autorzy:
    Kycko, M.
    Stereńczak, K.
    Bałazy, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989357.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Beskidy Zachodnie
    Sudety
    lasy gorskie
    drzewostany swierkowe
    drzewa martwe
    posusz
    teledetekcja
    zdjecia satelitarne
    zobrazowania BlackBridge
    blackbridge
    condition of forests
    satellite image classification
    mountain areas
    Opis:
    BlackBridge imagery is one of the new means of information used in forest condition analysis. Rapid Eye satellite data with a 5 m spatial resolution register spectral information from 440 to 850 nm through 5 spectral bands. This range of electromagnetic spectrum provides information on plant chlorophyll content as well as cell structure. Such data allows to monitor vegetation condition. This paper focuses on a research conducted in the Sudety and Western Beskidy mountains (southern Poland). The aim of the research was to verify whether high resolution satellite imagery is applicable in detection of the damages caused by Ips typographus and acid rain in Norway spruce dominated stands through supervised classification. BlackBridge Rapid Eye satellite images from 2012 and 2013 were analysed. Various modifications of classification methods were tested, including change in combination of spectral bands. Each method resulted in different classification accuracy. Best results were observed in case of the Maximum Likelihood classification method applied on all spectral bands. The analysis showed that the time of the image registration has a significant impact on classification results. The average classification accuracy for 2012 images was 0.53, whereas for 2013 – 0.69. Moreover, information gathered from 5 m pixels is too general to classify individual dead trees in a precise manner. Tested methods are applicable only in detection of clusters of dead trees.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 09; 707-719
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przez wąwozy i lasy. Armia bizantyńska wobec trudno dostępnych obszarów w świetle IX konstytucji Taktyk Leona VI Mądrego
    Crossing forests and ravines: the struggles of the Byzantine army in difficult terrain in the light of Constitution Nine of the Taktika by Leo VI the Wise
    Autorzy:
    Marinow, Kirił
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/688668.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Bizancjum
    bizantyńska sztuka wojenna
    działania wojenne w górach
    bizantyńskie podręczniki wojskowości
    Taktyki Leona VI Mądrego
    góry i lasy w Bizancjum
    Byzantium
    Byzantine art of war
    mountain warfare
    Byzantine military manuals
    Taktika of Leo the Wise
    mountains and forests in Byzantium
    Opis:
    The Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (886–912) wrote an extensive military treatise which compiled the knowledge of the Byzantines in the art of war. Among his considerations, one can find a discussion concerning the issue of ensuring safe and effective passage of the imperial army marching across difficult and dangerous areas, most notably mountain ravines and forests. The article in hand presents a detailed analysis of Constitution Nine of the Taktika, which the author devoted to marching. The said analysis demonstrates the especially difficult conditions faced by the troops in difficult terrain, where the possibility of easy manoeuvring was markedly limited; the crossing of areas such as these was seen as particularly dangerous on account of being very suitable for a sudden counterattack of the enemy waiting in ambush. Thus, the treatise appealed for cautious approach to such territories and advised to leave it behind at the earliest opportunity. As a result, the learned emperor recommended maximising the agility of the army while planning an invasion: dispensing with large wagons, using pack animals instead of carts, relieving the heavily armed infantrymen of some of their equipment. Under such circumstances, the army had to depend on the light and more agile infantry regiments for its protection and with regard to military action: the peltasts were particularly effective in densely forested areas, while the slingers and archers were more suitable for fighting in mountain gorges. Generally speaking, it was much easier for the infantry to cross such territories, which made their role become more prominent in mountainous and forested areas. These recommendations were all the more important given the fact that the territory of the Byzantine Empire was for the most part composed of such areas, particularly in the Balkan Peninsula.
    Cesarz bizantyński Leon VI Mądry (886–912) jest autorem obszernego kompendium o tematyce militarnej, które stanowiło podsumowanie dotychczasowej wiedzy Bizantyńczyków w dziedzinie sztuki wojennej. W swoich rozważaniach nie pominął także istotnego zagadnienia, jakim były zasady bezpiecznego i skutecznego przekraczania trudno dostępnych i niebezpiecznych terenów – przede wszystkim wąwozów górskich i obszarów zalesionych – przez maszerującą armię cesarską. W tym kontekście w artykule szczegółowej analizie poddano IX konstytucję Taktyk cesarskich, która poświęcona została właśnie przemarszom wojska bizantyńskiego. W świetle tej analizy wzmiankowane tereny jawią się jako szczególnie trudne do poruszania się, wyjątkowo ograniczające swobodne manewrowanie oddziałów, a co za tym idzie – skrajnie niebezpieczne, gdyż idealne do zorganizowania w nich zasadzki przez przeciwnika. Forsując zatem takie terytoria, należało zachować szczególną czujność, starając się opuścić je możliwie najszybciej. W związku z tym uczony cesarz rekomendował, by planując najazd na wrogie terytorium charakteryzujące się powyższą rzeźbą terenu, maksymalnie zredukować obciążenia armii – zrezygnować z dużych taborów, wozy zastąpić zwierzętami jucznymi, ograniczyć liczbę jeźdźców, a ciężkozbrojnych piechurów oswobodzić z części rynsztunku. Ciężar osłony armii i działań zbrojnych na takich obszarach spadał na lekkozbrojne i bardziej mobilne jednostki piesze, przy czym oszczepnicy byli najskuteczniejsi w gęsto zarosłych terenach, a łucznicy i procarze w pozbawionych gęstego zalesieniach wąwozach górskich. W ogóle oddziałom pieszym łatwiej było pokonać takie terytoria, co podnosiło ich znaczenie podczas działań w górach i lasach. Rekomendacje te miały o tyle istotne znaczenie, że znaczne terytoria cesarstwa bizantyńskiego, szczególnie te znajdujące się na obszarze Półwyspu Bałkańskiego, charakteryzowały się właśnie górzystym i lesistym ukształtowaniem.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica; 2017, 99; 11-32
    0208-6050
    2450-6990
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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