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Tytuł:
Multi-level marketing as a business model
Multi-level marketing jako model biznesu
Autorzy:
Gregor, Bogdan
Wadlewski, Aron Axel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941525.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-03
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
binary system
business
distribution
matrix system
multi-level marketing
sales network
uni-level system
marketing
system binarny
system matrycowy
system uni-level
dystrybucja
sieć sprzedaży
Opis:
Multi-level marketing is a very popular business model in the Western countries. It is a kind of hybrid of the method of distribution of goods and the method of building a sales network. It is one of the safest (carries a very low risk) ways of conducting a business activity. The knowledge about functioning of this business model, both among theoreticians (scanty literature on the subject) and practitioners, is still insufficient in Poland. Thus, the presented paper has been prepared as — in the Authors’ opinion — it, at least infinitesimally, bridges the gap in the recognition of Multi-Level Marketing issues. The aim of the study was, first of all, to describe Multi-Level Marketing, to indicate practical benefits of this business model as well as to present basic systems of calculating a commission, which are used in marketing plans of companies. The discussion was based on the study of literature and the knowledge gained in the course of free-form interviews with the leaders of the sector.
Multi-level marketing jest popularnym w krajach zachodnich modelem biznesu. Model ten jest swoistą hybrydą sposobu dystrybucji towarów oraz metodą budowania sieci sprzedaży. Jest jednym z najbardziej bezpiecznych (z uwagi na niskie ryzyko) sposobów prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Wiedza o funkcjonowaniu tego modelu biznesu, zarówno wśród teoretyków (uboga literatura przedmiotu) jak i praktyków, jest w Polsce ciągle niewystarczająca. Stąd też niniejsze opracowanie — w przeświadczeniu autorów – chociaż w minimalnym stopniu wypełnia istniejącą lukę w rozpoznaniu problematyki multi-level marketingu. Jego celem jest przede wszystkim przybliżenie istoty multi-level marketingu, wskazanie na praktyczne korzyści tego modelu biznesu oraz zaprezentowanie podstawowych systemów naliczania prowizji jakie występują w planach marketingowych firm. Rozważania oparto na studiach literaturowych oraz na wiedzy pozyskanej w trakcie przeprowadzonych wywiadów swobodnych z liderami firm tej branży.
Źródło:
Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych; 2013, 1(7); 2-19
2353-8414
Pojawia się w:
Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computation of positive stable realizations for linear continuous-time systems
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200186.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
positive
stable
realization
system Metzler matrix
procedure
linear continuous-time
Opis:
Conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations with system Metzler matrices for proper transfer function are established. It is shown that there exists a proper stable realization of transfer function of second order if and only if the transfer function has real negative poles. Sufficient conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations of transfer function of third order are established. A method based on the decomposition of transfer functions into the first, second and third orders transfer functions for computation of positive stable realizations is proposed. A method for computation of positive stable realizations of transfer functions with real negative poles and zeros is given.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2011, 59, 3; 273-281
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Positive stable realizations with system Metzler matrices
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229477.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
positive stable realization
system Metzler matrix
linear continuous-time systems
Opis:
Conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations with system Metzler matrices for linear continuous-time systems are established. A procedure for finding a positive stable realization with system Metzler matrix based on similarity transformation of proper transfer matrices is proposed and demonstrated on numerical examples. It is shown that if the poles of stable transfer matrix are real then the classical Gilbert method can be used to find the positive stable realization.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2011, 21, 2; 167-188
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The method of the fast Radon transform calculation based on the usage of scheme calculation symmetry properties
Metoda szybkich przekształceń Radona bazująca w obliczeniach na użyciu własności symetrii
Autorzy:
KOBASYAR, MYHAYLO
KOSAREVYCH, ROSTYSLAV
BOHDAN, RUSYN
MOLGA, AGNIESZKA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/456296.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Tematy:
transformation
integration line
rotational-mirrored symmetries
system matrix
transformacja
linia integracji
obrotowa symetria obrazu
system macierzy
Opis:
The method of the fast Radon transform calculation whith uses properties of symmetry has been proposed. The scheme calculation symmetry properties were investigated. It allows to calculate less number of necessary characteristics. The carried out researches have shoun affectivity of proposed method, with essentially alloved to decrease time of Radon transform calculation.
Zaproponowano metodę szybkiego przetwarzania Radona, która wykorzystuje własności symetrii. Zbadano schemat własności symetrii. Pozwala to obliczyć mniejszą ilość potrzebnych charakterystyk. Prowadzone badania pokazują efektywność zaproponowanej metody, która pozwala zmniejszyć czas obliczenia szybkiego przetwarzania Radona.
Źródło:
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2010, 1, 2; 218-224
2080-9069
Pojawia się w:
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stability of continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Borawski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114496.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
Frobenius matrix
continuous-time system
discrete-time system
linear
stability
state matrix
Opis:
The inverse Frobenius matrices and the characteristic equations of the inverse systems are investigated. It is shown that the inverse system of continuous-time linear system is asymptotically stable if and only if the standard system is asymptotically stable and the inverse system of discrete-time linear system is asymptotically stable if and only if the standard system is unstable. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.
Źródło:
Measurement Automation Monitoring; 2016, 62, 4; 132-135
2450-2855
Pojawia się w:
Measurement Automation Monitoring
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Positive stable realizations of fractional continuous-time linear systems
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/930161.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
układ liniowy
układ ciągły
macierz Metzlera
fractional
positive
stable
realization
system Metzler matrix
procedure
linear continuous-time
Opis:
Conditions for the existence of positive stable realizations with system Metzler matrices for fractional continuous-time linear systems are established. A procedure based on the Gilbert method for computation of positive stable realizations of proper transfer matrices is proposed. It is shown that linear minimum-phase systems with real negative poles and zeros always have positive stable realizations.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2011, 21, 4; 697-702
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selected classes of positive electrical circuits and their reachability
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/97678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej
Tematy:
electrical circuits
Metzler matrix
linear system
Opis:
Conditions for the positivity of linear electrical circuits composed of resistors, coils, condensators and voltage (current) sources are established. It is shown that: 1) the electrical circuit composed of resistors, coils and voltage source is positive for almost all values of their resistances, inductances and source voltages if and only if the number of coils is less or equal to the number of its linearly independent meshes, 2) the electrical circuit is not positive for any values of its resistances, capacitances and source voltages if each its branch contains resistor, capacitor and voltage source, 3) the positive n-meshes electrical circuit with only one inductance in each linearly independent mesh is reachable if all resistances of branches belonging to two linearly independent meshes are zero 4) the electrical circuits of the structure shown on Fig.5.2 is reachable if and only if the condition (5.11) is satisfied.
Źródło:
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering; 2012, 10; 1-28
1508-4248
Pojawia się w:
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Three-phase hybrid transformer using matrix-chopper as an interface between two AC voltage sources
Autorzy:
Kaniewski, J.
Fedyczak, Z.
Szcześniak, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hybrid transformer
power system
matrix chopper
Opis:
This paper deals with a three-phase power system with hybrid transformer (HT) installed between two AC sources. The main aim of this paper is analyze the basic properties of HT with active load and ability to bidirectional energy flow. The HT contains two main units – a conventional transformer with electromagnetic coupling and PWM AC line chopper connected with secondary windings with electric coupling. The HT is located between the distribution system and a Local Balancing Area (LBA) with low power local energy sources. After describing the HT circuit and three-phase, twosources power system, the mathematical and circuit models of the AC source with HT are presented. These models are verified by means of the simulation and experimental test results obtained for a three-phase HT of about 3 kVA rated power.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2014, 63, 2; 197-210
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization of a neutral system
Autorzy:
Duda, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229256.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
neutral system
Lyapunov matrix
Lyapunov functional
Opis:
In the paper a Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization problem of a neutral system with a P-controller is presented. The value of integral quadratic performance index of quality is equal to the value of Lyapunov functional for the initial function of the neutral system. The Lyapunov functional is determined by means of the Lyapunov matrix.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2016, 26, 1; 81-93
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization of a system with two delays and a PD-controller
Autorzy:
Duda, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229274.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
neutral system
Lyapunov matrix
Lyapunov functional
Opis:
In the paper the parametric optimization problem for a linear system with two delays and a PD-controller is presented. In the parametric optimization problem the quadratic performance index is considered. The value of the quadratic index of quality is calculated due to the Lyapunov functional and is equal to the value of that functional for the initial function of the neutral system with two delays. The Lyapunov functional is determined by means of the Lyapunov matrix.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2018, 28, 4; 585-600
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie nanocząstek srebra w laserowej spektrometrii mas oraz w obrazowaniu MS : przegląd
Application of silver nanostructures in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging
Autorzy:
Sekuła, J.
Nizioł, J.
Ruman, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172137.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
Tematy:
związki niskocząsteczkowe
spektrometria mas
obrazowanie spektrometrią mas
matryca
układy bezmatrycowe
nanocząstki srebra
low molecular weight compounds
mass spectrometry
mass spectrometry imaging
matrices
matrix free-system
silver nanoparticles
Opis:
Metallic nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, have attracted much attention due to their unique physical, chemical and opto-electronic properties. Silver nanoparticles have been successfully applied as a matrix replacement for the laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can efficiently absorb ultraviolet laser radiation, transfer energy to the analyte and promote analyte desorption, but also constitute a source of silver ions suitable for analyte cationisation. Nanoparticles, producing spectra with highly reduced chemical background in the low m/z region, are perfectly suited for low-molecular weight compound analysis and imaging. AgNPs have been demonstrated to allow efficient capture of different chemical compounds (including amino acids, cholesterol, fatty acids) on their surface, thus efficiently promoting their desorption and gas phase cationisation. The minimum detectable amount for those organic and biological molecules is often in the fmol range [23]. Despite the fact that scientists have developed a variety of methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, there are still problems with obtaining surfaces with nanoparticles of high durability and chemical purity. Recently, a successful application of cationic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were placed on MALDI targets for highly sensitive detection of d-ribose at attomolar levels as well as analysis of biological samples such as urine and blood serum [51] was shown. The application of new 109AgNPET surface has been presented with examples of analysis of nucleosides and nucleic bases [60]. One of the main directions of development of LDI-MS is the imaging mass spectrometry (MSI), enabling the visualization of surface distribution of biological samples. The critical limitations of the spatial resolution of MALDI-MSI are the size of the organic matrix crystals and the analyte migration during the matrix application process. To overcome these problems, researchers tried to use nanoparticles as substitutes of organic matrices. In 2013 Ruman group presented that direct contact of the analysed object with Ag nanoparticle-covered target permits direct surface transfer of chemical compounds. The active surface becomes then a “chemical photograph” of an object and allows MS analysis and MS imaging [68].
Źródło:
Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2016, 70, 7-8; 519-539
0043-5104
2300-0295
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Chemiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stability analysis of positive linear systems by decomposition of the state matrices into symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts
Autorzy:
Kaczorek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/201771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
linear
positive
system
decomposition
state matrix
stability
Opis:
The stability of positive linear continuous-time and discrete-time systems is analyzed by the use of the decomposition of the state matrices into symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts. It is shown that: 1) The state Metzler matrix of positive continuous-time linear system is Hurwitz if and only if its symmetrical part is Hurwitz; 2) The state matrix of positive linear discrete-time system is Schur if and only if its symmetrical part is Hurwitz. These results are extended to inverse matrices of the state matrices of the positive linear systems.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2019, 67, 4; 761-768
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization of time-delay systems
Autorzy:
Duda, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229179.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
time-delay system
Lyapunov matrix
Lyapunov functional
Opis:
In the paper a Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization problem of timedelay systems with a P-controller is presented. The value of integral quadratic performance index of quality is equal to the value of Lyapunov functional for the initial function of the time-delay system. The Lyapunov functional is determined by means of the Lyapunov matrix.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2015, 25, 3; 279-288
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Lyapunov functional for a system with both lumped and distributed delay
Autorzy:
Duda, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229640.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
time-delay system
Lyapunov matrix
Lyapunov functional
Opis:
In the paper construction of a Lyapunov functional for time delay system with both lumped and distributed delay is presented. The Lyapunov functional is determined by means of the Lyapunov matrix. The method of determination of the Lyapunov matrix for time delay system with both lumped and distributed delay is presented. It is given the example illustrating the method.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2017, 27, 4; 527-540
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The parametric optimization of a system with two delays and a PI controller
Autorzy:
Duda, Jozef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229717.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
time-delay system
Lyapunov matrix
Lyapunov functional
Opis:
In the paper a Lyapunov matrices approach to the parametric optimization problem of a time-delay system with two commensurate delays and a PI-controller is presented. The value of integral quadratic performance index is equal to the value of the Lyapunov functional for the initial function of the time-delay system. The Lyapunov functional is determined by means of the Lyapunov matrix. In the paper is presented the example of a scalar system with two delays and a PI controller.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2019, 29, 4; 667-686
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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