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    Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7
    Tytuł:
    The role of map legends in the process of map use. Conclusions from an exploratory study
    Autorzy:
    Gołębiowska, Izabela
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034522.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010-06-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Tematy:
    map legend
    map use
    think-aloud method
    Opis:
    Map and geospatial information is an essential tool in many fields of human activities. Although cartographers were extensively involved in cognitive map design research during the second part of the 20th century, the map use process as well as the significance of individual map design elements have not been studied in sufficient depth. The article discusses the results of a controlled experiment. The exploratory study aimed to simulate the execution of some problem-solving tasks based on the information derived from thematic maps with differently designed legends, viz.: list-legend, grouping-legend and natural-legend. On the basis of think-aloud protocols, it has been confirmed that some differences in map reading depend on the legend used.
    Źródło:
    Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2010, 14; 341-348
    0867-6046
    2084-6118
    Pojawia się w:
    Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Legenda i zasady gestaltyzmu w graficznym projektowaniu treści mapy
    Legend and gestalt rules in graphic design of map contents
    Autorzy:
    Medyńska-Gulij, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204370.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
    Tematy:
    gestaltyzm
    projektowanie graficzne
    mapa
    legenda
    gestalt
    graphic design
    map
    legend
    Opis:
    Treścią artykułu jest określenie roli legendy w graficznym projektowaniu mapy z uwzględnieniem zasad gestaltyzmu. Zaproponowano schemat projektowania znaków kartograficznych na przykładzie legendy i fragmentu mapy.
    The aim of the article is to discuss the role of legend in the graphic design of maps according to gestalt rules. Cartographers and map users face the problem of dual perception of maps. On the one hand they are perceived as a consistent graphic form and on the other as a picture composed of many elements, which are often perceived separately. Especially in the case of thematic maps the process is complex, because elements of thematic contents are visually preferred over base contents. Fig. 1 presents a suggested sequence of steps during the process of map design. The aim of these 8 steps is to provide legend signs with appropriate graphic attributes according to gestalt rules: 1. Grouping of signs according to thematic and base contents, using a horizontal setup of signs in the legend. 2. Initial preparation of graphic signs in the legend - project of visual variables for each sign. 3. Graphic design of the elements of map contents which are not present in the legend, e.g. lettering, background. 4. Selection of vital map fragments, e.g. those with large areas of dense thematic or base contents, or with many names. 5. Application of initial graphic parameters on selected vital areas. 6. Analysis of visual variables of signs according to gestalt rules (basing on a comparison of horizontal sign setup and the visualization of map fragments). 7. Verification of graphic parameters of signs in the legend and other signs used on the map. 8. Horizontal setup of elements of map contents after the verification of graphic parameters (the final graphic version of all the signs and lettering on the map). The above scheme was applied to design signs for a tourist map. The evolution of graphic parameters can be observed in legend signs (fig. 2-5) and map fragments (fig. 6-8). The graphic form of all the signs should be checked, preferably at an early stage of map elaboration, by verifying how they work on selected, 'vital' map fragments. Application of gestalt rules in the process of map elaboration can also significantly influence the design of particular signs.
    Źródło:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2007, T. 39, nr 2, 2; 137-145
    0324-8321
    Pojawia się w:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Konstrukcja skal wartości w legendach map
    Composition of value scales in map legends
    Autorzy:
    Czerny, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204443.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2003
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
    Tematy:
    kartografia
    mapa
    legenda mapy
    cartography
    map
    map legend
    Opis:
    Autor analizuje graficzne skale wartości stosowane w legendach map: kartogramów, kartodiagramów i map izoliniowych; stara się wyjaśnić różne sposoby konstrukcji legend ilościowych przedstawień kartograficznych i ocenić ich poprawność.
    Twenty years ago Polish Cartographic Review published articles on the composition of legends on choropleth and isopleth maps as well as graduated symbol maps (J. Pasławski 1982, I. Frączek 1983). They proposed a set of optimal legends, the number of which can limit the freedom of designing maps, e.g. it does not recommend horizontal arrangement of color scales in the legends of choropleth and isopleth maps. At the same time, contrary methods are widely applied in maps, atlases and cartography handbooks. The article analyzes elements of the composition of legends of quantitive cartographic presentations: - continuity of the graphic value scale (bar scale or segments) - orientation (positively and negatively oriented scales) - value description (limit values or classes) Some of the solutions applied in maps can not be justified. Fragmentation of color thematic scales, for example, is a mistake (fig. 1). Negatively oriented scales are also wrong (the positive part of scale at the botton or on the right, as in fig. 10B); various orientations should not appear in the same atlas or even legend (fig. 13). Some methods of scale composition can be accepted as exceptions, e.g. positive vertical scale following the direction of reading of a text column (fig. 8); model diagrams arranged decreasingly because of the composition of the map (fig. 12). According to the author these also exist correct graphic solutions, used from the point of view of map composition, although have not been recommended in the above articles. They include: 1. Horizontal, positively oriented color scale (with the maximum value on the right). It agrees with our reading scheme and the orientation of the X axis on the surface (fig. 8,9). 2. Legend of a continuous graduated symbol map in form of overlapping diagrams. Continuous graduated symbol maps belong to the type of so called "seeing maps" (carte a voir), with present the distribution of phenome na on general level; particular values can be read, but their role is secondary. Therefore a cartographer should be free to decide, if there is a need for a legend in a form of a graph, which makes it possible to read particular values (fig. 17), or if a minimal legend composed of overlapping diagrams would be sufficient (fog. 15A). 3. Scale of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. A legend of a choropleth map can have a form of a code chart or a diagram. A code chart is composed of a series of color segments with numeral or verbal information assigned to them (in the case of nominal value scales). A bar diagram in the form of a rectangle symbolizes a set of data (values of a phenomenon) and its subdivision into classes; it can be applied in legends of both isarythmic and choropleth maps. In the case of a choropleth map class ranges should be described; in the case of an isarythmic map - class limits. Fig. 20 presents various graphic color scales of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. J. Pasławski recommends scale E; it is a construction intermediate between a code chart and a diagram (segments show class ranges).
    Źródło:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 2, 2; 87-99
    0324-8321
    Pojawia się w:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kompozycja legendy mapy a sposoby identyfikacji symboli
    Legend Layout Versus Strategies of Legend and Map Integration
    Autorzy:
    Gołębiowska, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204439.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
    Tematy:
    legenda mapy
    użytkowanie mapy
    protokoły głośnego myślenia
    map legend
    legend layout
    think aloud method
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono wyniki badania empirycznego, w którym analizowano relacje między legendami o różnej kompozycji a sposobem integracji informacji z mapy i legendy (sposobem rozpoznania znaczenia symboli) w trakcie użytkowania mapy. Badano również zakres treści odczytywanej z legendy oraz zmianę procedur integracji informacji z mapy i legendy wraz z poznawaniem treści mapy.
    The legend is critical to proper reading and interpretation thematic map. A legend is a symbol dictionary that explains the signs used in a map, but it also serves several other functions. Furthermore, it is important to understand how information is acquired from a legend and a map. Pickle et al. (1995), when analyzing statistical maps, indicated two strategies that a map user can apply to reading a legend: the map-to-legend strategy (an orientation to the map, then matching the interesting objects to the legend) or the legend-to-map strategy (study the legend, and then locating the read objects on the map). The goal of the reported here analysis is to identify some of the variables that affect legend reading process, namely the strategies of integration information from a legend and a map. The research applies legends of thematic maps with nominal and ordinal information. The information from map and legend is integrated in various ways, e.g. in two above mentioned strategies, and intuitive (relying on the own knowledge or just guessing the meaning of sign). To achieve above mentioned goals the experiment was designed. It aims to simulate the execution of three problem-solving tasks based on the information derived from maps with differently designed legends. Hence the independent variable is the legend design: 'list legend', 'grouping legend' and 'natural legend' with the most clear characteristics of the map language (fig. 6). The think-aloud method was applied: subjects were asked to voice their thoughts during the tasks executions. Based on the coded think-aloud protocols the triangular graphs were developed (fig. 9). The graphs show percentage of recognized symbols using each strategy. Users of natural legend applied legend-to-map strategy the most often, and hardly ever used map-to-legend strategy. There were even some subjects who used intuitive strategy for most recognized signs. The natural legend resulted in the most frequent usage of intuitive strategy among the three tested legend designs. Whereas the map-to-legend was applied the most often by users of list legend. The first task resulted in the use of legend based strategy for most recognized symbols. Solving the second task subjects applied map-to-legend strategy more frequently than in the first task, although many subjects applied each strategy in similar frequency. In the last task most subjects used only legend-to-map strategy. The strategy applied depends on the sequence of task and the kind of legend design used. The learning effect is important, as well as the different requirements of each solved task. Reading the map with unknown content, subjects usually started with studying the legend (legend-to-map strategy). Next question resulted in lower percentage of symbols recognized using this strategy than in the first task, and more often applying intuitive strategy - hence users referred to the information they had perceived in the previous tasks. The results indicated that during the contact with the map of unknown content users most often applied recommended legend-to-map strategy. After reviewing the contents of maps and legends (during the second task), users often resigned using legend, basing on the information perceived during the first task. Furthermore, it was noticed that users perceived only limited scope of information presented on map. The number of identified signs was positively correlated with frequency of legend-to-map strategy appliance.
    Źródło:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2012, T. 44, nr 1, 1; 5-17
    0324-8321
    Pojawia się w:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kartodiagram w wybranych programach komputerowych
    Diagram map in selected computer software
    Autorzy:
    Bajer, A.
    Korycka-Skorupa, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204353.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
    Tematy:
    kartodiagram
    program graficzny
    program typu GIS
    prezentacja danych
    legenda mapy
    diagram map
    graphic software
    GIS-type program
    data presentation
    map legend
    Opis:
    W artykule przedstawiono różne możliwości opracowania kartodiagramów w wybranych czterech programach komputerowych typu GIS. Omówiono mapy opracowane w sposób automatyczny, według ustawień domyślnych oraz takie, których opracowanie wspomagane jest wiedzą kartograficzną wykonawcy. Prześledzono poszczególne etapy opracowania kartodiagramu oraz możliwości programów GIS w tym zakresie. Otrzymane mapy oraz ich legendy oceniono pod względem respektowania podstawowych zasad metodyki kartograficznej.
    Two types of computer software can be used for map preparation: a graphic program, eg. Corel Draw orAdobe lllustrator, or Geographic Information System (GIS). The article presents various options of diagram map preparation in four selected GIS-type computer pro-grams: Maplnfo Professional 7.8, ArcMap 9.1 (from ArcGIS 9.1 package), MapViewer 7, Microsoft Map-Point 2006. The analysis involved using the programs to present statistical data in the form of a diagram map, and evaluation of the resulting map. Subsequent stages of diagram map preparation were analyzed as were the capabilities of particular programs in that respect (fig.1). The elements which are vital for map's correctness were analyzed in the first place. After defining the basie assumptions of the diagram map method and identifying errors possible at each stage it was possible to evaluate the accuracy of solutions applied in particular programs. Maps prepared using the default settings were analyzed as well as those, the preparation of which asked for some cartographic skill of the user. The analysis showed that the programs provided a similar level of options in respect to diagram map preparation. None of them is faultless, but they all have their strengths. Only MapPoint falls behind; it is significantly poorer and provides less options. It can be stated that Maplnfo, ArcMap and MapViewer are all similarly useful for diagram map preparation, although they differ in their functionalities at different stages of editing. Preparation of a proper diagram map asks for relevant cartographic skill. For a skilled user GIS programs can provide a tool for quick and simple preparation of acceptable and often visually attractive diagram maps. Programs are easy to use, so even an inexperienced user will be able to prepare a map with them. Unfortunately in such cases quality may suffer, because the programs contain some shorteomings and cartographically questionable solutions. There are also many 'traps' which await an inexperienced editor. Regretfully the programs do not include any limits as to the number of elements of the presented structure. Cartographic conventions and code of practice, which result from many years of experience should be considered during the preparation of GIS-type cartographic software. Such programs would enable any, even inexperienced, user to visualize data in a way both comprehensible and correct.
    Źródło:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2008, T. 40, nr 3, 3; 247-266
    0324-8321
    Pojawia się w:
    Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Do navigation maps need a legend? Empirical assessment of the intuitiveness of point symbols on mobile maps
    Autorzy:
    Piątek, Robert
    Gołębiowska, Izabela
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076888.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-07-14
    Wydawca:
    Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
    Tematy:
    mobile map
    point symbols
    user study
    map legend
    symbol intuitiveness
    navigation applications
    Opis:
    Navigation applications and the mobile maps that are integral to them are now widely used all over the world. The most popular applications of this type, such as Google Maps, has more than a billion users a month. To save time, users of navigation applications generally use the maps without referring to their legends, which are not shown in the default settings. In such circumstances, only intuitive symbols are read correctly. Mobile maps often have an extensive system of point symbols (POIs - points of interests), and navigation applications sometimes difer significantly in the symbols they use. Point symbols have been the subject of theoretical considerations and empirical studies of users, but there is a lack of comparative research indicating more and less eefctive solutions for designing intuitive symbols on mobile maps. This article presents the results of empirical research on the intuitiveness of POI symbols used in selected navigation applications. The study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire with 127 respondents. The results conrfimed the hypo thesis that the analysed symbols used in navigation applications would difer in level of intuitiveness. In addi tion, features of design solutions that increase or decrease the intuitiveness of point symbols were identified.
    Źródło:
    Polish Cartographical Review; 2022, 54, 1; 23-34
    2450-6974
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Cartographical Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cartographic sign as a core of multimedia map prepared by non-cartographers in free map services
    Znak kartograficzny jako spoiwo multimedialnej mapy opracowanej przez nie-kartografa w serwisach mapowych
    Autorzy:
    Medyńska-Gulij, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145491.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    znak kartograficzny
    mapa multimedialna
    serwis mapowy
    cartographic sign
    non-cartographer
    legend on web-map
    multimedia map
    map services
    Opis:
    The fundamental importance of cartographic signs in traditional maps is unquestionable, although in the case of multimedia maps their key function is not so obvious. Our aim was to search the problem of cartographic signs as a core of multimedia maps prepared by non-cartographer in on-line Map Services. First, preestablished rules for multimedia map designers were prepared emphasizing the key role of the cartographic signs and habits of Web-users. The comparison of projects completed by a group of designers led us to the general conclusion that a cartographic sign should determine the design of a multimedia map in on-line Map Services. Despite the selection of five different map topics, one may list the general characteristics of the maps with a cartographic sign in the core.
    Fundamentalne znaczenie znaków kartograficznych na tradycyjnej mapie nie budzi wątpliwości, jednak w przypadku multimedialnej mapy ich kluczowa funkcja nie jest już tak oczywista. W tych badaniach podjęto problem znaczenia znaku kartograficznego jako spoiwa mapy multimedialnej opracowanej przez nie-kartografa w darmowych serwisach mapowych. Zadaniem dla projektujących mapy stało się opracowanie mapy multimedialnej według ustalonych wstępnie zasad, w której kluczową rolę odgrywały znaki kartograficzne oraz przyzwyczajenia użytkowników Internetu. Porównanie wypełnionych arkuszy zadań przez uczestników badań skłania do wyciągnięcia generalnego wniosku, że znak kartograficzny powinien determinować projektowanie multimedialnej mapy w serwisach mapowych on-line. Pomimo opracowania pięciu różnych tematów map, można wymienić ogólne charakterystyki map, w których znak kartograficzny jest spoiwem.
    Źródło:
    Geodesy and Cartography; 2014, 63, 1; 55-64
    2080-6736
    2300-2581
    Pojawia się w:
    Geodesy and Cartography
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7

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