Temat: lipopolysaccharide - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Proteus bacteria-chemical structure, serological specificity and the role in pathogenicity
Autorzy:: Różalski, Antoni
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/764987.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: bacterial lipopolysaccharide
endotoxin
Proteus
Opis:: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria are composed of three regions: О-specific chain (OPS), the core oligosaccharide and lipid A. All three regions of Proteus LPS were studied. The differences in the structure of OPS serve as the basis for the serological classification of Proteus strains. The serological classification scheme of these bacteria currently consists of 76 serogroups. The structural diversity of the core region is characteristic for Proteus sp. and distinguishes this genus from other bacteria. In this paper the results of structural, immunochemical and serological studies of all three regions o f Proteus LPS, as well as a function of LPS as endotoxin and its role in the formation of urinary stones, swarming phenomenon and bacterial growth in biofilm are reported.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica; 2008, 4
1730-2366
2083-8484
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by normal human melanocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide
Autorzy:: Tam, Irena
Stępień, Krystyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039839.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: lipopolysaccharide
melanocytes
proinflammatory cytokines
Opis:: A large body of evidence suggests that epidermal melanocytes are an integral part of the skin immune system and can be considered immunocompetent cells. Recently, it has been reported that human melanocytes constitutively express Toll-like receptors and may be involved in the induction of several inflammatory cytokines. In the study the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by cultured normal melanocytes was investigated after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. LPS increased the secretion of IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1β stimulated release of IL-6 and TNF-α by melanocytes, whereas LPS activated production of TNF-α, but not of IL-6. These observations indicate that LPS can participate in the regulation of cytokine activity in normal human melanocytes and suggest that cytokines released by melanocytes could affect melanocytes themselves or/and other cells of the epidermis.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2011, 58, 4; 507-511
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Detection of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-αin Sprague-Dawely rats’ atrophic thymus induced by lipopolysaccharide
Autorzy:: Zhong, Y.B.
Zhang, X.L.
Lv, M.Y.
Hu, X.F.
Li, Y.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087664.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: lipopolysaccharide
pro-inflammatory cytokines
thymus atrophy
rat
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2018, 21, 3; 589-597
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Characterization of epitope specificity of Proteus penneri 7 lipopolysaccharide core region
Autorzy:: Palusiak, Agata
Sidorczyk, Zygmunt
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040317.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: epitope
lipopolysaccharide
Proteus penneri
core region
Opis:: To extend the knowledge on the fragments of Proteus penneri lipopolysaccharide core regions, which determine the cross-reactions with specific antibodies, serological studies were performed by use of P. penneri 7 core-specific antiserum and Proteus sp. lipopolysaccharides. Different reactivity of the tested antiserum with three groups of antigens suggested differences in their core regions' epitope specificity. Comparing the results of the serological investigations with the previously determined structures of the core regions of the tested P. penneri lipopolysaccharides allowed distinguishing two potential tri- and tetrasaccharide epitopes and a third fragment which could not be determined precisely.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2010, 57, 4; 529-532
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Effects of acute lipopolysaccharide-induced toxemia model on some neglected blood parameters
Autorzy:: Adam, G.O.
Lee, H.R.
Lee, S.J.
Kim, S.J.
Kim, G.B.
Kang, H.S.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087627.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: Toxemia
lipopolysaccharide
base excess
pH
animal model
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2018, 21, 4; 665-671
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Microbiome impact on metabolism and function of sex, thyroid, growth and parathyroid hormones
Autorzy:: Kunc, Michał
Gabrych, Anna
Witkowski, Jacek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038795.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: microbiome
lipopolysaccharide
estrogens
thyroid hormones
growth hormone
Opis:: Commensal bacteria and their genes associated with host are known as microbiome. In recent years, microbial influence on host endocrine system has been under detailed investigation. The role of microbiome in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and obesity, the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and secretion of hormones regulating appetite is well described in world literature. In this article we discuss poorly reviewed issues: the microbiome role in modulation of non-peptide (sex and thyroid) and peptide (growth hormone and parathyroid hormone) functions. Understanding complex bidirectional relations between host endocrine system and bacteria is of fundamental importance to understanding microbial impact on host reproduction, risk of endocrine-related cancers, pathogenesis of non-thyroidal illness syndrome, growth failure in children and hormonal changes during chronic kidney disease. This article also highlights effects of dietary compounds on microbiome composition and bacterial enzymes activity, and thus host hormonal status.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2016, 63, 2; 189-201
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Effects of ketamine, propofol, and ketofol on proinflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress in a rat model of endotoxemia-induced acute lung injury
Autorzy:: Gokcinar, Derya
Ergin, Volkan
Cumaoglu, Ahmet
Menevse, Adnan
Aricioglu, Aysel
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039549.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: lipopolysaccharide
acute lung injury
oxidative stress
ketamine
propofol
ketofol
Opis:: Intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of ketamine, propofol, and ketofol in a rat model of ALI. We induced ALI in rats via intravenous injection of LPS (15 mg kg-1). The animals were randomly separated into five groups: control, LPS only, LPS + ketamine (10 mg·kg-1·h-1), LPS + propofol (10 mg·kg-1·h-1), LPS + ketofol (5 mg·kg-1·h-1 ketamine + 5 mg·kg-1·h-1 propofol). LPS resulted in an increase in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mRNA expression related with inflammation, production of nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation. Ketamine prevented the increase in markers of oxidative stress and inflammation mediators, both in plasma and lung tissue. Propofol decreased the levels of cytokines in plasma and lung tissue, whereas it had no effect on the IL-1-beta level in lung tissue. Ketamine downregulated mediators of lung tissue inflammation and reduced the level of circulating cytokines and protected lung tissue against lipid peroxidation. Ketofol decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-1β in plasma, as well as expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and the nitrate/nitrite level in lung tissue. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that ketamine may be effective in preventing ALI.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 3; 451-456
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Proteus mirabilis RMS 203 as a new representative of the O13 Proteus serogroup
Autorzy:: Palusiak, Agata
Siwińska, Małgorzata
Zabłotni, Agnieszka
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038887.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: cross-reaction
lipopolysaccharide
O-polysaccharide
O serogroup
Proteus
Opis:: The unique feature of some Proteus O-polysaccharides is occurrence of an amide of galacturonic acid with Nε-[(S/R)-1-Carboxyethyl]-l-lysine, GalA6(2S,8S/R-AlaLys). The results of the serological studies presented here, with reference to known O-antigens structures suggest that GalA6(2S,8S/R-AlaLys) or 2S,8R-AlaLys contribute to cross-reactions of O13 Proteus antisera, and Proteeae LPSs. It was also revealed that the Proteus mirabilis RMS 203 strain can be classified into the O13 serogroup, represented so far by two strains: Proteus mirabilis 26/57 and Proteus vulgaris 8344. The O13 LPS is a serologically important antigen with a fragment common to LPSs of different species in the Proteeae tribe.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2015, 62, 4; 691-695
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Dose-effect relationship on anti-inflammatory activity on LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells and antioxidant activity of rutin in vitro
Autorzy:: tian, chunlian
guo, yuru
chang, yu
zhao, jihang
cui, cancan
liu, mingchun
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895707.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-06-28
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:: antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
lipopolysaccharide
rutin
dose-effect relationship
Opis:: Rutin, as a common flavonol glycoside, exists abundantly in many plants and exhibits various nutritional and pharmacological function. Current study focused on the dose-effect relationship of rutin on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and free radicals or ferric-ion. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity by observation cell morphological and determination of the content of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and the phagocytic activity in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells; and revealed the antioxidant activities via assay of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power. The study indicated that 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μM of rutin all exhibited a better anti-inflammatory activity, in especial 50 and 100 μM. Meanwhile, it exerted a stronger antioxidant activities than BHT, and equivalent to VC at the same concentration. Combined, the results suggested that rutin will be a potential and important adjuvant in treatment of inflammatory diseases and oxidative stress.
Źródło:: Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2019, 76, 3; 511-522
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:: Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Proteomics profiles reveal the potential roles of proteins involved in chicken macrophages stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide
Autorzy:: Li, S.
Chen, Y.
Xue, W.
Wang, Q.
Huai, Z.
An, C.
Wang, Y.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16647586.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: chicken macrophage (HD11)
immune response
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
proteomics
Opis:: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a core part of gram-negative bacteria, is crucial for inducing an inflammatory response in living things. In the current study, we used LPS from Salmonella to stimulate chicken macrophages (HD11). Proteomics was used to investigate immune-related proteins and their roles further. Proteomics investigation revealed 31 differential expression proteins (DEPs) after 4 hours of LPS infection. 24 DEPs expressions were up-regulated, while seven were down-regulated. In this investigation, ten DEPs were mainly enriched in S. aureus infection, complement, and coagulation cascades, which were all implicated in the inflammatory response and clearance of foreign pathogens. Notably, complement C3 was shown to be up-regulated in all immune-related pathways, indicating that it is a potential protein in this study. This work contributes to a better understanding and clarification of the processes of Salmonella infection in chickens. It might bring up new possibilities for treating and breeding Salmonella-infected chickens.
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2023, 26, 2; 265-274
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Induction of periodontal disease via retentive ligature, lipopolysaccharide injection, and their combination in a rat model
Autorzy:: Mustafa, H.
Cheng, C.H.
Radzi, R.
Fong, L.S.
Mustapha, N.M.
Dyary, H.O.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087105.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: alveolar bone
periodontal disease
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide
retentive ligature
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2021, 24, 3; 365-373
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Spektrometria mas w badaniach skażeń mikrobiologicznych środowiska. Część 2, Kwasy 3-hydroksytłuszczowe jako biomarkery lipopolisacharydów (endotoksyn) ścian komórkowych bakterii gramujemnych
Investigetion (detection) of environment microbial contamination by mass spectrometry. Part 2, 3-hydroxy fatty acids as a lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) biomarkers of the gram-negative bacterial cell walls
Autorzy:: Bal, K.
Mielniczuk, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172406.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
Tematy:: LPS
lipopolisacharyd
chromatografia gazowa
spektrometria mas
lipopolysaccharide
gas chromatography
mass spectrometry
Opis:: Microorganisms synthesize several monomeric chemical structures that are not found elsewhere in nature, e.g. muramic acid (an amino sugar) and D-amino acids (D-alanine and D-glutamic acid) are ubiquitous in bacterial peptidoglycan (PG). Characteristic sugars (e.g. heptoses) and 3-hydroxylated fatty acids are found in the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of gram-negative bacteria [1]. The best way to protect against environment contamination is microbial control. Methods in current use for monitoring microorganisms mainly include culture and direct microscopy. However, several factors, including samples collection, growth conditions, incubation temperature and interaction between different organisms all affected the culture results. Additionally, culture based methods can detect only viable organisms and they are also time consuming, sometimes taking days or weeks. However, since both living and dead microorganisms express irritating and toxic structures, they should all be taken into consideration. Muramic acid has been suggested for use as a chemical marker in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination of bacterial peptidoglycan [2]. While 3-hydroxylated fatty acids are the best proposition for use as a chemical markers in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of gram-negative bacteria in both clinical and environmental samples [38]. Two derivatives have been applied, including the trimethylsilyl (TMS) and pentafluorobenzoyl (PFBO) derivatives [80]. Both derivatives (TMS and PFBO) have been proven suitable for use with GC-ion-trap tandem MS [3]. The aim of our proposition is trial of application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method as an alternative or complement to culturing, microscopy and other assays for detection, characterization and monitoring of microbial contamination of environment (e.g. water, air, air-conditioning systems), contamination of biochemical and food production chain processes, packaging for foodstuffs etc. by analysis of bacterial 3-hydroxylated fatty acids as a biochemical markers. A method is described for the quantitation of methyl esters of 3-hydroxyacids, markers of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), as trimethylsilyl or pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives using GC/MS method. The described methods are quick and simple, can be applied for monitoring microbial contamination directly, without prior culturing, in complex environmental samples. This method can be also applied for testing processes of cleaning and disinfections on packaging materials or on both packaging materials/foodstuffs in order to decrease their microbial load and thus to ensure better shelf-life. [1] Z. Mielniczuk, K. Bal, Spektrometria mas w badaniach skażeń mikrobiologicznych środowiska. Część I. Kwas muraminowy jako biomarker ścian komórkowych bakterii, Wiad. Chem., 2012, 66, 445. [2] K. Bal, L. Larsson, E. Mielniczuk, Z. Mielniczuk, Structure of muramic acid TMS derivative mass spectrum’s base ion (m/z=185) used for quantification of bacterial peptidoglycan, J. Microbiol. Meth., 2002, 48, 267. [3] A. Saraf, L. Larsson, Identification of microorganisms by mass spectrometry, Advances in Mass Spectrometry, 1998, 14, 449. [38] Z. Mielniczuk, E. Mielniczuk, L. Larsson, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for analysis of 2- and 3-hydroxylated fatty acids: Application for endotoxin measurement, J. Microbiol. Meth., 1993, 17, 91. [80] Z. Mielniczuk, S. Alugupalli, E. Mielniczuk, L. Larsson, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of lipopolysaccharide 3-hydroxy fatty acids: comparison of pentafluorobenzoyl and trimethylsilyl methyl ester derivatives, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 623, 115.
Źródło:: Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2016, 70, 1-2; 95-117
0043-5104
2300-0295
Pojawia się w:: Wiadomości Chemiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Rhizobium strains differ considerably in outer membrane permeability and polymyxin B resistance
Autorzy:: Komaniecka, Iwona
Zamłyńska, Katarzyna
Zan, Radosław
Staszczak, Magdalena
Pawelec, Jarosław
Seta, Irena
Choma, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038773.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: rhizobium
outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide
N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine
NPN
polymyxin B
Opis:: Six rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii TA1, Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021, Mesorhizobium huakuii IFO 15243T, Ochrobactrum lupini LUP 21T, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and B. elkanii USDA 76) and two Escherichia coli strains (E. coli ATCC 25922 and E. coli HB 101) were compared in respect to polymyxin B and EDTA resistance, as well as bacterial outer membrane (OM) permeability to a fluorescent hydrophobic agent (N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine - NPN). TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and a microbial test demonstrated that all the rhizobia were much more resistant to polymyxin B in comparison with E. coli strains. EDTA and polymyxin B enhance permeability of B. japonicum and O. lupini OM. Other rhizobia incorporated NPN independently of the presence of membrane-deteriorating agents; however, the level of fluorescence (measured as NPN absorption) was strain dependent.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2016, 63, 3; 517-525
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in salivary glands and soft periodontal tissues of rats under conditions of water avoidance stress
Autorzy:: Pletnov, Vadym
Tkachenko, Olexiy
Akimov, Oleh
Mykytenko, Andrii
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40570868.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2024-06-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:: bacterial lipopolysaccharide
nitric oxide
salivary glands
soft periodontal tissues
water avoidance stress
Opis:: Introduction and aim. Violation in the salivary glands will inevitably cause changes in periodontium, and periodontitis can disrupt the functioning of the salivary glands. The purpose of the work is to evaluate changes in NO-synthase and arginase activities, pro- and antioxidant balance in rat salivary glands and soft periodontal tissues during administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and water avoidance stress (WAS) modeling. Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 24 rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups: control, WAS, animals injected intraperitoneally with 0.4 μg/kg of bacterial LPS of Salmonella typhi, WAS+LPS. Results. Water avoidance stress led to decrease of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) activity in salivary glands by 1.63 times, but decreased arginase activity by 1.15 times, superoxide production increased by 1.53 times, catalase activity decreased by 1.2 times, and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) increased by 1.19 times compared to the control. Lipopolysaccharide led to increase of constitutive NO-synthases (cNOS) activity in salivary glands by 1.48 times, but decreased arginase activity by 6.15 times, catalase activity increased by 2.6 times and superoxide dismutase activity decreased by 2.74 times, and MDA increased by 6.84 times compared to the control. Water avoidance stress + LPS in salivary glands led to decrease of cNOS and arginase activity by 1.09 and 1.19 times, respectively, superoxide production increased by 1.88 times, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity decreased by 1.06 times and 1.34 times, respectively, and MDA increased by 2.44 times compared to the control. Water avoidance stress led to increase of iNOS activity in periodontium by 1.44 times and arginase activity decreased by 1.37 times, superoxide production increased 1.32 times, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activities decreased by 1.27 times and by 1.53 times, respectively, and MDA increased by 1.31 times compared to the control. Lipopolysaccharide led to increase of iNOS activity in the periodontium by 3.88 times, arginase activity decreased by 2.69 times, superoxide production increased 1.64 times, catalase activity increased by 4.32 times, and MDA increased by 4.51 times compared to the control. Water avoidance stress + LPS in periodontium led to increase of iNOS and cNOS activities by 1.95 times and 1.53, respectively, arginase activity decreased by 1.39 times, superoxide production increased 1.66 times, catalase activity increased by 1.11 times, and MDA increased by 1.53 times compared to the control. Conclusion. The combination of LPS and WAS leads to changes in NO production and oxidative stress in salivary glands and the periodontium.
Źródło:: European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 2024, 22, 2; 404-416
2544-2406
2544-1361
Pojawia się w:: European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki