Temat: investment protection system - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Prawno-ekonomiczna analiza wybranych obszarów Transatlantyckiego Partnerstwa Handlowo-Inwestycyjnego: mity czy realne zagrożenie dla państw sygnatariuszy?
Legal and Economic Analysis of Selected Areas of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Myths or a Real Threat to the Signatory Countries?
Autorzy:: Działo, Joanna
Gawrońska-Nowak, Bogna
Stańczyk, Ziemowit
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/595750.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:: Transatlantyckie Partnerstwo Handlowo-Inwestycyjne
system ochrony inwestycji
modele CGE
makroekonomiczne efekty TTIP
porozumienie NAFTA
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
investment protection system
CGE models
macroeconomic effects of TTIP
NAFTA agreement
Opis:: Transatlantyckie Partnerstwo Handlowo-Inwestycyjne TTIP jest projektem porozumienia między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Unią Europejską, które dotyczy czterech ważnych obszarów współpracy: dostęp do rynku, współpraca w zakresie uregulowań prawnych, przepisy i postanowienia instytucjonalne. Treść Traktatu, a zwłaszcza tzw. system ochrony inwestycji, wzbudza szereg kontrowersji i negatywnych emocji wśród opinii publicznej. Co więcej, emocje te dotyczą również oceny spodziewanych skutków ekonomicznych TTIP. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza i ocena najważniejszych kontrowersji narosłych wokół TTIP. Autorzy podjęli także próbę określenia, na ile społeczne oczekiwania dotyczące ekonomicznych korzyści płynących z TTIP znajdują uzasadnienie w tzw. „wiedzy eksperckiej”. Wydaje się, że rezultaty przeprowadzonej analizy pozwalają na sformułowanie wniosku, że społeczne oczekiwania są zbyt niejednoznaczne, czasami sprzeczne, a z kolei opinie eksperckie zbyt mało czytelne i za mało przekonujące, aby budować właściwy punkt odniesienia.
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a proposed agreement between the United States and the European Union, which concerns four important areas of cooperation: market access, cooperation in the field of legislation, regulations and institutional provisions. The content of the Treaty, and especially the so-called investment protection system, causes a number of controversies and negative emotions among the public. Moreover, these emotions relate to the assessment of the expected economic impact of the TTIP. The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate major controversies around the TTIP. The authors have also attempted to determine how social expectations about the economic benefits of TTIP are justified in the so-called “expertise” knowledge. It seems that the results of the analysis allow to conclude that social expectations are rather ambiguous, sometimes contradictory and expert opinions are rather unclear and not convincing to build an appropriate benchmark.
Źródło:: Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2017, 104; 269-286
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:: Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: The state of sewage system economics in rural areas in Poland
Autorzy:: Gladysz, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/60962.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2009
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:: sewage system
economics
Polska
waste water management
investment
environment protection
sewage treatment
life quality
infrastructure development
financing
modernization
Opis:: Infrastructure is the basis of economic activities both in urban and in rural areas. It is also one of main conditions for improving quality of life. Among its most important elements are: water delivery system, as well as sewage treatment network and sewage treatment plants. These devices should create one composite techno-economical system. Non-integrated water delivery contributes to bigger waste of water, and without connection to integrated sewage treatment systems, it can be a serious threat to the environment In Poland, and in rural areas particularly, this situation is highly unsatisfactory. In 2007, share of population connected to water network in rural areas was 73.3%, while for sewage network is was only 21.3%. In many communes, this share was even less than 10%. One can mention a few reasons of this state, mainly: lack of sufficient investment for 40 years after the 2nd World War, big water deficit in rural areas (brought about by droughts and thus, big reduction or decline of water level in shallow homestead wells, being a main water source), big dispersion of rural settlements in the country, limiting economies of scale achievement, and lack of resources available for local authorities. The latter, having not enough resources for infrastructure development, made a decisions to concentrate on water system firstly, while more costly waste management was treated as a second-tier need. In consequence, bigger investment in this field has just started since the half of nineties in the 20th century. Despite this late investment, in December 2007 one could observe that the total length of sewage network was still 4 times shorter than water network. Only 15.5% of rural administrative units were canalized. A quantity of household wastewater purified was 5 times smaller than a quantity of water used. There was also a small number of household sewage treatment plants (figure 4), which can be a good response for dispersed rural settlements. Thus, cesspools (many of them leaking), remain the main way of wastewater collection, being a serious threat for environment. However, there is a hope that this situation will change during next 710 years, mainly by obliging Poland to follow the EU Directive 91/271/EEC. This law expects any European Union member state to create, till the end of 2015, wastewater networks and sewage treatment plants in any agglomeration having more than 2 thousand inhabitants. In Polish National Sewage Treatment Program, almost 1600 administrative units of these kind, were indentified. 1400 of them are totally or partially inhabited by rural community. Releasing this program is, however, determined strongly by local self-government activity and its ability to gain sufficient financial resources for this purpose.
Źródło:: Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2009, 07
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:: Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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