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    Tytuł:
    Porównanie testów serologicznych służących do diagnozowania aktywnej toksoplazmozy
    The comparison of serological tests attending to diagnosis in active toxoplasmosis
    Autorzy:
    Zemburowa, K.
    Roczniak, M.
    Sokolowska, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/839935.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1990
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    parazytologia
    choroby pasozytnicze
    toksoplazmoza
    toksoplazmoza nabyta
    toksoplazmoza wrodzona
    diagnostyka chorob
    testy diagnostyczne
    testy enzymatyczne
    testy serologiczne
    test aglutynacji
    przeciwciala IgM
    porownanie
    Opis:
    ELISA kits from different commercial firms were evaluated and compared with monoclonal immunosorbent agglutination test ISAGA for detection anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The resultes presented in this study show that both ELISA-IgM tests, as well from Organon, as from Abbott firms promise to be of the same value for the diagnosis of acute acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis.
    Źródło:
    Annals of Parasitology; 1990, 36, 4
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Parasitology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Porównanie testów serologicznych służących do diagnozowania aktywnej toksoplazmozy
    The comparison of serological tests attending to diagnosis in active toxoplasmosis
    Autorzy:
    Zemburowa, K.
    Roczniak, M.
    Sokołowska, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2152413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1990
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    parazytologia
    choroby pasozytnicze
    toksoplazmoza
    toksoplazmoza nabyta
    toksoplazmoza wrodzona
    diagnostyka chorob
    testy diagnostyczne
    testy enzymatyczne
    testy serologiczne
    test aglutynacji
    przeciwciala IgM
    porownanie
    Opis:
    ELISA kits from different commercial firms were evaluated and compared with monoclonal immunosorbent agglutination test ISAGA for detection anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The resultes presented in this study show that both ELISA-IgM tests, as well from Organon, as from Abbott firms promise to be of the same value for the diagnosis of acute acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 1990, 36, 4; 121-137
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ocena wybranych populacji limfocytów oraz stężeń immunoglobulin u pracowników oddziałów kardiologii interwencyjnej wykorzystujących niskie dawki promieniowania jonizującego w procedurach kardiologicznych
    Evaluation of selected population of lymphocytes and concentrations of immunoglobulins in workers of interventional cardiology wards using low doses of ionizing radiation in cardiovascular procedures
    Autorzy:
    Kłuciński, Piotr
    Mazur, Bogdan
    Sędek, Łukasz
    Romanik, Małgorzata
    Cieślik, Paweł
    Hrycek, Antoni
    Martirosian, Gayane
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038243.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
    Tematy:
    promieniowanie jonizujące
    limfocyty cd3+
    cd4+
    cd8+
    cd19+
    cd3+cd25+
    cd4+cd25+
    igm
    iga
    igg
    ionizing radiation
    cd3+
    cd4 +
    cd19 +
    cd4+cd25+ cells
    Opis:
    INTRODUCE The aim of the study was to determinate the effect of low X-ray doses on the percentage and number of peripheral blood lymphocytes T (CD3+), T helper (CD4+), T cytotoxic (CD8+), lymphocytes B (CD19+), activated T lymphocytes (CD3+CD25+) and activated T helper lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+) as well as serum immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG and IgA) concentration in workers of an interventional cardiology ward. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed among a group of 40 workers (28 women and 12 men) and a control group of 35 persons (25 women and 10 men). Flow cytometry was used for the analysis of lymphocytes and the turbidimetric method for assessing serum immunoglobulin concentrations. RESULTS The study showed a decreased percentage and number of CD3+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+ cells as well as IgG concentration in interventional cardiology ward staff in comparison to the control group. A negative correlation between the length of employment and percentage of CD3+CD25+ was found. CONCLUSION The study indicates suppressive impact low doses of ionizing radiation on activated T cells, activated T helper cells as well as IgG production that is adverse in relation to the existing risk of infections caused by different microorganisms.
    WSTĘP Celem pracy była ocena oddziaływania niskich dawek promieniowania jonizującego na odsetek i liczbę limfocytów T (CD3+), limfocytów T pomocniczych (CD4+), limfocytów T cytotoksyczych (CD8+), limfocytów B (CD19+), aktywowanych limfocytów T (CD3+CD25+) i aktywowanych limfocytów T pomocniczych (CD4+CD25+) oraz stężeń immunoglobulin IgM, IgG i IgA u pracow-ników oddziału kardiologii interwencyjnej. MATERIAŁ I METODY Badanie przeprowadzono w grupie 40 zatrudnionych (28 kobiet i 12 mężczyzn) oraz w grupie kontrolnej 35 osób (25 kobiet i 10 mężczyzn). Badania limfocytów krwi obwodowej przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem cytometrii przepływowej, a stężenia immunoglobulin w surowicy oznaczono metodą turbidymetryczną. WYNIKI W badanej grupie pracowników – w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną – wykazano znamienne obniżenie liczby i odsetka limfocytów CD3+CD25+ i CD4+CD25+ oraz stężeń immunoglobuliny IgG. Wykazano także istnienie negatywnej korelacji między okresem zatrudnienia badanych pracowników a odsetkiem limfocytów CD3+CD25+. WNIOSEK Badanie wskazuje na supresyjne oddziaływanie niskich dawek promieniowania jonizującego na aktywowane limfocyty T, aktywowane limfocyty T pomocnicze i produkcję IgG, co nie jest korzystne w odniesieniu do istniejącego ryzyka zakażeń drobnoustrojami.
    Źródło:
    Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis; 2013, 67, 6; 374-379
    1734-025X
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    IgM multiple myeloma: diagnostic difficulties and results of bortezomib treatment – case report
    Autorzy:
    Machowicz, Rafał
    Skwierawska, Kamila
    Mądry, Krzysztof
    Górka, Michał
    Żurawska, Jagoda
    Kacprzyk, Piotr
    Waszczuk-Gajda, Anna
    Dwilewicz-Trojaczek, Jadwiga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/773502.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Medical Education
    Tematy:
    IgM
    Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
    bortezomib
    multiple myeloma
    Opis:
    The IgM paraprotein secretion is most frequently associated with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. In very rare cases it may also occur in multiple myeloma. The diagnostic and therapeutic process of a 84 year old male suffering from IgM multiple myeloma is described, including difficulties in establishing this diagnosis. Due to infectious complications, after the first cycle of melphalan– prednisone–bortezomib treatment, melphalan was stopped, subsequently, bortezomib and prednisone doses were also reduced. Two treatment interruptions have occurred. Despite reduced treatment intensity, the patient was in very good partial remission, while the toxicity profile was acceptable. IgM multiple myeloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of IgM paraproteinemia, also when osteolytic lesions and translocation 11:14 are not detected. Bortezomib-based therapy can be effective in elderly patients (also in those suffering from cardiac insufficiency), even when dose reduction is required.
    Źródło:
    OncoReview; 2014, 4, 4; A160-A164
    2450-6125
    Pojawia się w:
    OncoReview
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Antibody - Biological warfare agents
    Autorzy:
    Mayrolle, Pierre
    Kuillon, Jean Michel
    Kuéry, Sareleï
    Aulin, Vincent
    Kirondot, Marc
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1119235.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
    Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
    Polyclonal antibodies (PAb)
    antibody production
    antibody (Ab)
    immunoglobulin M (IgM)
    Opis:
    An antibody (Ab), also known as immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shape protein consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains (Figure 1) which form a functionally bivalent monomer that is produced by B cells receptor used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. Current widely used rapid detection systems exploit antibodies for recognition, identification and quantification of target analytes [68]. Abs played an important role in the advancement of diagnostic assays, making these indispensable in diagnostic tests that are commonly used routinely in clinics in classical immunological methods such as ELISA, dot blot immunobinding assays, electro-chemiluminescence, flow cytometry and several microscopic techniques like fluorescence, as well as in the construction of numerous immunosensors. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) usually exists as a pentamer in mammals that predominates in primary immune responses to most antigens, and is the most efficient complement fixing immunoglobulin. It comprises approximately 10% of all normal human serum Ig content. IgM is mainly produced by the immune system for protection against numerous viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections.
    Źródło:
    World News of Natural Sciences; 2016, 5; 1-19
    2543-5426
    Pojawia się w:
    World News of Natural Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Comparison of the efficiency of two commercial kits - ELFA and Western blot in estimating the phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women
    Autorzy:
    Sroka, Jacek
    Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina
    Zając, Violetta
    Sawczyn, Anna
    Cisak, Ewa
    Karamon, Jacek
    Dutkiewicz, Jacek
    Bojar, Iwona
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/991156.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Medycyny Wsi
    Tematy:
    toxoplasmosis
    pregnant women
    seroprevalence
    antibodies
    igg
    igm
    elfa
    western blot
    avidity
    correlation of serologic tests
    Opis:
    Sera of 89 pregnant women were selected according to the results of ELFA IgM, IgG and avidity IgG, and tested with commercial tests IgM, IgG and avidity IgG Western Blot (WB) to compare the efficacy of both techniques in determining the phase of T. gondii infection. In total, 81 of 89 tested sera (91.0%) were classified as positive, both in the ELFA and WB tests for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies of class IgG, indicating a past infection, while the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma positive reactions associated with the antibodies of class IgM indicating a recent infection was much lower – 31.5% and 20.2%, respectively. Sera of 81 women were also tested in the ELFA and WB tests for avidity, e.g. ability of forming high-molecular IgG antibody complexes. Low or medium results in these tests (in this study all classified as low), indicating a recent infection, were detected by ELFA and WB in 22.2% and 45.7% of the total examined samples, respectively. The Spearman’s rank test for correlation, performed for recognition of quantitative data of the ELFA and WB tests (index, units or points), revealed a highly significant correlation between the ELFA and WB tests for homologous classes of antibodies, both for IgM and IgG (p<0.00001). In contrast, the ELFA and WB tests for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies were not correlated with the ELFA and WB tests for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies (p>0.05), except for the WB test for IgM antibodies, which showed a significant correlation with the ELFA test for IgG antibodies (p<0.01). A highly significant negative correlation between the ELFA and WB test for IgM antibodies and ELFA and WB tests for IgG avidity was demonstrated (p<0.01), except for a relationship between the WB test for IgM and WB for avidity, which was not significant. Such negative correlations are theoretically expected, as strong complexes with the participation of IgG antibodies are absent in the early phase of toxoplasmosis when early antibodies of IgM class are present. Summarizing, this study indicates the high usefulness of the commercial ELFA and WB tests in serodiagnostics of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. Special attention should be paid to parallel detection of IgM antibodies and low values in the ELFA and WB tests for IgG avidity, which indicates a recent infection which may be associated with a clinical form of congenital toxoplasmosis and damage to the foetus.
    Źródło:
    Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2016, 23, 4
    1232-1966
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Emerging and detection of Dengue viral infection in Sri Lanka
    Autorzy:
    Amarakoon, A. A. D. Gayathri Upeksha
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1188088.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    IgG
    RT-PCR
    IgM
    acute infection
    Aedes mosquitos
    Opis:
    Emerging of dengue infection has increased dramatically in Sri Lanka in recent years. Initial infection with a particular serotype is known as primary infection which is usually asymptomatic or mild disease manifestations. Although cross reactive T cells and cross reactive antibodies have been shown to contribute to disease pathogenesis, these mechanisms alone do not explain the immune - pathological mechanisms leading to severe infection. However, this study has suggested that antigen antibody detection and viral RNA detection in host blood contribute to the occurrence of disease. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the quality of dengue specific immune responses and confirmation of dengue RNA content in patients with acute severe dengue and asymptomatic dengue infection.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2016, 56; 97-109
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases in forestry workers of Ternopil Region (Western Ukraine)
    Ryzyko związane z odkleszczowymi bakteryjnymi chorobami wśród pracowników leśnictwa obszaru tarnopolskiego (Ukraina Zachodnia)
    Autorzy:
    Shkilna, M.
    Andreychyn, M.
    Klishch, I.
    Korda, M.
    Rogalskyy, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052675.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
    Tematy:
    Lyme borreliosis
    forestry workers
    serology ELISA test
    IgM
    IgG
    ticks
    Ukraine
    borelioza z Lyme
    pracownicy leśni
    test serologiczny ELISA
    kleszcze
    Ukraina
    Opis:
    Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness of Lyme borreliosis prevention and risk of being infected with the Borrelia burgdorferi in the forestry workers of Ternopil Region. To achieve the objective, serological tests were performed. Material and methods. The studies were conducted by diagnosing serum in 348 employees of Ternopil Region for anti-Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. antibodies by ELISA test. The age of the examined persons ranged from 17 to 75, mean age - 38.9 years. All the participants completed а questionnaire. The forestry workers were asked to state whether they noticed any symptoms compatible with Lyme borreliosis. Results. 348 forestry workers employed in five forest inspectorates were examined for specific anti-Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. antibodies. With ELISA test, a positive or inconclusive result in at least one antibody was observed in 43.1% of the respondents (n=150 of 348): IgM antibody − in 14.6% (n=51 of 348), and IgG antibody – in 35.3% (n=123 of 348). The largest number of respondents in the study group, i.e. 35.3%, were bitten in the abdomen area. As for the methods of tick removal, most respondents pulled the tick out with fingers (35.9%), while only 6.0% turned to a physician or nurse to have it removed. Erythema migrans (47%) and pruritis (31%) were the most frequent symptoms among the participants. Conclusions. T he absence of t he official r ecognition of Lyme b orreliosis as an occupational disease in Ukraine makes the study of prevention measures and their distribution in professional groups working in wooded areas an urgent matter. Providing the forest administration units with a sufficient number of tweezers or special loops for tick removal would certainly increase the protection of those exploiting forests against work-related tick-borne diseases.
    Wprowadzenie. Celem pracy była ocena świadomości zapobiegania boreliozie z Lyme i ryzyka zakażenia Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. u pracowników leśnictwa w regionie Tarnopola. Aby osiągnąć wyznaczony cel, przeprowadzono testy serologiczne. Materiał i metody. Badania obecności przeciwciał anty-Borrelia burgdorferi w surowicy przeprowadzono u 348 pracowników leśnictwa z regionu Tarnopola przy użyciu testu ELISA. Wiek badanych wahał się od 17 do 75 lat, średnia – 38,9 lat. Wszyscy uczestnicy wypełnili autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Robotnicy leśni zostali poproszeni o podanie objawów przypominających te wywołujące boreliozę z Lyme. Wyniki. 348 pracowników leśnych zatrudnionych w pięciu inspektoratach leśnych zbadano pod kątem występowania specyficznych przeciwciał anty- B. burgdorferi s.l. Przy użyciu testu ELISA, stwierdzono pozytywny lub niejednoznaczny wynik co najmniej jednego rodzaju przeciwciał u 43,1% respondentów (n = 150 z 348): w tym, przeciwciała IgM - u 14,6% (n = 51 z 348 badanych), i przeciwciała IgG - u 35,3 % (N = 123 z 348). Najwięcej respondentów w badanej grupie, tj. 35,3%, zostało pogryzionych przez kleszcze w okolicę brzucha. Jeśli chodzi o metody ich usuwania, większość respondentów użyła palców (35,9%), a tylko 6,0% zwróciło się do lekarza lub pielęgniarki po fachową pomoc. Najczęstszymi objawami wśród pacjentów to wystąpienie rumienia wędrującego (47%) i świądu (31%). Wnioski. Brak oficjalnego uznania boreliozy z Lyme jako choroby zawodowej na Ukrainie sprawia, że badanie środków zapobiegawczych i ich dystrybucja w grupach zawodowych pracujących na obszarach zalesionych jest pilną kwestią. Udostępnienie jednostkom administracji leśnej wystarczającej liczby pincet lub specjalnych pętli do usuwania kleszczy z pewnością zwiększyłoby ochronę tych, którzy pracują przy eksploatacji lasu przed chorobami wywołanymi przez te pajęczaki.
    Źródło:
    Health Problems of Civilization; 2017, 11, 2; 93-98
    2353-6942
    2354-0265
    Pojawia się w:
    Health Problems of Civilization
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Hepatitis A seroprevalence in Erzurum, Turkey
    Autorzy:
    Yilmaz, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085946.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Medycyny Wsi
    Tematy:
    Hepatitis A
    HAV IgG
    HAV IgM
    risk factor
    prevalence
    Opis:
    Introduction and objective. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), reportedly the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries, infects millions of people worldwide each year. The aim of the study is to investigate the seropositivity of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG and IgM in all age groups in Erzurum, and to determine the effect of various factors such as age, gender, climatic conditions and HAV vaccination (included in 2012 in the National Immunization Schedule on seroprevalence) on the seropositivity. Materials and method. The serological results of 25,007 individuals referred to Erzurum Public Health Microbiology Laboratory between January 2015 – December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed to test for the presence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM. The patient ages were 0–93 years. Serum samples were analyzed by ELISA. S/CO values of ≥1.00 and >1.21 were considered positive for anti-HAV IgG and IgM, respectively; results below this value were considered negative. Results. Anti-HAV IgG and IgM seropositivities were 87.3% and 0.2%, respectively. Anti-HAV IgG prevalence – 88.5% and 86.4%, anti-HAV IgM positivity – 0.1% and 0.3% in men and women. Anti-HAV IgG seroprevalence – 87%, 73.2%, 58.7%, 75.2%, 86.1%, 89.8%, 96.1%, 99.1%, 99.1% and 99.3%, respectively, at 0–4, 5–9 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and >60 age groups. Anti-HAV IgM seropositivity – 0, 0.1%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.3%, 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, respectively, in the same age groups. Anti-HAV IgM positivity was the highest in November – 36(0.97%. Conclusion. In Erzurum, anti-HAV IgG prevalence is tremendously high, whereas prevalence of anti-HAV IgM is exceptionally low, especially in the paediatric age group. Therefore, HAV vaccine is provided free of charge in Turkey, including Erzurum, since 2012.
    Źródło:
    Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2020, 27, 3; 481-484
    1232-1966
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Upper respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illnesses among healthcare workers: are serological tests useful in monitoring influenza and influenza-like illness?
    Autorzy:
    Toczek-Kubicka, Katarzyna
    Szenborn, Filip
    Kuchar, Ernest P.
    Szenborn, Leszek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2153866.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-12-29
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
    Tematy:
    IgM antibodies
    vaccination
    humoral response
    influenza
    healthcare workers
    influenza-like illness
    Opis:
    Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk for exposure to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and influenza-like illnesses (ILIs). The present study aimed to surveil URTIs and ILIs and their impact among the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in Wroclaw employees and evaluate their humoral response to influenza. Material and Methods Thirty-six HCWs participated in the first season and 32 HCWs in the second season during years of the study. The authors carried out a URTI/ILI surveillance, and all HCWs were asked to complete a weekly report during 2 influenza seasons: 2016/2017 (S1) and 2017/2018 (S2). In S1 both IgG and IgM antibodies against influenza A and B were assessed. The HCWs with symptoms of ILI were encouraged to undergo PCR tests for influenza. Results No significant differences in reporting URTI were found among vaccinated and non-vaccinated HCWs and HCWs and the control group. Depending on the year 5.5–17.2% of HCWs were treated with antibiotics because of URTI. In the study 58.7% of participants in S1 and 66.7% in S2 decide to work despite the URTI symptoms. There was no statistical relationship between the concentration of anti-influenza IgG and the number of URTIs and ILIs reported. Only vaccinated were willing to undergo voluntary influenza testing. Conclusions The URTI and ILI occur commonly in HCWs, and HCWs contract URTIs as often as the control group. Despite their medical education, HCWs work with the symptoms of infection and overuse antibiotics to treat the URTI. Serology testing is not able to follow the infection’s dynamics or identify the people immune to the influenza-like illness. The diagnostic value of IgM antibodies in acute influenza infection is negligible. Vaccinated HCWs are more focused on their health and are more willing to undergo influenza tests.
    Źródło:
    Medycyna Pracy; 2022, 73, 6; 441-447
    0465-5893
    2353-1339
    Pojawia się w:
    Medycyna Pracy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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