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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 246
Tytuł:
Les droits et les devoirs fondamentaux des citoyens polonais et les Pactes des Droits de l’Homme
Autorzy:
Michalska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44016491.pdf
Data publikacji:
1977-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
law
responsibility
citizens
Polska
Human Rights Pacts
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1977, 4 (36); 5-25
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawa człowieka a zatrzymanie i tymczasowe aresztowanie w polskim prawie i praktyce jego stosowania
Human Rights and Detention in Polish Law and Practice
Autorzy:
Bulenda, Teodor
Hołda, Zbigniew
Rzepliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698514.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawa człowieka
zatrzymanie tymczasowe
aresztowanie
prawo polskie
human rights
detention
arrest
polish law
human rights
Opis:
The social and political changes in Poland led to abolition of Realsozialismus which is now being replaced with a democratic country governed by Rechtostaat (Art. 1 of the Constitution) from aspirations after national freedom and respect of human rights in public life. The problem of protection of individual freedom made itself particularly felt here; it is also subject of the present paper which discusses the protection of individual subjectivity in the light or the institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Until quite recently, Poland was one of the many Communist countries where human rights were violated much too often, also on the occasion of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Many factors were conductive to this situation, such as faulty legislation; inadequate socjal consciousness; depreciation of the authorities, law and other norms; prevalence of repressiveness in dealing with social pathologies; and absence of social control of the activity of law enforcement agencies, the police and prison staff in particular. But the weakness of legal protection of individual resulted also from a strong relation of the activities of practically all governemental and social bodies those dealing with prosecution and investigation as well as administration of justice included, to politics. This political nature of functioning of those agencies, resulting monopolistic power of the Communist party, led to a limitation of the independance of the judiciary. The adoption of new political principles of Polish State and election of the new Parliament (on June 4, 1989), together with formaion of the non-Communist Cabinet, created the conditions for a new criminal policy based step by step on European standards. The institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial well illustrate the pathology of functioning of the agencies of legal order and the direction of changes taking place in criminal policy. They also demonstrate a specific paradox; the Polish people’s great devotion to freedom and the simultaneous unfeeling tramling of that freedom. The two institutions have been discussed from the viewpoint of protection of human rights on both the normative plane and in the practice of the years 1980–1990. Arrest is one of the forms of coercion which consists in a short-term deprivation of liberty. The Polish legal system provides for procedural, preventive and administrative arrest. Each of these types has a separate legal regulation (procedural arrest, the Act of 19 April 1969 – Code of criminal procedure; preventive arrest, the Act of 6 June 1990 on the police and another Act bearing that same date on State Protection Office, together with their executory acts; and administrative arrest, the Act of 28 October 1982 on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Moreover, each type of arrest is to serve different aims (procedural arrest, protection of propriety of criminal proceedings; preventive arrest, protectton of order and public safety, human life and health, and property; and administrative arrest, control of alcoholism). Also different are the conditions of arrest, the agencies authorized to apply it, and the period for which a person can be detained. The present authors focus mainly on preventive arrest related to the administrative function of the police as guardian of order. That form was particularly abused and human rights were often violated in the course of its execution. Preventive arrest has recently undergone significant changes both in the normative sphere and in practice. As compared to the former one, its present regulation: 1. defines its legal grounds with greater accuracy; 2. broadens the detainee’s rights; and 3. introduced judicial review. This has contributed to the curbing of arbitrary police activities in this sphere. Duration of arrest is specified in the Constitution (Art. 87) and in the provision of Art. 207 of the code of criminal procedure. It cannot be londer than 48 hours from the moment of detention, and 24 hours in the case of administrative arrest (Art. 40 of the act on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Violations of these provisions have so far been frequent. In the case of procedural and preventive arrest, the rights of the detainee are the same. According to the valid provisions, the detainee has the following rights among others: the right to be informed in writing as to the time and reasons of arrest; the right to be advised as to the possibility of complaining to the court against the application of that measure, and to the public prosecutor against the way of its execution: the right to health care. The catalogue of the detainee’s rights is insufficient:  e.g. it does not contain the right, to legal assistance (conseul). What particularly impairs the protection of the detainee’s personal interests is the absence of by-laws concerning the execution of arrest in the police house of detention, as the duplicated set of provisions called ,,By-laws for Detainees”, introduced by an order of the Chief of Civic Militia in 1959, hardly comes up to the standards. The provisions now in force have broadened the range  of legal means of vindication of his rights that are at the detainee’s disposal. Particularly notable here is the  reintroduction of the institution of habeas corpus. Namely, the detainee has been granted the right to complain to the court against arrest (Art. 207 point ”a,, of the Code of criminal procedure) and to the public prosecutor against the way of execution of arrest (Art. 15.7 of the Act on the police). If the arrest has been obviously unjustified, the detainee is due indemnity from the Treasury and monetary compensation of moral  injury (Art. 487 of the Code of criminal procedure); the same concerns the situation where he has suffered damage or injury as a result of an improper execution of arest (Art.Art. 417-419 of the Civil code). Besides, the detainee may approach the court with a claim in virtue of protection of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23 and 24 of the civil code). In the latter half of 1990, arrest was executed in 798 police houses of detention all over the country, that is fewer by a whole 71,7 per cent as compared to 1989. The recent changes have made it possible to abolish the division of houses of detention into categories (of which there used to be three according to the duration of detention). The number of arrests amounted to over 500,000 a year at times (with the peak of 572,220 in 1982 – see Table 1). Starting from 1988, it gradually went down to nearly one-third of its original value which reflects above all the general  liberalization of the police approach towards crime and other deviations. In the period under analysis, the living conditions in the police jails were – and still are primitive and many a time offensive to human dignity. This has been confirmed by the present author’s own study and two surveys of those jails carried out by the National Ombudsperson. An acute problem is the right to apply constraint during and upon detention. It is regulated by provisions of the police Act and an Ordinance of the Council of Ministere of 17 September 1990 which specifies the situations, conditions and ways in which direct coercion can be used by the police. Without questioning the grounds for such coercion, not only the legal conditions  of its application but also the faults or even abuses in this sphere have been pointed out. What the authors find the most severe violation of human dignity are neither humiliating conditions of isolation nor illicit prolongation of detention but first and foremost beating of a person after he has surrendered to the power of enforcement officers. Cases of beating have again started growing in number this year (as has been found by the Helsinki Committee in PoIand and the National Ombudsperson). The activities of the public prosecutor’s office in this sphere have been criticised in the article. The paper also discusses the consequences of the introduction of Art. 209 of the Code of criminal procedure which made it possible to commit to the police jails persons detained awaiting trial (for up to ten days or three months), and even those sentenced to a prison term (of up to six months). This provision has recently been quashed, but the police press for its reintroduction. Until quite recently, the police jails were submitted to no supervision whatever. The public prosecutor’s. office remained passive and carried out but most perfunctory supervision, if any. This situation hardly served the protection of detainees’ rights. It was only improved in 1988 when the police jails were submitted to supervision by the Ombudsperson and later also by Commissions: of Administration and Internal Affairs of the Diet and of the Rule of Law and Human Rigths of the Senate, and by other agencies and institutions. Also pre-trial detention is a serious interference with human rights. It is one of the preventive measures provided for by the Code of criminal procedure, and at the stage of execution – by the Code of execution of penalties and the Ordinance of Minister of Justice of 2 May 1989 – by-laws of execution of detention awaiting trial. The discussed measure can be applied by the court, and before the indictment also by the public prosecutor. The present authors find the latter’s right to apply pre-trial detention contradictory to provisions of international law, the covenants ratified by Poland included (see Art. 9,3 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights). The legal provisions fail to specify the upper limit of duration of pre-trial detention. The amendement of the Code of criminal procedure and the changed policy of application of dotention resulted in a fall in the number of those detained awaiting trial. There were 9,722 such detainees on July 31, 1989 (see Tables 4–5). There was also a radical drop in the number of persons detained for over 12  months: in 1990, as few as 0,03 per cent of those kept at the public prosecutor’s disposal had been detained for at least 12 months. However, an alarming upward tendency in the number of persons detained awaiting trial can be noted lately. Discussing the conditions for optional or obligatory pre-trial detention, the authors criticize some of them as estimative in nature, and thus involving the danger of arbitrary use of this measure. The reasoning has been based on decisions of the Supreme Court which is of particular importance for the effective protection of the detainee’s rights. There have been a lot of faults in the practice of application and execution of pre-trial detention which was frequently used as a means of pressure aimed at forcing a person to plead guilty or to denounce an accomplice. In Poland, the application of pre-trail detention is the domain of the public prosecutor’s office. In the years 1975–1989, prosecutors applied this measure in nine out of every ten cases. The population of houses of detention and other penitentiary institutions shaped differently starting from 1945. A comparison of changes in the numer in the number of convicted persons with those of persons detained awaiting trial shows that the latter population was more stable starting from the 1960’s and never changed as radically in number as that of prisoners. That was the case despite the increased frequency of application of detention in the 1970’s. What contributed to this situation above all was the shortening of preparatory proceedings. In the period under analysis, the total number of persons detained awaiting trial in a given year largely approximated that of prisoners in that same year, and showed the same fluctuations resulting from the aggravated or relaxed criminal policy in the country. The trends here have nothing in common with the actual dynamics of crime as such. The authors assume that the number of persons detained awaiting trial reflects decisions in the sphere of criminal policy rather than the actual changes in crime, the economic situation, or even severe political tensions. What is also characteristic of the practice in this respect is the fact of a faulty application of the discussed measure. In the years 1975–1989, at least every 111th and at most every 71st person previously detained awaiting trial was subsequently found not guilty by the court. In some years, there were over 500 such persons. The authors discuss preventive barriers defined by the Supreme Court which are to ban clearly unjustified detention. As follows from analysis of the practical application of conditions for pre-trial detention, the one most frequently quoted was the alleged considerable social danger of the crime. Repressive conditions prevailed over the purely procedural ones. ln order to find out about the actual dimensions of the problem of pre-trial detention, the authors consulted the data concerning the use of preventive measure not involving isolation in criminal proceedings (such measures being financial and non-financial pledge, police supervision, and safe-conduct; see Table 6). It turned out that in the years 1978-1990, preventive measures other than detention awaiting trial never amounted to more than 43,5 and to less than 18 per cent of all preventive measures applied. After the above-mentioned Art. 209 of the code of execution of penalties has been quashed, detention awaiting trial can only be executed in the houses of detention created and run by the Ministry of Justice (Art.Art. 4 and 83 of the code of execution of ponalties). On December 31, 1990, there were 65 such institutions in Poland. Twenty-seven of them had additional wards for convicted persons, while 48 prisons had special wards for those detained awaiting trial. Thus pre-trial detention could be executed in the total of 114 of the 151 institutions of the Prison Department. The houses of detention had the total capacity of  18,263 beds, while the number of detainees was 16,200; the discussed institutions were therefore populated in 88,7 per cent. The rights of the discussed category of detainees are specified in the Code of execution of penalties and by-laws of execution of pre-trial deteotion awaiting trial. What is particularly worthy of attention is the provision which states that the detainee enjoys rights that should at least equal those of a convicted person, and that the only limitations allowed in this sphere are those indispensable for securing the proper course of criminal proceedings, maintaining order and safety in the institution, and preventing mutual demoralization of detainees (Art. 86 para 1 of the Code of execution of penalties). A person detained awaiting trial has many legal measures at his disposal to protect his own rights in relation to the application and execution of detention. Thus the detainee can lodge a complaint with a supreme agency of the penitentiary  administration (Art. 48 para 4 of the Code of execution of penalties); with the public prosecutor and penitentiary judge (Art.Art. 27–33 and 48 point 5); to the  supreme State agencies, the National Ombudsperson included (Art. 48 point 5); he may apeal against a decision of the administration of the house of detention concerning the actual execution of that measure to the penitentiary court (Art. I4,l of the Code of execution of penaltes); he may also sue the Treasury for damage suffered during detention by guilt of functionaries of the penitentiary administration (Art.Art. 417–l9 of the Civil code); he may claim indemnity for obviously unjustified detention (Art.Art. 487–49l of the Code of criminal  procedure); and he may bring legal action by virtue of infringement of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23–24 of the Civil code). As shown by experience, the persons detained awaiting trial either never resort to some of these means or do that ineffectively. The living conditions of the discussed category of detainees are specified mainly in the by-laws of pre-trial detention. Many faults and shortcomings have  been found here in practice. Some of such faults were so drastic as to make it necessary to close several houses of detention in 1990 to mention just one example (the institutions were either liquidated or designed for repairs). The authors also assume an attitude towards the treatment of some categories of offenders (women, particularly dangerous detainees, persons with mental disorders, HIV carriers), and discuss the treatment of juvenile detainees. Ending the paper, the authors stress the gradual improvement in the treatment of detainees since 1989. It results both from the legislative changes and from a relatively liberal criminal policy. The legal and to some extent also the organizational conditions have been created for implementation of the rule of law. Further changes are necessary, though, including in particular the passing of a new Constitution and penal codes. The drafts of the latter suggest, many new solutions in the sphere of arrest and detention awaiting trial which would make those institutions meet the European standards. What can considered valuable are the trends towards limiting the application of the two measures, specifying the conditions of their application, importantly, extending the guaranties of detainees’ rights.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1992, XVIII; 103-146
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Le droit pénal polonais et les standards européens
Autorzy:
Marek, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43447763.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
criminal law
international law
European Union
human rights
European standards
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1993, 1-4; 59-68
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Civic Rights in Poland in the face of European Standards
Autorzy:
Wołpiuk, Waldemar J
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43448871.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
civic rights
human freedom
European standards
constitutional provisions
democratic rights
society
personal good
constitutional law
criminal responsibility
freedom of conscience
international law
copyright
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1994, 1-4; 91-104
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of the Subsidiarity Principle on Polish Democratic Reforms
Autorzy:
Popławska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43449032.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
impact
principle
reforms
Communism
democration
subsidiarity
philosophy
community
totalitarian system
unions
human rights
political system
constitutional law
pluralism
local government
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1994, 1-4; 71-89
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La protection des citoyens - la constitution de la potentialisation de lactivité
Autorzy:
Łętowska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43435821.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
activity
citizens
protection
Constitution
socialism
democracy
right to work
Catholic church
human rights
constitutional law
judge
axiology
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1997, 1-4; 47-57
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The "Constitutionalization" of the Legal Order
Autorzy:
Popławska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43434900.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Constitutionalization
constitutional law
Constitutional Court
Legal Order
constitutional principle
judicial review
constitutional review
principle
legal protection
human rights
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1997, 1-4; 115-134
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The law in a Society of the Period of Systemic Change
Autorzy:
Turska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43444221.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
society
systemic change
law
sociology
market economy
human rights
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1998, 1-4; 33-43
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The New Polish Criminal Law Codification in the Light of the Constitution
Autorzy:
Zoll, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43436943.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
criminal law
Constitution
codification
protection
human rights
international agreement
constitutional complaint
Constitutional Tribunal
freedoms and rights
criminal liability
punishment
certification
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1998, 1-4; 89-99
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Handel ludźmi jako przestępstwo i naruszenie praw człowieka – wyzwania dla kryminologii
Human Trafficking as a Crime and Human Rights Violation: Challenges for Criminology
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
przestępczość transgraniczna
prawo karne
prawa człowieka
prawo międzynarodowe
human trafficking
human rights
penal law
cross-border crime
organised crime
international law
Opis:
Trafficking of human beings that constitutes a contemporary form of slavery is a human rights violation and a serious crime. Due to the importance of this crime, it is covered by several international instruments of a different legal nature. Among them, two are especially important: The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and Council Framework Decision of l9 July 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. There are two main features of human trafficking: these offences are transnational by nature and involve organised criminal groups. However, trafficking is considered transnational not only if it is committed in more than one state, but also if a substantial part of preparation or planning takes place in another state. There are numerous forms of crime human trafficking, such as the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery servitude or the removal of organs. It should be added that also child pornography is considered as human trafficking. As human trafficking is a complex phenomenon, there are also criminal activites which might be called ‘borderline’ such as forced marriages, marriage of  convenience, illegal adoption, sex tourism or forced domestic labour. Many of tchem are not even considered as crime. Human trafficking constitutes a serious challenge for criminology, as it becomes one of the most fruitful criminal activities. So far, it has not been a popular subject of studies and research. Although our knowledge of organised crime as such is growing significantly, the trafficking is a problem for crime control due to its nature, economic background, well-organised market of the services and the lack of knowledge and skills of the state institutions, and the ambivalence of the public.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 233-253
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stosowanie preparatów przeciwpsychotycznych o przedłużonym działaniu – depot, u chorych pacjentów przyjętych do szpitala na podstawie art. 24 ustawy o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego: dylematy medyczne, prawne i etyczne
Using of long-term effect antipsychotic pharmaceuticals – depot, in a case of patients hospitalized on basis of article 24 of act of psychical health protection: medical, ethic and legal dilemmas
Autorzy:
Kmieciak, Błażej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/945468.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
act of psychical health protection
compulsory treatment
human rights
law and psychiatry
long-term effect antipsychotic pharmaceuticals – depot
obserwacja psychiatryczna
patient rights
prawa człowieka
prawa pacjenta
prawo i psychiatria
preparaty przeciwpsychotyczne o przedłużonym działaniu – depot
przymusowe leczenie
psychiatric observation
ustawa o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego
Opis:
The aim of this article is to show complex situations, which can take place during hospitalisation of patient basing on article 24 of the act of psychical health protection. In accordance of this article a patient staying in a hospital is subjected not to medical treatment but to compulsory 10-day observation. The considerations presented below mostly focus on the possibility of using long-term effect antipsychotic pharmaceuticals – depot, in a case of patients hospitalised in above-mentioned way. It should be emphasized that using of these pharmaceuticals is analysed here not in a context of starting a medical treatment, but with reference to its compulsory application in a case of an aggressive patient, which is acceptable by law. The article aims in presenting complexity of legal, ethic and medical dilemmas which meets a psychiatrist in above mentioned situation. There are two rights concerned: the right of the patient not to be treated with the pharmaceutical during an observation (when the preparation can still act after leaving the hospital) and – on the other hand – the right of a doctor to take an action aiming in protection of the patient and the others against patient’s behaviour resulting from his sickness or mental aberration. A basic question will be asked in the article: has the doctor got a right of using a long-term effect pharmaceutical in a case of aggressive or auto-aggressive patient who has been taken to a hospital within compulsory observation, taking into account that other medical preparations are not effective?
Poniższy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie złożonych sytuacji, jakie mogą wyniknąć w trakcie hospitalizacji pacjenta na podstawie art. 24 ustawy o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego. Zgodnie z zapisami powyższego przepisu pacjent przebywający w szpitalu podlega z mocy prawa nie leczeniu, lecz przymusowej, 10-dniowej obserwacji. Przedstawione w przedmiotowym tekście rozważania skupiają się przede wszystkim na kwestii możliwości stosowania leków o wydłużonym działaniu – depot, wobec pacjentów hospitalizowanych w ww. trybie. Zaznaczyć należy, iż stosowanie powyższych preparatów będzie analizowanie poniżej nie w kontekście rozpoczęcia leczenia pacjenta, lecz w odniesieniu do stosowania przymusowego podania leku wobec agresywnego pacjenta, a więc działania dopuszczonego w prawie. Tekst ten ma na celu ukazanie złożoności dylematów prawno- -medyczno-etycznych, na które w powyższej sytuacji może napotkać lekarz psychiatra. Dotykają one dwóch praw: prawa pacjenta do niepodawania mu leku w trakcie obserwacji, leku, którego działanie może utrzymywać się po ewentualnym opuszczeniu szpitala po 10 dniach, oraz prawa lekarza do podjęcia czynności mających na celu zabezpieczenie pacjenta oraz osób innych przed zachowaniami wynikającymi z jego choroby lub zaburzenia. W artykule zostanie postawione podstawowe pytanie: czy lekarz, obserwując pacjenta przyjętego bez zgody na obserwację, ma prawo zastosować lek uspokajający o wydłużonym działaniu (działanie ok. 14-dniowe) w sytuacji, w której pacjent ten wykazuje agresywne lub autoagresywne zachowanie, a inne standardowe leki nie przynoszą rezultatów?
Źródło:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna; 2008, 8, 4; 204-210
1644-6313
2451-0645
Pojawia się w:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odpowiedzialność przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych za naruszenia . praw człowieka
Responsibility of multinational corporations for international human rights abuses
Autorzy:
Wasiński, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596562.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
Prawo międzynarodowe, Prawa człowieka, Przedsiębiorstwa wielonarodowe
International Law, Human rights, Multinational corporations
Opis:
It is established that multinational corporations (MNCs) are capable of interfering with the enjoyment of a broad range of human rights. This article offers a high-altitude and highspeed look at a problem of individual, corporate and state accountability for acts of MNCs. Since existing obstacles of legal (i.e. lack of jurisdiction) and non-legal (e.g. protection of state’s political and economical interests) character considerably impair domestic systems of accountability in this respect, present analysis explores international system. Wherein partial recognition of MNC as an international actor is still not accompanied by creation of coherent set of primary norms directly binding on MNCs in the realm of international human rights law. Nevertheless one cannot ignore significant attempts made by international governmental organizations to shape activities of MNCs through non-binding instruments (soft-law). These instruments should not to be ignored as stimulating factors in state-centered international law-making process.
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2010, LXXXI (81); 157-177
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poszanowanie praw rodziny warunkiem ładu społecznego w demokratycznym państwie prawnym – casus III RP
Respect of the Family Rights as a Condition of the Social Order in the Democtaric State of Law – Casus III RP
Die Achtung der Rechte der Familie als die Bedingung der Sozialordnung im Demokratischen Rechtsstaat – Casus III RP
Autorzy:
Koperek, Jerzy
Koperek, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31342969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
prawa człowieka
państwo demokratyczne
rodzina
human rights
democratic state of law
the family
Opis:
Die Enzyklika „Pacem in Terris“ von Papst Johannes XXIII. enthält – auf der Grundlage der katholischen Soziallehre basierend – einen Katalog der Menschrechte, die das Fundament der Menschwürde sind. Die Soziallehre der Kirche lenkt den Blick auf den Menschen, seine Menschen- und Bürgerrechte und auf seine Freiheit auf Selbstbestimmung. Zwischen den Menschenrechten und den Rechten der Familie besteht ein enger Zusammenhang. Im Jahr 1983 wurde vom Apostolischen Stuhl die Charta der Familienrechte veröffentlicht. Darin heißt es, dass „die Rechte der Person, selbst wenn sie als Rechte der Einzelnen formuliert sind, eine grundlegende soziale Dimension haben, die ihren natürlichen und vitalen Ausdruck in der Familie findet“ (Präambel A), „die Familie, eine natürliche Gemeinschaft, vor dem Staat und jeder andern Gemeinschaft besteht und aus sich heraus Rechte besitzt, die unveräußerlich sind“ (Präambel D), „die Rechte, die grundlegenden Bedürfnisse, das Wohlergehen und die Werte der Familie, obwohl in einigen Fällen in zunehmendem Maße gesichert, doch oft nicht beachtet und nicht selten durch Gesetze, Institutionen und gesellschaftlich – wirtschaftliche Programme untergraben werden“ (Präambel J). Seit der „Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte“ haben sich in den internationalen Dokumenten und Rechtsnormen die Vorstellungen von Familien- und Menschrechten verändert. Die Menschrechtserklärung bezieht sich auf die Ehe als Vereinigung von Mann und Frau. In Artikel 16 der Erklärung heißt es: „1. Heiratsfähige Frauen und Männer haben ohne Beschränkung auf Grund der Rasse, der Staatsangehörigkeit oder der Religion das Recht zu heiraten und eine Familie zu gründen. Sie haben bei der Eheschließung, während der Ehe und bei deren Auflösung gleiche Rechte. 2. Eine Ehe darf nur bei freier und uneingeschränkter Willenseinigung der künftigen Ehegatten geschlossen werden. 3. Die Familie ist die natürliche Grundeinheit der Gesellschaft und hat Anspruch auf Schutz durch Gesellschaft und Staat“. In den späteren internationalen Dokumenten wird die Verbindung von Mann und Frau als frei gesehen. Das wahre Modell der Familie sollte jedoch nach der Lehre von Papst Johannes Paul II. – in „Familiaris Consortio“ – gefördert werden, da die reale Entwicklung einer Nation, eines Staates und nicht zuletzt die Zukunft Europas von der Familie abhängt. Die größte Bedrohung der modernen Familie in den globalen Kulturen scheint daher in einer falschen Wahrnehmung des Menschen zu liegen. Aus dieser Perspektive ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, in der heutigen modernen Welt die Rechte der Familie in der Gesellschaft und in einem demokratischen Staat zu schützen. Die vorliegende Studie behandelt dieses Problem im Hinblick auf die folgenden Themen: 1.Das demokratische System des Rechtsstaates und der Schutz der Würde und des Werts der Familie. 2. Die subjektiven Rechte der Familie im öffentlichen Leben einer Gesellschaft. 3. Die Pflichterfüllung des Staates gegenüber der Familie als Voraussetzung der sozialen Ordnung.
In the context of the protection of human rights in the contemporary world is noticed a necessity of the protection of the family rights in the democratic state of law. The described study is taking this issue in the light of the following problems: 1.Democratic system of the state to the measure of the dignity and value of the family; 2.Subjective rights of the family on the public-legal field; 3. State as a subject of duties in relation to the family rights.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie; 2010, 2; 49-62
2081-2078
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Francuski zakaz noszenia symboli religijnych w szkołach publicznych przed ETPC. Kontrowersje, uwagi, oceny
The French ban on wearing religious symbols in state schools before the ECHR. The controversy, comments and evaluations
Autorzy:
Falski, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1912741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
freedom of religion
law on religion
religious freedom
church and state (France)
European Court of Human Rights
France
freedom of conscience and religion
relations between the state and churches
religious symbols
school
związki wyznaniowe
wolność sumienia i wyznania
wolność religijna
prawo wyznaniowe
kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe
szkoła
Francja
burka
Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
Opis:
Artykuł stanowi próbę podsumowania i oceny francuskiej ustawy, regulującej w oparciu o zasadę laickości noszenie symboli lub ubiorów uzewnętrzniających przynależność religijną w szkołach, gimnazjach i liceach publicznych, z perspektywy ponad 7 lat obowiązywania. Analiza opiera się na wnioskach płynących z praktyki administracyjnej, orzeczniczej, a także uwag doktryny. Szczególnie interesujące, rozszerzające kontekst problemu, jest orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Organ ten uznaje laicki model państwa za idealną okoliczność, umożliwiającą korzystanie na równych zasadach z pełnej wolności wyznania. Kwestie dotyczące laickości są we Francji wciąż żywotne, aktualne i dyskutowane, rządząca partia UMP (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire) zainicjowała w marcu 2011 wielką batalię o laickość. Fakt, że po drugiej stronie barykady znajduje się bardzo liczna mniejszość muzułmańska, nadaje temu konfliktowi, w którym kwestia noszenia chust jest na czołowym miejscu, cywilizacyjny wymiar.
The article attempts to re-examine and evaluate the French secularism-driven law on conspicuous symbols or clothing manifesting religious affiliation in state elementary, junior and high schools after more than 7 years since it became effective. The analysis is based on the conclusions from the administrative practice, case law and comments made in the doctrine. Of particular interest, and at the same time broadening the context of the problem, is the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. This body considers the secular model of the state as an ideal circumstance, permitting the exercise of full religious freedom in the conditions of equality. The issues of secularism in France are invariably vital, relevant and debated; the ruling party UMP (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire) launched a new pro-secularism campaign in March 2011. The fact that the other side of the barricade is lined by a large Muslim minority makes this conflict, with its scarf ban issue being the top sticking point, raise to become a civilization clash.
Źródło:
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego; 2011, 14; 79-109
2081-8882
2544-3003
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
International Economic Law in the 21st Century: Need for Stronger “Democratic Ownership” and Cosmopolitan Reforms
Autorzy:
Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
international economic law
human rights
EU
European Union
WTO
justice
Opis:
Most worldwide monetary, financial, trade and environmental agreements fail to protect international public goods (like prevention of climate change, transnational rule of law for the benefit of citizens) effectively and do not even mention human rights and consumer welfare. This contribution argues that the prevailing “Westphalian conceptions” of international economic law (IEL) as “international law among states”, “global administrative law”, multilevel economic regulation and international “conflicts law” must be “civilized” and “constitutionalized” by limiting multilevel governance through legal and judicial protection of cosmopolitan rights empowering citizens – as “democratic owners of IEL” – to hold their government agents more accountable for their obvious “governance failures”. Sections 1 to 10 discuss ten areas of IEL where the need for stronger protection of human rights is increasingly recognized. Sections 11 and 12 infer from the citizen-driven transformations of international investment law and European common market law that “market failures”, “governance failures” and related abuses of public and private power in international economic relations can be limited by empowering citizens and “courts of justice” to protect transnational rule of law for the benefit of citizens. The article criticizes the EU institutions for their nondemocratic assertion of “freedoms to violate international law” to the detriment of EU citizens, and discusses the links between the current financial and economic growth crises in the European Monetary Union and the persistent violations by most EU countries of their agreed fiscal and debt legal disciplines. If the main objective of law is to “institutionalize public reason” protecting citizens and their human rights, IEL requires far-reaching cosmopolitan reforms in the 21st century.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2011, 31; 9-46
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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