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Wyszukujesz frazę "house building" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Analysis of technology, time and costs of three methods of building a single-family house: traditional brick, reinforced concrete prefabrication, timber frame
Analiza technologii, czasu i kosztów budowy domu jednorodzinnego trzema metodami: murowaną tradycyjnie, prefabrykacji żelbetowej, szkieletową drewnianą
Autorzy:
Wrzesiński, Grzegorz
Pawluk, Katarzyna
Lendo-Siwicka, Marzena
Kowalski, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312061.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
budynek jednorodzinny
budynek murowany
budynek prefabrykowany
budynek żelbetowy
budynek szkieletowy
szkielet drewniany
czas budowy
koszt budowy
technologia
single-family house
traditional building
masonry building
prefabricated building
reinforced concrete building
timber frame house
construction time
construction cost
technology
Opis:
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of technology, time and costs of three methods of building a single-family house; traditional brick, reinforced concrete prefabrication and timber frame. The goal of this study was to determine if prefabricated and timber frame building methods and materials have the potential to replace traditional method of construction in the context of cost and time. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis was performed, including a list of benefits of each of the analysed construction technologies and a quantitative analysis in which the cost of finished houses per 1 m2 of usable area was compared. The analyses were conducted for two single-family houses with similar characteristics using scheduling and cost estimation software. The conducted analyses have shown that the shortest time to build a house is in the prefabricated reinforced concrete technology. The used construction technology from ready-made prefabricated elements affects the time of building house and thus, the costs of its construction. The construction time for the house in case of a timber frame structure and made of ready-made reinforced concrete prefabricated elements is similar but the cost of a timber frame structure is much higher. It takes longest time to build a house in traditional brick technology and requires the involvement of the largest financial resources from all three analysed construction technologies. Despite this, traditional brick technology is the most used in construction in Poland and other Central and Easter Europe countries. This is due to the widespread belief of investors about the durability of a building made in this technology and the habits of investors resulting from a long-standing tradition of construction. However, the study’s results in the world showed that a change in build technology is a step in addressing the concerns of poor quality and reduce construction costs and time, increasing the construction sector’s productivity and sustainability.
W artykule przedstawiono kompleksową analizę technologii, czasu i kosztów budowy domu jednorodzinnego trzema metodami: murowaną tradycyjnie, prefabrykacji żelbetowej, szkieletową drewnianą. Celem analiz było określenie, czy prefabrykowane i szkieletowe budownictwo ma potencjał do zastąpienia tradycyjnych metod budowy w kontekście kosztów i czasu budowy. W tym celu dokonano analizy jakościowej obejmującej wykaz korzyści każdej z analizowanych technologii budowy oraz analizy ilościowej, w której porównano koszt gotowych domów na m2. Analizy przeprowadzano dla dwóch domów jednorodzinnych o podobnych cechach z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania do harmonogramowania i kosztorysowania. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że najkrótsze terminy wykonania budynku są w przypadku budowy budynku w technologii prefabrykowanej żelbetowej. Stosowana technologia budowy z gotowych elementów prefabrykowanych przekłada się na czas budowy domu, a tym samym na mniejsze koszty jego budowy. Czas realizacji domu w przypadku konstrukcji szkieletowej drewnianej oraz z prefabrykatów żelbetowych jest podobny, jednak koszt konstrukcji szkieletowej jest znacznie większy. Najdłużej trwa budowa domu w technologii murowanej tradycyjnie oraz wymaga zaangażowania największych środków finansowych ze wszystkich trzech analizowanych technologii budowy. Pomimo tego technologia murowana tradycyjnie jest najczęściej stosowana w budownictwie w Polsce oraz innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Wynika to głównie z powszechnego przekonania inwestorów o trwałości budynku wykonanego w tej technologii oraz z przyzwyczajeń inwestorów wynikających z długoletniej tradycji budowy. Jednakże analizy prowadzone na świecie pokazują, że zmiana w technologii budowy jest krokiem w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z niską jakością oraz zmniejszeniem kosztów i czasu budowy, przy jednoczesnym zwiększeniu produktywności i zrównoważonym rozwoju sektora budowlanego.
Źródło:
Archives of Civil Engineering; 2023, 69, 2; 23--39
1230-2945
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Civil Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constructive development of the Leiden house in the 13th and 14th centuries
Rozwój konstrukcji domów w Lejdzie w XIII i XIV w.
Autorzy:
Orsel, Edwin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2203593.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
Leiden
building archaeology
construction history
medieval house
Lejda
archeologia budowli
historia budownictwa
dom średniowieczny
Opis:
Leiden is one of the largest medieval cities in the Netherlands. Because the city has never suffered major devastation, for example caused by city fires or wars, there is a rich layered historic city centre. This article discusses the constructive development of Leiden houses in the 13th and 14th centuries and its influences. In recent years, building archaeological research has uncovered the remains of approximately 150 buildings from before or about 1400. Based on this, and in combination with archaeological data, the constructive development of the Leiden house in the 13th and 14th centuries can be outlined. Based on dendrochronologically dated examples, the origin of a typical timber-frame house with brick façades can be established, a confluence of older timber- and stone-building traditions. It is a building type that remains the popular building type in Leiden and far beyond until about 1600. This development is related to the urbanization of Leiden in the 13th century with urban densification, population growth and the emergence of guilds. The issuing of fire prevention measures by the city council and the payment of subsidies also play an important role. The development is also determined by the availability of building materials. According to dendrochronological data, construction timber has to be imported from afar, from Westphalia or Emsland (Germany). Natural stone was not available locally and had to be supplied from far away regions in Germany or Belgium, until a flourishing brick industry developed along the Rhine in the 13th century, immediately outside the city gates of Leiden. By inventively combining brick walls and a wooden supporting structure by specialized carpenters, high-quality and fire-safe houses were created, responding to the demands of the growing citizenry and the city authorities in a nascent city.
Lejda jest jednym z największych średniowiecznych miast w Holandii. Ze względu na to, że miasto nie doznało większych zniszczeń spowodowanych przez pożary lub wojny, centrum zachowało wiele historycznych budowli. W artykule omówiono rozwój konstrukcji domów lejdejskich w XIII i XIV w. oraz jego wpływy. Podczas badań architektonicznych prowadzonych w ostatnich latach udokumentowano pozostałości około 150 budynków wzniesionych do około 1400 r. Na tej podstawie oraz w połączeniu z wynikami badań archeologicznych można nakreślić zarys rozwoju konstrukcji domu w Lejdzie w XIII i XIV w. Dzięki wynikom badań dendrochronologicznych możliwe jest ustalenie pochodzenia typu domu o konstrukcji szkieletowej z murowanymi fasadami z cegły, będącego połączeniem starszych tradycji budownictwa drewnianego i kamiennego. Ten rodzaj domu stał się popularnym typem budynku w Lejdzie oraz poza jej granicami do około 1600 r. Rozwój tego rodzaju zabudowy związany jest z urbanizacją Lejdy w XIII w., wzrostem liczby jej ludności i powstaniem cechów. Ważną rolę odgrywało również wydawanie przez radę miejską przepisów zapobiegających pożarom oraz wypłacanie dotacji na ten cel. O rozwoju decydowała również dostępność materiałów budowlanych. Według danych z badań dendrochronologicznych drewno budowlane sprowadzano z dalekiej Westfalii lub Emsland (Niemcy). Kamień naturalny nie był lokalnie dostępny i dlatego też musiał być sprowadzany z daleka, z regionów Niemiec lub Belgii, aż do momentu pojawienia się w XIII w. cegielni rozmieszczonych wzdłuż Renu, tuż za bramami miasta Lejdy. Dzięki nowatorskiemu połączeniu ceglanych ścian i drewnianej konstrukcji nośnej przez wyspecjalizowanych cieśli powstały wysokiej jakości i bezpieczne pod względem pożarowym domy, odpowiadające zapotrzebowaniu rosnącej liczby mieszkańców i władz rodzącego się miasta.
Źródło:
Architectus; 2022, 4 (72); 17--25
1429-7507
2084-5227
Pojawia się w:
Architectus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Miejsca obrad sejmików i zjazdów szlacheckich powiatu nowogródzkiego
Places of Debates of Dietines (Sejmiks) and Other Noble Assemblies of the Nowogródek Poviat
Autorzy:
Radaman, Andrei
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27290215.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
dietines (sejmiks)
Nowogródek (Novgorodok) Voivodeship (Palatinate, Province)
castle
manor house
church building
dietine (sejmik) chamber
sejmiki
województwo nowogródzkie
zamek
dwór hospodarski
kościół
izba sejmikowa
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu są lokalizacje, w których odbywały się zgromadzenia szlacheckie (zjazdy i sejmiki) w powiecie nowogrodzkim Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Jest to zagadnienie ważne, gdyż ukazuje ono w praktyce rolę i miejsce sejmiku w systemie ustrojowym Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów nawet sejm walny, który był najważniejszym organem Rzeczypospolitej nie posiadał własnego budynku obrad, tym bardziej jest to widoczne w organizacji lokalnych zgromadzeń szlacheckich. Mamy więc do czynienia z adaptacją istniejących możliwości do wymogów życia sejmikowego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim po unii lubelskiej z 1569 r. Dzieje sejmików nowogrodzkich dają przykład sytuacji, w której szlachta powiatowa sama od początku istnienia instytucji sejmiku tworzyła przestrzeń do sejmikowania i przestrzenie szlacheckiego samorządu, budując sobie pomieszczenia sejmikowe i sądowe. To jest jeden z nielicznych w skali Rzeczypospolitej takich przykładów, który mieści się w konsekwencji w szeroko pojętej archeologii prawnej, i jest oznaką ogromnej dojrzałości szlachty nowogrodzkiej. Artykuł porusza również rożne kwestie organizacji obrad sejmików i zjazdów szlachty powiatu nowogrodzkiego.
The subject of the article is the locations in the Nowogrodek (Novgorodok) poviat (district) where noble gatherings were held. This is an important issue as it highlights the role and place of the dietinies (sejmiks) in the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Even the Sejm, which was the most important organ of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not have its own meeting building, which is all the more evident in the organization of local noble assemblies. So we are dealing with the adaptation of the existing possibilities to the requirements of sejmik life. The article also touches upon another issue concerning the organization of dietinies (sejmiks) and other meetings of the Nowogrodek poviat (district) nobility. The history of the Nowogrodek dietinies (sejmiks) is an example of a case in which the nobility themselves, from the very beginning of the sejmik allocated quarters for sejmik and noble self-government spaces, building sejmik and court rooms for themselves. This is one of the few such examples in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and a sign of the great maturity of the Nowogrodek nobility. Consequently, this example is included in broadly understood legal archeology.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2022, 21, 1; 75-115
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawne aspekty budowy domu do 70 m2 bez pozwolenia
Legal aspects of building a house up to 70 m2 without permission
Autorzy:
Kaim, Katarzyna
Kruzel, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2081885.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:
prawo budowlane
przepis prawny
brak pozwolenia
budynek jednorodzinny
budynek mały
opłacalność
construction law
legal regulation
no permit
one-family building
small house
profitability
Opis:
W artykule przestawiono obecny stan prawny dotyczący budowy domu do 70 m2 bez pozwolenia. Poruszono zagadnienie opłacalności wskazanego działania. Dokonano analizy postanowień wynikających z modyfikacji poszczególnych przepisów Ustawy z dnia 7 lipca 1994 r. - Prawo budowlane. Ustalono korzyści oraz wskazano uchybienia, dokonując porównania prawnych aspektów będących następstwem budowy bez pozwolenia domu jednorodzinnego oraz rekreacyjnego o podanym metrażu. Przeprowadzono analizę kosztowo-porównawczą.
The article presents the current legal situation concerning the construction of a house of up to 70 m2 without a permit. The issue of the profitability of this activity is discussed. An analysis was made of the provisions resulting from the modification of individual provisions Act of the July 7th 1994 - Building Law. The benefits and the deficiencies related to the construction of a house of up to 70 m2 without a permit were identified, comparing the legal aspects resulting from the construction of a detached house and a recreational house of the same size without a permit. A cost-comparative analysis has been carried out.
Źródło:
Przegląd Budowlany; 2022, 93, 3-4; 85--88
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wentylacja grawitacyjna w domach jednorodzinnych - aspekty praktyczne
Natural ventilation in single-family houses - practical aspects
Autorzy:
Brycht, Natalia
Respondek, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202659.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:
wentylacja grawitacyjna
dom jednorodzinny
eksploatacja budynku
mikroklimat
studium przypadku
przepływ powietrza
gravitational ventilation
single-family house
building operation
microclimate
case study
air flow
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono studium przypadku ilustrujące typowe problemy użytkowników starszych domów jednorodzinnych w aspekcie pracy tradycyjnej wentylacji grawitacyjnej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że przyczyną powstawania tzw. wstecznych ciągów, oprócz czynników pogodowych, może być wpływ urządzeń mechanicznych wymuszających ciąg w przewodach wentylacyjnych (okap kuchenny) lub dymowych (dmuchawa kotła c.o.). Zwrócono również uwagę na potrzebę częstych przeglądów skuteczności wentylacji, aby wyeliminować pewne prozaiczne powody jej nieskuteczności.
The article presents a case study illustrating typical problems of users of older single-family houses in the aspect of traditional gravitational ventilation. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the cause of the so-called backdrafts, apart from weather factors, may be caused by the influence of mechanical devices forcing draft in ventilation ducts (kitchen hood) or smoke ducts (central heating boiler blower). Attention was also drawn to the need for frequent reviews of the effectiveness of ventilation to eliminate some prosaic reasons for its ineffectiveness.
Źródło:
Przegląd Budowlany; 2022, 93, 11-12; 104--106
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Datowanie wielkopolskich siedzib ziemiańskich na podstawie potencjału informacyjnego pruskich ksiąg podatku budynkowego (Gebäudesteuerrollen, Gebäudebücher)
Dating of Landowners’ Estates in the Greater Poland Region on the Basis of the Information Potential of Prussian Building Tax Books (Gebäudesteuerrollen, Gebäudebücher)
Autorzy:
Mikulski, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20874560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
dwór
pałac
kataster
kataster budynkowy
datowanie zabytków
Wielkopolska
manor house
palace
cadastre
building cadastre
Greater Poland
dating of historical buildings
Opis:
Siedziby ziemiańskie odegrały istotną rolę w ukształtowaniu krajobrazu architektonicznego Wielkopolski. Datowanie ich budowy, przebudowy bądź rozbudowy jest stosunkowo trudne. Nierzadko zapisy dotyczące historii obiektu opierają się na sformułowaniach typu: druga połowa XIX wieku, początek XX wieku, lata 20. XX wieku. Interesujący w tym względzie, choć słabo rozpoznany przez badaczy, jest zbiór ksiąg podatku budynkowego (niem. Gebäudesteuerrollen, Gebäudebücher), wchodzący w skład zasobu pruskich materiałów katastralnych. Dokumentacja ta powstała w 1865 roku i zachowała ciągłość przez blisko 80 kolejnych lat. W artykule omówiono znaczenie podatku budynkowego oraz charakterystykę archiwalną zebranej dokumentacji. Celem badań było ustalenie przydatności ksiąg podatku budynkowego do datowania siedzib ziemiańskich. Zagadnienie to rozpoznano dwojako. Identyfikując konstrukcję i metodykę prowadzenia ksiąg, stwierdzono ich wysoki potencjał informacyjny w zakresie możliwości określania czasu i sposobu kształtowania bryły siedzib. Wyniki badań z zebranego materiału źródłowego skonfrontowano zaś z powszechnie przyjętymi datami powstania wielkopolskich siedzib ziemiańskich. W większości przypadków przeprowadzona weryfikacja uzupełniła, doprecyzowała, a niekiedy podważyła dotychczasowy stan wiedzy. Badania przeprowadzono na dokumentacji dotyczącej 68 obszarów dworskich, skupionych na jednym obszarze w centralnej Wielkopolsce.
Landowners’ estates played an important role in shaping the architectural landscape of the Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) region. Dating their construction, reconstruction, or extension is relatively difficult. Often records concerning the history of the estate are based on phrases such as: the second half of the 19th century, the early 20th century, the 1920s. The collection of building tax books (Gebäudesteuerrollen, Gebäudebücher in German), which is a part of Prussian cadastral materials, is interesting in this respect, although poorly recognised by researchers. These records were created in 1865 and maintained their continuity for nearly 80 consecutive years. This paper discusses the significance of the building tax and the archival characteristics of the documentation collected. The purpose of this research was to determine the usefulness of building tax books for dating landowners’ estates. This issue was recognised in two ways. By identifying the construction and methodology of the books, it was found that they had a high informational potential to determine the time and manner of shaping the bodies of residences. The results of research from the collected source material were confronted with the commonly accepted dates of creation of the Greater Poland landowners’ estates. In most cases, the conducted verification complemented, clarified and sometimes challenged the existing state of knowledge. The research was carried out on documentation concerning 68 manor areas, concentrated in one area in the central Greater Poland region.
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 2021, 2; 217-247
0029-8247
2956-6606
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diagnostyka konstrukcji murowych w XVIII-wiecznej kamienicy w Kożuchowie
Diagnostics of wall structures in an 18th century tenement house in Kożuchów
Autorzy:
Nowogońska, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1857855.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:
kamienica
Kożuchów
XVIII w.
budynek zabytkowy
konstrukcja murowa
stan techniczny
diagnostyka
zawilgocenie
zalecenia
tenement house
18th century
historical building
masonry structure
technical condition
diagnostics
dampness
recommendations
Opis:
W obrębie obwarowań fortyfikacyjnych w Kożuchowie zachował się zespół zabytkowych kamienic, usytuowanych w trzynastowiecznym układzie urbanistycznym. Obiekty te wymagają licznych zabiegów: remontów, restauracji elewacji, modernizacji, rozbudowy, nadbudowy. W artykule przedstawiono przykładową ocenę stanu technicznego XVIII-wiecznej kamienicy położonej w obrębie zespołu śródmiejskiego objętego planami rewitalizacji.
Inside the fortifications in Kożuchów there is a group of historic buildings situated in the 13th century urban layout. These buildings require a lot of attention: renovation, facade restoration, modernization, extension, superstructure. The article presents an exemplary assessment of the technical condition of an 18th century tenement house located within a downtown complex included in revitalization plans.
Źródło:
Przegląd Budowlany; 2021, 92, 7-8; 104-107
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Has the introduction of the possibility to build a single-family house on the basis of notification really improved the development process? The analysis based on the example of the Capital City of Warsaw (Poland)
Czy wprowadzenie możliwości budowy domu jednorodzinnego w oparciu o zgłoszenie rzeczywiście uprościło proces inwestycyjny? Analiza na przykładzie m. st. Warszawy (Polska)
Autorzy:
Kołacińska, Sylwia
Zaborowski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1955940.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:
notification
building permission
simplifying
one-family house
building code
zgłoszenie
pozwolenie na budowę
uproszczenie
domy jednorodzinne
prawo budowlane
Opis:
On 28 June 2015 an amendment of the Polish Building Code that abolished a requirement to get a building permission to construct or reconstruct a free standing one-family house, which impact area is limited to the plot on that it is planned, came into force. Since then an erection of such houses has been possible on a basis of notification instead. The goal of this amendment was to simplify the development process in the case of one-family houses. This article is a contribution to the verification of this assumption. Therefore data on notifications that were submitted to respective capital city of Warsaw districts’ offices have been analysed. Detailed research has been limited to the districts of Bielany and Białołęka.
Dnia 28 czerwca 2015 r. weszła w życie nowelizacja ustawy Prawo budowlane (Dz.U. z 2018 r. poz. 1202 ze zm.) znosząca wymóg uzyskania pozwolenia na budowę lub przebudowę wolno stojącego budynku mieszkalnego jednorodzinnego, którego obszar oddziaływania mieści się w całości na działce lub działkach, na których został zaprojektowany, umożliwiając jego realizację w oparciu o zgłoszenie. Nowelizacja ta miała usprawnić proces inwestycyjny budowy domów jednorodzinnych. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przyczynek do weryfikacji tej tezy. Dokonano weń analizy danych dotyczących zgłoszeń, które w okresie 3 lat wpłynęły do urzędów dzielnic m.st. Warszawy. Szczegółowe badania zawężone zostały do dzielnic Bielany i Białołęka.
Źródło:
Budownictwo i Architektura; 2021, 20, 3; 99-118
1899-0665
Pojawia się w:
Budownictwo i Architektura
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Renowacja budynku zabytkowego i jej wpływ na poprawę izolacyjności termicznej ścian na przykładzie kamienicy w Bielsku-Białej
Renovation of a historical building and its influence on the improvement of thermal insulation of walls on the example of a townhouse in Bielsko-Biała
Autorzy:
Brachaczek, Wacław
Chleboś, Adam
Kubecka-Pomper, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055955.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:
budynek zabytkowy
kamienica
Bielsko-Biała
badanie diagnostyczne
zawilgocenie
zasolenie
renowacja
właściwości cieplne
izolacyjność cieplna
historical building
tenement house
diagnostic investigation
moisture content
salinity
renovation
thermal properties
thermal insulation
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań poziomu zawilgocenia oraz zasolenia murów kamienicy z pierwszej połowy XIX w. leżącej przy głównym deptaku Bielska-Białej. Przedstawiono oraz omówiono proponowane rozwiązania techniczno-materiałowe mające na celu poprawę stanu technicznego murów, eliminację głównych źródeł zawilgocenia oraz redukcję poziomu zasolenia ścian. Założono wykonanie przepony poziomej oraz aplikację systemu tynków renowacyjnych. Wykonano badania mające na celu ocenę wpływu poprawnie wykonanej renowacji na polepszenie właściwości cieplnych murów.
The article presents the results of the wall moisture and salinity tests of the walls of a tenement house built in the first half of the 19th century. The house is located at the main promenade of Bielsko-Biała. The proposed technical and material solutions aimed at improving the technical condition of the walls, eliminating the main sources of moisture and reducing the salinity level of the walls were presented and discussed. Tests were carried out to assess the impact of a correctly performed renovation with the use of a damp-proofing courses and a system of renovation plasters leading to reduction in the level of moisture in the walls on the improvement of their thermal properties.
Źródło:
Przegląd Budowlany; 2021, 92, 11-12; 154--157
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dom to nie tylko dach i cztery ściany… O budownictwie w późnej starożytności w Europie Północnej i Środkowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich
A House Means Not Only Four Walls and a Roof… On House Building in Northern and Central Europe in Late Antiquity with Special Consideration of Poland
Autorzy:
Schuster, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
okres przedrzymski
okres wpływów rzymskich
okres wędrówek ludów
budownictwo
długi dom
archeologia osadnictwa
Polska
Pre-Roman Iron Age
Roman Iron Age
Migration Period
house building
long-house
settlement archaeology
Polska
Opis:
One of the most interesting, but sometimes slightly underestimated topics of research as a whole into the Late Antiquity of the ‘barbaric’ part of Europe is the development of longhouses and settlements. This paper is an attempt to combine the results of long-term research on construction and settlements from the Iron Age (with a main focus on the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period) in the western part of Central Europe and Scandinavia with the results of relevant research in Poland. This is no easy task. Despite undeniable research progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still in the early stage of searching for patterns of recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual house types. The aim of this paper is to convince the Polish research community that it is necessary to change its perspective on the subject of Iron Age house building and especially on the spatial organisation of settlements. Too often, one can observe an avoidance of careful and accurate analysis of archaeological objects in relation to the reconstruction of house plans – partly out of fear of misinterpretation, partly due to inability, partly because of habit and use of well-worn research paths, but often also out of a lack of reflection on the regularities and laws of statics and carpentry methods. In this way (unnecessarily), a gap was created between two (artificially created) zones of barbaric Europe that lacks one of the basic features of working on archaeological material within the so-called Germania magna: comparability. For a long time, the pit house was regarded as the main residential building in Late Antiquity in the area of Poland. Additionally, post houses were and are being reconstructed that could never have existed in this way. As a result of efforts to adapt the shape of the house to his own needs and economic requirements, a man living in Central and Northern Europe had already created a universal building in the Neolithic (Fig. 2) that we call a longhouse. However, this building is not a homogeneous creation. In different periods of time, in regionally determined varieties, it occurs in different forms. On the basis of certain design features, arrangements of roof-bearing structures and other elements, these varieties are recognised as house types. Similarly to the classification of artefacts and analysis of the distribution of different types, variants and varieties, the analysis of house types also helps us to determine the peculiarities of individual societies and groups, to track their development and to recognise zones of common tradition and contact networks. At this point, I would venture to say that construction traditions even more closely reflect the characteristics of individual societies than, for example, brooches whose forms have undergone rapid fashion changes and influences from various milieus. For large areas in western Central Europe and Scandinavia, we can determine house types that can be grouped into overarching categories, defining building tradition zones (Hauslandschaften). In the relevant works, such regions east of the Oder have not yet found their place. It is high time to change that. I decided to review in the first part of the paper the most important issues related to Iron Age house building, given the fact that this paper cannot cover and discuss all aspects of the issue. Construction details, forms and basic types of longhouses in northern Central Europe are discussed, followed by the layout of farmsteads and settlements. The second part of the article attempts to relate the results of settlement archaeology in western Central Europe and Scandinavia to research results in Poland, often based on a reinterpretation of published features. When discussing the main features – the description of the post hole, the appearance and foundation of the post itself, the walls, doorways, roofs and house types, as well as the layout of farmsteads and settlements – I always had in mind and attempted to refer to the situation in Poland. It is a trivial statement that the most important feature in settlement research is the post hole. We owe the first detailed description of the archaeological feature which we call a post hole to A. Kiekebusch (1870–1935), an employee and later a department head of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. He had contact with C. Schuchhardt (1859–1943), one of the founders of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission in Frankfurt am Main. From 1899, he, in turn, conducted excavations in the Roman legionnaire camp of the Augustus period in Haltern on the northern edge of the Ruhr region, during which, for the first time on a large scale, attention was paid to the remains of ancient post foundations. Thus, research in Haltern can be regarded as the beginning of modern settlement archaeology. During research on the early Iron Age stronghold Römerschanze in Potsdam, Schuchardt transferred the discovery of the research value of the post hole to ‘barbarian’ archaeology. The aforementioned A. Kiekebusch participated in research on Römerschanze; C. Schuchardt’s innovative research methods made a huge impression on him. In the publication of results of his own excavation of a Bronze Age settlement in Berlin-Buch, he described the appearance and properties of the post hole on eleven (!) pages (Fig. 4). The turn of the 19th/20th cent. is also a breakthrough in settlement archaeology in the Scandinavian countries. Here, however, the road was slightly different than on the continent, in a figurative sense from the general to the detail. Geographical conditions and construction methods, sometimes quite different from the way houses were erected in Central Europe, were conducive to the discovery of real Iron Age ruins of three-aisled houses and in this way it was known almost from the very beginning of settlement research that the houses were elongated and based on the structure of regularly placed roof-bearing posts. For example, in 1924, plans were published of the remains of burnt down houses in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement at Kraghede in northern Jutland that was discovered in 1906 (Fig. 5). The posts of these houses have survived partly as charred wood, which greatly facilitated the interpretation of discovered traces. The 1920s and 30s witnessed a real leap in settlement archaeology, which was also observed on the continent, e.g. in the Netherlands. A.E. van Giffen (1888–1973) conducted excavations in 1923–1934 in the area of the warf/Wurt/wierde/terp at Ezinge in the Dutch part of Friesland – a Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age settlement. These names, mentioned in Dutch, Frisian and North German dialects, refer to an artificial hill in the North Sea shore region, created to protect house sites against high tide and floods. Moisture in the earth was conducive to the preservation of organic materials, and because of this van Giffen also found ‘real’ ruins of houses (Fig. 6). Large-scale excavations of this type in Germany were conducted in 1954–1963 at the Feddersen Wierde site. The results of this research were just as spectacular as in the case of the settlement at Ezinge (Fig. 46, 47). Large-scale research began in various countries in the 1960s as part of extensive research projects. In Denmark, the nationwide ‘Settlement and Landscape’ project resulted, among others, in the uncovering of a huge area with several settlements/farm clusters from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Grøntoft, Jutland (Fig. 1). The completely surveyed, enclosed settlement from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Hodde, Jutland must be mentioned in this context, too. At Vorbasse in Jutland, a huge area from the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlement was uncovered. After pioneering research at Feddersen Wierde in the 1970s, as part of the ‘North Sea Programme’ project of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Community), research began at the 1st to 6th cent. CE settlement site at Flögeln in the German part of the southern coast of the North Sea. The results became fundamental not only for this region of Germany. As part of the competitive project ‘Research on Iron Age settlements’ of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin, large-scale excavations were conducted in settlements of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements at Tornow in Lower Lusatia and at Herzsprung in the Uckermark. Already at the turn of the 1950s/60s, the famous Early and Late Roman Iron Age settlement at Wijster in the northern Netherlands was excavated, but the area studied was not comparable in size to the areas of the above-mentioned sites. In 1974, excavations began at Oss in the southern part of the country, starting in 1979 within the so-called Maaskant-Project of the University of Leiden, which led to the unveiling of an extremely large area, consisting of many, slightly dispersed excavations at so-called native settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the time when this region was part of the Roman Empire. North of the Rhine and Waal, in the northern Netherlands, the Peelo site is situated. Here, in the 1970s and 1980s, extensive excavations at several neighbouring settlement sites were carried out as part of the ‘Peelo project’ of the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the University of Groningen. Similar large excavations were conducted in the 1980s at Colmschate in the eastern Netherlands by the Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland and Archeologie Deventer. The settlement traces date back to the Bronze Age up to medieval times. In the meantime, many new and important large-scale settlement excavations took place that cannot all be mentioned here. In the following chapters, I discuss the most important basic features of longhouses, beginning with the post hole and the post itself. Along with the growing sensitivity of archaeologists towards this issue and thanks to the good condition of surviving posts, there are more and more examples of houses where planks were used as roof-bearing poles. Excellent examples are the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age house at Jerup on Vendsyssel-Thy and two Late Roman Iron Age houses at Ragow and Klein Köris, both south of Berlin (Fig. 8). In some cases, there is evidence that the post was secured in the ground, such as a plank basement at the settlement of Klein Köris, anchoring at Feddersen Wierde or stones used as stabilisation like at Herzsprung (Fig. 7). In eastern Brandenburg, we have seen partial or complete post-hole fillings of burnt or unburnt clay, especially in the case of granaries. Depending on the function of the post, the sizes of the post holes can differ. The deepest post holes often belong to roof-bearing and doorway posts. It is interesting that this applies not only to three-aisle, but also to two-aisled houses (Fig. 10). This fact can be useful in the case of incomplete house plans. The basic typological division of longhouses refers to the general roof-bearing construction (three-aisled, two-aisled, one-aisled and so-called four-aisled houses). Three-aisled houses were not invented in the Iron Age; they appeared as early the Early Bronze Age (Fig. 11) within a large zone including northwestern France and Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Although closely related to the idea of keeping livestock in the same building where people lived, well-dated three-aisled houses with a stall do not date to earlier than around 1400 BCE. During the Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the area of occurrence of these houses contracted slightly; they were erected in a wide zone south of the North Sea, in the Netherlands and northern Germany, Jutland, on the Danish islands and in southern areas of Norway and Sweden. Due to intensive settlement research carried out since the 1990s, we know that – at least in the Roman Iron Age – all of Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, most of Brandenburg and some regions at the Middle Elbe belonged to this zone of three-aisled houses. The layout of two-aisled houses differs slightly due to construction based on only one row of roof-bearing posts. The arrangement and number of posts are often not as regular as in the case of three-aisled houses, which can create problems when interpreting house plans. Two-aisled longhouses, known from Neolithic sites, and sometimes appeared in a surprising similar form at Bronze Age, Roman Iron Age and Migration Period sites south of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 13), were replaced in Scandinavia and the southern North Sea coast region by three-aisled houses as early as the Middle Bronze Age. The zone of appearance of two-aisled houses is not that well specified and seems to have changed over time. In the west, it is situated to the south of the three-aisled house zone, reaching Westphalia, eastern Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. In Lower Lusatia and south of Berlin, so-called four-aisled houses were discovered (Fig. 14, 63). It is not easy to interpret the plans of these buildings. Here, I present a new proposition for the characteristic post arrangement as supporting a loft (Fig. 64). In the case of one-aisled houses, the inner space is free of posts (Fig. 15) since the walls took over the roof-bearing function. It was a very demanding construction because poor carpentry of joining elements above the wall line inevitably led to its destabilisation and collapse, so it appeared on a larger scale at the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, we also know a few one-aisled longhouses dating to an earlier period. In the next chapter, all elements of the walls are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the fact that rows of posts and walls do not necessarily line up. Since the wall construction is not connected to the house frame or roof, its roof-bearing function can often be excluded (Fig. 20). As the ruins at Feddersen Wierde demonstrate, the line of the wall and that of lateral posts may differ. A special feature are the outer, eave-supporting posts (Fig. 21) that we know from houses in both the west and in the east, but at different times. Such constructions seem to appear in Poland, too. Most of the walls were probably built using the wattle and daub technique. It was predominant used in Central and Northern Europe, but was not the only technique. Houses with wall trenches might have been built with palisade-like walls, with planks (Fig. 26) or as log constructions (Fig. 27). Sometimes there are no traces of the walls at all and the construction must have been over-ground (Fig. 25, 29). With respect to log construction, one drawback is the need for timber, which in regions with limited timber resources can be decisive for choosing another wall variant. For constructing the huge Early Bronze Age house (33.5×ca. 8 m) at Legård on Thy-Vendsyssel (Fig. 27), it was calculated that about 150 oak trees were needed! Most longhouses were built with a rectangular plan, but a quite high number of longhouses in Northern and Central Europe had apse-shaped gable walls (Fig. 30). Roof reconstruction of three-aisled houses with that characteristic seems to pose no problem (Fig. 40–44), but in the case of two-aisled houses with a roof-bearing post in the apse-shaped gable wall, the task of reconstruction is challenging. Regarding the interior structure of Iron Age longhouses, we have a lot of information from the well-preserved house ruins at Feddersen Wierde (Fig. 47–50) and burnt down houses from Denmark (Fig. 51). They prove the widespread use of houses with a living area and stall under one roof. In other cases, the inner division is proven by the existence of small trenches where the partition walls of the boxes were placed (Fig. 52, 53). For now, we cannot determine the precise range of this economic model; the easternmost houses with stall trenches were discovered in Lower Lusatia (right on the German-Polish border). Placing animals under the same roof as people is not a phenomenon limited to antiquity. In some regions of Germany and the Netherlands, it was a fairly common form of farming in modern times. Some of these houses survived until the 1970s (Fig. 54). This type of house was found in a long zone from the vicinity of Amsterdam to the Hel Peninsula – mainly in the zone of the historical range of the Low German language, which is therefore called Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus. At a time when Bronze Age and Iron Age longhouses began to be intensively researched in the Netherlands and Germany, the memory of the original functioning of Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus, so similar to ancient buildings, was still alive, and the grandparents or parents of these researchers often lived in them or knew of such houses anecdotally (Fig. 55:1–3). Some very old buildings showed common structural features with houses from the Roman Iron Age. A comparison of the characteristics of ancient and modern houses has greatly facilitated approaching the subject and interpreting the results of excavations. However, it has sometimes also led to the use of inadequate terms that survive to this day and which are misleading. For example, if the famous researcher of rural architecture J. Schepers talked about Germanisches Hallenhaus or W. Haarnagel in his monumental monograph uses the term dreischiffige Hallenhäuser, they were influenced by the use of almost the same name of the above-mentioned medieval and modern houses that in terms of internal division are so similar to three-aisled longhouses from the Iron Age. However, there is a significant functional difference: the term Halle (hall) in Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus refers to a room with a threshing floor in the central nave, located between livestock bays. This room is large and hall-like, and that is why the houses were given the name Hallenhaus. The ‘hall’ in Late Antiquity (Fig. 58, 59) and medieval times had a completely different meaning and does not mean the same as in the case of rural houses from later times. In the next chapter, I discuss congruencies of house plans as a source of interpretation of incompletely preserved longhouses and for typological divisions. In regard to the latter, we have to take into account the state of preservation, touch-ups, repairs, modifications, extensions and superposition of house plans that influence the interpretation of the record. The same applies to farmsteads and even whole settlements that have been shifted, rebuilt, changed in layout and so on (Fig. 75–80). The issue of forms and structures of settlements is a rather complicated topic, because the condition for their assessment is a completely uncovered site. Such objects are rare, and even if a large complex is excavated, we can only assess the arrangement of objects within the excavations. This statement sounds trivial, but I emphasise this fact because we cannot be sure that there were no satellite units belonging to the given settlement nearby. This is well illustrated by the plan of extremely interesting features at Galsted in southern Jutland (Fig. 81). Its second phase represents another step of settlement evolution and is similar to what we know from settlements such as Nørre Snede in eastern Jutland (Fig. 82). The layout of farmsteads – although already present at some Late Pre-Roman Iron Age sites – represents the state of development of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements. The earliest settlements of this type stem from Jutland, while the tendency to set up large, enclosed rectangular or trapezoidal farms in northern Germany is observable from the late 1st cent. CE and in the northern Netherlands from the 2nd cent. CE. The phenomenon of ‘stationary’ settlements is also known from East Germany, including the already mentioned settlements at Dallgow-Döberitz, Wustermark, Herzsprung or Göritz. Probably such settlements were discovered in Poland, too (see below). Settlements of this type replaced settlements with a different structure, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Their features included a loose arrangement of farms (rather unfenced) spread out over a large area (Fig. 1) and instability of house and farm sites. Houses and farmsteads were not occupied for a long period of time, but changed relatively quickly (the so-called wandering/shifting settlements). In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland and – in a slightly different form – in the northern Netherlands, completely enclosed settlements appeared. It was a fairly short-lived phenomenon (that ended in the 1st cent. CE), but the first step to stationary settlements, where farmsteads were designed to last for a longer period of time. At sites such as Nørre Snede in Jutland or Flögeln at the North Sea, there was a slow shifting of farmsteads, but over a period of several hundred years. With such a slow pace of changes in the positions of houses and farms, we can actually talk about stationary farms/settlements. It should be emphasised that the structure of settlements during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period was not compact and there were no clusters of houses around a free square, as is sometimes suggested in Polish literature (admittedly on the basis of insufficient evidence). The image of settlements at that time resembles instead a group of several farms, sometimes in rows. We also know this spatial organisation from settlements in the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse Rivers (the German-Polish border) and there is no reason to believe that it was different to the east of these rivers. Despite undeniable progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still at the very beginning of searching for patterns for the recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual types. Before completing this stage, analyses at a higher heuristic level do not yet make sense. All attempts to reconstruct settlement structures and search for references in building traditions to other regions in the Barbaricum have ended and often continue to end in failure. There are several reasons for this. First of all, this type of work from the second half of the 20th cent. mainly consisted of incorrect assumptions and axioms – especially regarding the dominance of pit houses in settlements. Secondly, the material that was available cannot create a suitable base for far-reaching conclusions – often the uncovered parts of the settlements were and are still too small to decipher the structures at all; sometimes it is not even possible to say in which part of a given settlement (or farmstead) the researchers conducted excavations. Another, also quite important point is the inaccurate or incompetent recognition of plans for alleged or actually non-existent post houses (Fig. 83). For decades, ‘buildings’ have been published that have no right to exist. Even in contemporary works, we can still find reconstructions (basically recreations) of primitive huts without statics or carpentry rules (Fig. 83), which were exceeded – if they had existed – by longhouses, even in the Neolithic. If buildings were created that have never existed, then obviously the image of a given farmstead must be false, not to mention the settlement structure. The necessity to verify published materials from settlements resulting from the state of research as I have described it does not need to be particularly emphasised. In a sense, the above-mentioned region between the Oder and the Elbe can be a benchmark for Poland. With regard to the state of research on settlements and the research paradigm, the situation in recent decades has been very similar to the situation in recent years in Poland. Until the early 1990s, the regions east of the Elbe could barely contribute to research on the subject of longhouses in the Barbaricum. It seemed that the presence of such buildings at settlements east of these regions that B. Trier (1969) had examined in his basic monograph on Iron Age longhouses was impossible. The very few examples were treated as exceptions. But due to large, often linear investments in infrastructure renewal in the early 1990s, the situation in Eastern Germany changed radically. Suddenly, longhouses started to appear at almost every settlement surveyed. One of the first excavations of this type was carried out in 1994 at the settlement site at Dallgow-Döberitz, a few kilometres west of Berlin, where at least 28 longhouses were discovered, primarily of the three-aisled variety. Publication of research results at Herzsprung in the Uckermark became a milestone, proving in the Oder region the existence not only of three-aisled longhouses, but farmsteads with a layout that was known only until that time from southern Scandinavia and the western part of Central Europe. In 1994–1997, 25 longhouses, mainly two-aisled, were uncovered at Göritz in Lower Lusatia. Today, a similar shift in settlement archaeology is taking place in Poland. Nevertheless, the attempts to distinguish longhouses at settlements in Poland and, at the same time, the frequent lack of experience of archaeologists in this field led to the creation and inclusion of objects that either did not exist in this form or not at all. The biggest obstacle is the lack of models to recognise house types, reflected by the arrangement of posts. There are still very few confidently confirmed three-aisled longhouses in Poland, yet this fact seems to result from the state of research rather than reflect the realities of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. To date, we do know four ‘definite’ buildings of this type, three from Pomerania and one from Mazovia; two others houses from central and southern Poland probably also belong to this group: the house I/A at Czarnowo in Western Pomerania (Fig. 85), a not fully uncovered house at Ostrowite in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 86:1), a house at Leśno in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 87), and a house in Rawa Mazowiecka (site 38) in western Mazovia (Fig. 88). In my opinion, the traces of a house at Kuców in Central Poland have to be interpreted as two rows of the roof-bearing posts of a three-aisled building (Fig. 89:1), while a house at Domasław in Lower Silesia also probably belongs to the three-aisled type (Fig. 90). Today, we know more examples of two-aisled houses than of three-aisled houses, which primarily appear only in the Przeworsk Culture area. It seems that in fact two-aisled houses were dominant in the area of this cultural unit, but it is still a bit too early to determine this with great certainty. The largest series of longhouses results from excavations of the settlement at Konarzewo near Poznań (Fig. 91), a smaller group we know from the Bzura River region (Fig. 94). The latter form a group that can be used to define the first longhouse type in Poland, the Konotopa type. A very interesting house was discovered in the 1960s at Wólka Łasiecka in Central Poland (Fig. 95). Although the arrangement of the posts is very clear, it can be read in the source publication, and sometimes in later ones, that this building is a three-aisled house. Actually, we are dealing with a two-aisled house with additional, external eave-supporting posts. In the case of the settlement at Izdebno Kościelne in western Mazovia, one can point to a house that was not included in the analysis of the site plan (Fig. 97). The same applies to a two-aisled longhouse at Janków in Central Poland (Fig. 96). It also belongs to the ‘verified’ buildings which were distinguished after the publication of the research results. The above-mentioned house at Wólka Łasiecka can be interpreted as a ‘lime kiln building’ on the basis of similar houses that, for example, were discovered at Klein Köris near Berlin and Herzsprung in the Uckermark. At the latter site, several buildings of this type have been even discovered, at least four of which were longhouses (e.g. Fig. 99:1.6). Lime kiln houses in other forms at this settlement (Fig. 100:3) and subsequent ones (Fig. 99:7, 100:1.2) show that there are many variants of such buildings. It might seem that production halls with limes kilns are a special feature of the settlements of Central Europe from the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse to the Vistula. However, the example from Osterrönfeld and houses from the settlement at Galsted in southern Jutland that are not yet published warn against this inference. It is not an exaggeration to claim that previous attempts to distinguish farmsteads in Poland have usually lacked sufficient evidence; often such an activity was and is simply impossible. There are several reasons for this: in the first place, often there are no reliable house plans, also the excavation area is too small and – it should be strongly emphasised – the research results are presented as a schematic plan only or in the form of a plan with symbols. Recently, contrast has been emphasised between the interpretation of the ‘farmstead’ approach among researchers from ‘west of the Oder’ and researchers in Poland, which in my opinion results mainly from the state of research and – probably even in a decisive way – from the research paradigm, and under no circumstances reflects ancient conditions. The results of excavations in recent years have shown that such an contradiction – if used to refer to archaeological material – is only apparent and artificial. The basis for analysing settlement structures in terms of farmsteads is quite narrow, although there are few proposals worth considering. In a separate article, I re-analysed published research results in the area of the settlement at Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland in terms of some longhouses. In addition to the alternative interpretation of buildings, the published plan and field documentation analysis provide the basis for a new interpretation of the spatial organisation of the uncovered part of the settlement (Fig. 102–104). An interesting arrangement of objects was observed at the settlement in at Mąkolice in Central Poland. Both post and pit houses as well as production facilities were uncovered here. The dispersion of all objects is quite clear, but several issues remain an open question (Fig. 105). Closely related to the form of the farmsteads is their arrangement relative to each other, meaning the form of a settlement. Polish literature holds the view that one of the basic forms of settlements of the Przeworsk Culture (because it is the only one we can say anything about) is the circular settlement. The above-mentioned settlement from Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland and well-known settlement from Konarzewo near Poznań cannot be called circular under any circumstances as has happened in the literature (Fig. 104, 106). Concerning the spatial organisation of settlements from areas east of the Oder, I am convinced that they did not differ from settlements in areas west of this river (Fig. 108, 109). The latest field research results provide us with more and more arguments confirming this thesis. The basic unit of each settlement was a farmstead, which was spatially organised as economic units in the western and northern regions of the Barbaricum.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 3-159
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Concept of Near-Autonomous Passive House
Koncepcja niemal autonomicznego domu pasywnego
Autorzy:
Ogryzek, Marek
Ciski, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1812006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
passive house
energy-efficient building
eco-friendly technologies
spatial planning
dom pasywny
budownictwo energooszczędne
technologie przyjazne środowisku
planowanie przestrzenne
Opis:
The global energy crisis has created the need for implementing energy-efficient solutions in the case of spatial planning and architecture. Raised energy prices encourage energy saving and implementation of new technologies (eco-friendly technologies). These aspirations are met by introducing appropriate technological solutions, to ensure the highest self-sufficiency of buildings, and by using renewable energy sources to cover the remaining energy needs. The concept of passive housing has become the answer to all these needs – it features thermal comfort with minimum energy requirements. Additional implementation with the use of renewable energy sources was proposed in this article, in order to achieve partial independence from traditional technical infrastructure.
Światowy kryzys energetyczny zrodził potrzebę wprowadzania energooszczędnych rozwiązań również w przypadku planowania przestrzennego i architektury. Rosnące ceny energii zmuszają nas do oszczędzania oraz wdrażania nowych technologii (technologii przyjaznych środowisku). Dążenia te spełniane są poprzez wprowadzanie odpowiednich rozwiązań technologicznych, służących zapewnieniu jak największej samowystarczalności energetycznej budynków oraz poprzez wykorzystanie odnawialnych źródeł energii do pokrywania pozostałego zapotrzebowania energetycznego. Odpowiedzią na te potrzeby stała się koncepcja budownictwa pasywnego – charakteryzującego się komfortem cieplnym przy minimalnym zapotrzebowaniu na energię. W artykule zaproponowano dodatkowe uzupełnienie o użycie odnawialnych źródeł energii, w celu osiągnięcia częściowej niezależności od tradycyjnych sieci infrastruktury technicznej.
Źródło:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2019, Tom 21, cz. 2; 1551-1566
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zoning of the south Russian territory on the energy efficiency of translucent structures
Strefowanie terytorium południowej Rosji pod względem efektywności energetycznej struktur półprzezroczystych
Autorzy:
Dvoretsky, Alexander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2065670.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
energy efficient house
map of isolines of solar radiation
climate parameters
parameters of the building envelope
zoning of the territory
domy energooszczędne
mapa izolinii promieniowania słonecznego
parametry klimatyczne
parametry obwiedni budynku
podział na strefy terenu
Opis:
Zoning of the territory of Russia allows us to take into account climate parameters when designing energy-efficient buildings: the temperature of the external and internal air, the duration of the heating period and the cooling period, the intensity of solar radiation, the orientation of the facade, average cloud cover, the direction and strength of the wind, and also the parameters of the building envelope: thermal insulation properties, translucency, shading.
Strefowanie terytorium Rosji pozwala na dokładne uwzględnienie przy projektowaniu energooszczędnych budynków takich parametrów, jak: temperatury powietrza zewnętrznego i wewnętrznego, czasu trwania okresu ogrzewania i chłodzenia budynków, intensywności promieniowania słonecznego, orientacji fasad, średniego zachmurzenia, kierunku i siły wiatru, a także parametrów związanych z obudową budynku, mianowicie: jej własności termoizolacyjne czy półprzezroczystość, a także zacienienie elewacji.
Źródło:
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym; 2019, 8, 2; 131--136
2299-8535
2544-963X
Pojawia się w:
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mathematical modeling and control system of nearly zero energy building
Modelowanie matematyczne i system sterowania budynkiem niemal zeroenergetycznym
Autorzy:
Sultanguzin, I. A.
Toepfer, H.
Kalyakin, I. D.
Govorin, A. V.
Zhigulina, E. V.
Kurzanov, S. Yu.
Yavorovsky, Yu. V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/408396.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:
control system
mathematical model
monitoring
passive house
zero energy building
układ sterowania
model matematyczny
dom pasywny
budynek zeroenergetyczny
Opis:
The article examines three different kinds of mathematical model of nearly zero energy building. The first model enables to optimize the structure and the definition of key parameters of energy efficient building. The second model is necessary for passive house designing with renewable energy sources. The third model should be used for monitoring and control of energy supply system of nearly zero energy building through year every hour of winter and summer.
W artykule rozważono trzy różne typy matematycznego modelu budynku o niemal zerowym zużyciu energii. Pierwszy model pozwala zoptymalizować strukturę i definicję kluczowych parametrów budynku energooszczędnego. Drugi model jest niezbędny do zaprojektowania domu pasywnego wykorzystującego odnawialne źródła energii. Trzeci model powinien być stosowany do godzinowego monitorowania i monitorowania systemu energetycznego budynku o niskim zużyciu energii przez cały rok.
Źródło:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska; 2018, 8, 2; 21-24
2083-0157
2391-6761
Pojawia się w:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zamek prokuratorski w Unisławiu. Układ przestrzenny i technika budowy w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych
The Prosecutor’s Castle in Unisław. Spatial layout and construction technique in the light of archaeological and architectural research
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927175.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
zamek
dom wieżowy
historia technik budowlanych
zakon krzyżacki
castle
tower house
history of building techniques
the Teutonic Order
Opis:
Zamek w Unisławiu na ziemi chełmińskiej był do niedawna jedną z najsłabiej rozpoznanych warowni krzyżackich. Nie była znana jego forma, a źródła historyczne dostarczały jedynie przesłanek do jego chronologii. Przeprowadzone w 2017 r. badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne skupione były na terenie zamku wysokiego, ale towarzyszące im obserwacje pozwoliły także na określenie układu budowli: na trójczłonową warownię składały się zamek wysoki i dwa przedzamcza. Badania wykazały, że zamek murowany wzniesiono na miejscu komturskiej warowni drewniano-ziemnej, a inwestycję tę łączyć należy z rezydującymi od 2. ćw. XIV w. w Unisławiu prokuratorami. Głównym elementem zamku wysokiego był masywny dom wieżowy, osłonięty od strony przedzamcza murem obronnym. Na przełomie XIV i XV w. zamek został rozbudowany – dodano nowe budynki, w tym bramny. Badania dostarczyły także podstaw do rekonstrukcji szczegółów techniki budowy zamku. Kres funkcjonowania warowni przyniosła wojna trzynastoletnia (1454-1466).
The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained, and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology. The archaeological and architectural research carried out in 2017 focused on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended – new buildings were added, including gates. The research also provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 1; 49-64
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Москва и Берлин. Индустриальные методы строительства жилья как решение социальных задач
Moscow and Berlin. Industrial methods of housing construction as a solution of social problems
Autorzy:
Ceredina, I.S.
Rybakova, E.U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2067845.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
Moscow
Berlin
types of panel house-building
microdistrict
New Cheryoumshki
industrial methods of housing construction
architektura
koncepcje architektoniczne
budownictwo mieszkaniowe
Opis:
Статья посвящена решению социальных задач в Москве и Берлине путем введения индустриальных методов строительства и корректировки архитектурных решений. Авторами рассматриваются типовые серии индустриального жилищного фонда в Москве и Берлине периода конца 1950–х –начала 1970–х годов. Проводятся параллели между решением жилищных задач, выявляются сходства и различия в подходах к решению проблемы.
Article is devoted to the solution of social tasks in Moscow and Berlin by introduction of industrial methods of construction and correction of architectural concepts. Authors consider standard series of industrial housing stock in Moscow and Berlin of the period of the end the 1950th – the beginning of the 1970th years. Parallels between the solution of housing tasks are drawn; similarities and differences in approaches to solving the problem are revealed.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo; 2018, 24 (174); 50-55
0860-7214
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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