Temat: house building - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Budownictwo mieszkaniowe i jego standardy w Polsce w latach 1991-2011
Residential house building and its standards in Poland in 1991-2011
Autorzy:: Zaniewska, Hanka
Dąbkowski, Norbert
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/447284.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013-03
Wydawca:: Instytut Rozwoju Miast
Tematy:: budownictwo mieszkaniowe
wielkość mieszkań
lokalizacja
formy architektoniczne
residential house building
flat size
location
architectural forms
Opis:: W artykule przedstawiono efekty ilościowe i jakościowe polskiego budownictwa mieszkaniowego w latach 1991-2011. Skupiono uwagę na zróżnicowaniu standardów i środowiska mieszkaniowego, widocznych w zabudowie wielorodzinnej różnych inwestorów: deweloperów, spółdzielni mieszkaniowych, towarzystw budownictwa społecznego i gmin oraz w zabudowie jednorodzinnej, sytuowanej na obrzeżach miast.
This paper presents the quantitative and qualitative effects of the Polish residential house building in 1991-2011. The authors concentrate on the diversity of housing standards and environments, well visible in the multi-family structures provided by various investors: developers, housing cooperatives, social building societies, and municipalities, as well as in single-family housing projects developed in the suburbs.
Źródło:: Problemy Rozwoju Miast; 2013, 1; 123-133
1733-2435
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Rozwoju Miast
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Jakość środowiska mieszkaniowego w osiedlach popegeerowskich
Quality of dwelling environment of housing estates in former state-owned farms (PGR)
Autorzy:: Zaniewska, H.
Dabkowski, N.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40684.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: osiedla mieszkaniowe
osiedla popegeerowskie
zabudowa mieszkaniowa
budynki mieszkalne
lokalizacja budynkow
otoczenie budynku
stan techniczny
modernizacja budynkow
woj.zachodniopomorskie
woj.wielkopolskie
housing estate
former state farm
residential building
dwelling house
building locality
building surroundings
technical state
building modernization
West Pomeranian voivodship
Wielkopolska voivodship
Źródło:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2011, 10, 2
1644-0633
Pojawia się w:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Analysis of technology, time and costs of three methods of building a single-family house: traditional brick, reinforced concrete prefabrication, timber frame
Analiza technologii, czasu i kosztów budowy domu jednorodzinnego trzema metodami: murowaną tradycyjnie, prefabrykacji żelbetowej, szkieletową drewnianą
Autorzy:: Wrzesiński, Grzegorz
Pawluk, Katarzyna
Lendo-Siwicka, Marzena
Kowalski, Jan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312061.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: budynek jednorodzinny
budynek murowany
budynek prefabrykowany
budynek żelbetowy
budynek szkieletowy
szkielet drewniany
czas budowy
koszt budowy
technologia
single-family house
traditional building
masonry building
prefabricated building
reinforced concrete building
timber frame house
construction time
construction cost
technology
Opis:: The article presents a comprehensive analysis of technology, time and costs of three methods of building a single-family house; traditional brick, reinforced concrete prefabrication and timber frame. The goal of this study was to determine if prefabricated and timber frame building methods and materials have the potential to replace traditional method of construction in the context of cost and time. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis was performed, including a list of benefits of each of the analysed construction technologies and a quantitative analysis in which the cost of finished houses per 1 m2 of usable area was compared. The analyses were conducted for two single-family houses with similar characteristics using scheduling and cost estimation software. The conducted analyses have shown that the shortest time to build a house is in the prefabricated reinforced concrete technology. The used construction technology from ready-made prefabricated elements affects the time of building house and thus, the costs of its construction. The construction time for the house in case of a timber frame structure and made of ready-made reinforced concrete prefabricated elements is similar but the cost of a timber frame structure is much higher. It takes longest time to build a house in traditional brick technology and requires the involvement of the largest financial resources from all three analysed construction technologies. Despite this, traditional brick technology is the most used in construction in Poland and other Central and Easter Europe countries. This is due to the widespread belief of investors about the durability of a building made in this technology and the habits of investors resulting from a long-standing tradition of construction. However, the study’s results in the world showed that a change in build technology is a step in addressing the concerns of poor quality and reduce construction costs and time, increasing the construction sector’s productivity and sustainability.
W artykule przedstawiono kompleksową analizę technologii, czasu i kosztów budowy domu jednorodzinnego trzema metodami: murowaną tradycyjnie, prefabrykacji żelbetowej, szkieletową drewnianą. Celem analiz było określenie, czy prefabrykowane i szkieletowe budownictwo ma potencjał do zastąpienia tradycyjnych metod budowy w kontekście kosztów i czasu budowy. W tym celu dokonano analizy jakościowej obejmującej wykaz korzyści każdej z analizowanych technologii budowy oraz analizy ilościowej, w której porównano koszt gotowych domów na m2. Analizy przeprowadzano dla dwóch domów jednorodzinnych o podobnych cechach z wykorzystaniem oprogramowania do harmonogramowania i kosztorysowania. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że najkrótsze terminy wykonania budynku są w przypadku budowy budynku w technologii prefabrykowanej żelbetowej. Stosowana technologia budowy z gotowych elementów prefabrykowanych przekłada się na czas budowy domu, a tym samym na mniejsze koszty jego budowy. Czas realizacji domu w przypadku konstrukcji szkieletowej drewnianej oraz z prefabrykatów żelbetowych jest podobny, jednak koszt konstrukcji szkieletowej jest znacznie większy. Najdłużej trwa budowa domu w technologii murowanej tradycyjnie oraz wymaga zaangażowania największych środków finansowych ze wszystkich trzech analizowanych technologii budowy. Pomimo tego technologia murowana tradycyjnie jest najczęściej stosowana w budownictwie w Polsce oraz innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Wynika to głównie z powszechnego przekonania inwestorów o trwałości budynku wykonanego w tej technologii oraz z przyzwyczajeń inwestorów wynikających z długoletniej tradycji budowy. Jednakże analizy prowadzone na świecie pokazują, że zmiana w technologii budowy jest krokiem w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z niską jakością oraz zmniejszeniem kosztów i czasu budowy, przy jednoczesnym zwiększeniu produktywności i zrównoważonym rozwoju sektora budowlanego.
Źródło:: Archives of Civil Engineering; 2023, 69, 2; 23--39
1230-2945
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Civil Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Wpływ modernizacji budynków krów mlecznych na ich funkcjonalność na przykładzie obory krów mlecznych w fermie SGGW Obory-Goździe
Influence of the modernization of buildings of dairy cows on their functionality on the example of the barn of dairy cows in SGGW farm Obory-Gozdzie
Autorzy:: Wisniewski, K.
Fornalczyk, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40115.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: budynki inwentarskie
obory
modernizacja budynkow
fukcjonalnosc
krowy mleczne
utrzymanie zwierzat
zmiana systemu utrzymania
warunki utrzymania zwierzat
inventory house
cow-house
building modernization
functionality
dairy cow
animal maintenance
Źródło:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2012, 11, 4
1644-0633
Pojawia się w:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Energy and exergy flow balances for traditional and passive detached houses
Bilans energii i egzergii dla domu jednorodzinnego tradycyjnego i pasywnego
Autorzy:: Wierciński, Z.
Skotnicka-Siepsiak, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298466.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:: przemiana energii
budynek
bilans egzergii
dom pasywny
energy conversion
building
exergy balance
passive house
Opis:: The aim of this paper is to give the insight into the energy and exergy analysis and the usefulness of the exergy balance next to the energy balance for the evaluation of the different kind of buildings. In our case we applied this method to the traditional and low-energy (passive) showing the differences in heating systems used for these buildings. In traditional house the condensing boiler and water heating radiator were used while in the passive the heat pump and air heating were used. The exergy analysis showed that the exergy destruction for the low-energy house is much lower than for the conventional one.
Celem artykułu oprócz bilansu energii, jest bilans egzergii oraz wykazanie jej przydatności do oceny różnych rodzajów budynków. Zastosowano tę metodę do budynku tradycyjnego i niskoenergetycznego (pasywnego) i wskazano na różnice w zastosowaniu różnych systemów ogrzewania w budynkach. W budynku tradycyjnym zastosowano kocioł kondensacyjny i grzejniki radiacyjne, w budynku pasywnym pompę ciepła i ogrzewanie powietrzne. Po analizie egzergii wykazano, że w budynku niskoenergetycznym destrukcja egzergii jest znacznie mniejsza niż w budynku konwencjonalnym.
Źródło:: Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 2012, 15(1); 15-33
1505-4675
2083-4527
Pojawia się w:: Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Sterowanie rozwojem przestrzennym i budownictwem – refleksje historyczne
Spatial Development and House Building Control: Historical Comments
Autorzy:: Werner, Witold A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/447364.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012-09
Wydawca:: Instytut Rozwoju Miast
Tematy:: sterowanie gospodarką
planowanie przestrzenne
budownictwo
zaplecze badawcze
economy control
spatial planning
house building
research resources
Opis:: W artykule, inspirowanym jubileuszem 10-lecia funkcjonowania Instytutu pod obecną nazwą, przedstawiono historyczne rozważania na temat negatywnych konsekwencji administracyjnego rozdzielenia resortów, które powinny sterować rozwojem przestrzennym kraju, regionów i gmin oraz budownictwem. Działania podejmowane w celu usprawnienia procesu inwestycyjnego zmierzają do korygowania prawa budowlanego, nie dostrzega się podstawowych błędów wynikających z niedoceniania skutków decyzji planistycznych, pogłębiających chaos przestrzenny. Konsekwencją administracyjnych zmian na szczeblu ministerstw jest rozproszenie resortowego zaplecza intelektualnego, które powinno pracować nad spójną krajową polityką przestrzenną i budowlaną.
This paper was inspired by the decade of the Institute of Urban Development operations under its present name. The author presents historical considerations concerning negative consequences of administrative subdivision of the Polish government ministries, responsible for the control of spatial development, regions, and municipalities, as well as the house building industry. Actions taken to streamline the capital investment processes are intended to amend the Polish building law, although basic mistakes resulting from underestimation of the results of planning decisions that deepen spatial order remain unnoticed. The administrative changes made at the level of government ministries caused dispersion of the departmental intellectual resources that should work for national spatial and house building policies.
Źródło:: Problemy Rozwoju Miast; 2012, 3; 21-26
1733-2435
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Rozwoju Miast
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Zamek prokuratorski w Unisławiu. Układ przestrzenny i technika budowy w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych
The Prosecutor’s Castle in Unisław. Spatial layout and construction technique in the light of archaeological and architectural research
Autorzy:: Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927175.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:: zamek
dom wieżowy
historia technik budowlanych
zakon krzyżacki
castle
tower house
history of building techniques
the Teutonic Order
Opis:: Zamek w Unisławiu na ziemi chełmińskiej był do niedawna jedną z najsłabiej rozpoznanych warowni krzyżackich. Nie była znana jego forma, a źródła historyczne dostarczały jedynie przesłanek do jego chronologii. Przeprowadzone w 2017 r. badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne skupione były na terenie zamku wysokiego, ale towarzyszące im obserwacje pozwoliły także na określenie układu budowli: na trójczłonową warownię składały się zamek wysoki i dwa przedzamcza. Badania wykazały, że zamek murowany wzniesiono na miejscu komturskiej warowni drewniano-ziemnej, a inwestycję tę łączyć należy z rezydującymi od 2. ćw. XIV w. w Unisławiu prokuratorami. Głównym elementem zamku wysokiego był masywny dom wieżowy, osłonięty od strony przedzamcza murem obronnym. Na przełomie XIV i XV w. zamek został rozbudowany – dodano nowe budynki, w tym bramny. Badania dostarczyły także podstaw do rekonstrukcji szczegółów techniki budowy zamku. Kres funkcjonowania warowni przyniosła wojna trzynastoletnia (1454-1466).
The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained, and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology. The archaeological and architectural research carried out in 2017 focused on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended – new buildings were added, including gates. The research also provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).
Źródło:: Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 1; 49-64
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:: Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Energy and environmental profile of low – energy house – case study
Energetyczny i środowiskowy profil budynku o niskim zapotrzebowaniu na energię – studium przypadku
Autorzy:: Vilcekova, S.
Sedlakova, A.
Kridlova Burdova, E.
Geletka, V.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2065190.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:: building
low-energy house
embodied energy
emissions
environmental impacts
budynki o niskim zapotrzebowaniu na energię
emisja
oddziaływanie na środowisko
Opis:: Integrated building design should take into account environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Building design from energy performance ranges from architectural design to the application of technologies for energy conservation. Many applications are focused on insulation of facades, roofs and floors to those that are used systems for renewable energy sources. The aim of the innovations is not only energy saving but also reduces costs and preserves natural resources. One key element of low-energy building design is using the basic form and enclosure of a building to save energy while enhancing occupant comfort. Besides energy need for building operation the significant part of the total energy is energy used in the extraction, processing and transportation of materials used in buildings. This study is aimed to analyze the building materials and structures in terms of embodied environmental impacts and monitoring of physical factors of indoor environment. The paper deals with evaluation of environmental and energy indicators in selected low-energy family house and its optimization in order to reduction of environmental impacts.
Zintegrowany projekt budowlany powinien uwzględniać środowiskowe, społeczne i ekonomiczne aspekty zrównoważonego rozwoju. Projektowanie budynków w zakresie efektywności energetycznej obejmuje różne aspekty, począwszy od projektu architektonicznego aż po wykorzystanie technologii związanych z oszczędzaniem energii. Wiele uwagi przywiązuje się do prawidłowej izolacji ścian, dachów i podłóg aż po zastosowanie systemów wykorzystujących odnawialne źródła energii. Celem innowacji jest nie tylko oszczędzanie energii, ale również obniżenie kosztów i ochrona zasobów naturalnych. Niniejsze opracowanie koncentruje się na analizie materiałów budowlanych i konstrukcji w odniesieniu ich do oddziaływania na środowisko oraz na monitorowaniu fizycznych parametrów środowiska wewnętrznego. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wskaźników energetycznych i środowiskowych w wybranym budynku o niskim zapotrzebowaniu na energię i ich optymalizację w celu zmniejszenia oddziaływania na środowisko.
Źródło:: Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym; 2013, 2 (12); 137--147
2299-8535
2544-963X
Pojawia się w:: Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Budowa domów wielorodzinnych wraz z infrastrukturą towarzyszącą – zachowanie ładu przestrzennego
Construction of Multi-Family Houses and Surrounding Infrastructure – Preserving Spatial Order
Autorzy:: Urban, Artur
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416654.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-12
Wydawca:: Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Tematy:: spatial order
house building
multi-family houses
architecture and construction administration
local construction supervision
Opis:: The objective of the audit was to evaluate the performance of tasks by architecture and construction administration bodies, and construction supervision with regard to the construction and use of multi-family houses in the years 2013-2015. The audit was conducted in six city offices that provide services for architecture and construction administration (city mayors) and six local construction supervision inspectorates, which are bodies providing support to the local construction supervision inspectors. The article presents the detailed results of the audit.
Źródło:: Kontrola Państwowa; 2016, 61, 6 (371); 66-76
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:: Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Analiza bilansu energetycznego zabytkowej zabudowy dzielnicy Bojary w Białymstoku, jako element programu rewitalizacji
Analysis of the energy efficiency of buildings in the Bojary historical district in Białystok, as a part of the revitalization program
Autorzy:: Tur, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/104999.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Politechnika Rzeszowska im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:: domy drewniane
konserwacja zabytków
efektywność energetyczna
szczelność powietrzna
wooden house
airthightness
energy efficiency
conservation
historical building
Opis:: Dostosowanie historycznych budynków do współczesnych wymagań w zakresie komfortu cieplnego przy jednoczesnym utrzymaniu niskich kosztów eksploatacji jest jednym głównych przeszkód w procesie rewitalizacji zabytkowych dzielnic. Brak ujęcia w programie rewitalizacji analiz efektywności usprawnień termomodernizacyjnych uwzględniających kompromis pomiędzy wymaganiami konserwatorskimi, a analizą energetyczną i ekonomiczną, może prowadzić do fiaska programu rewitalizacji i zniszczenia zabytkowej substancji historycznej. Śródmiejska dzielnica Białegostoku – Bojary jest przykładem zanikającego na naszych oczach materialnego i kulturowego dziedzictwa miasta. Na jej terenie znajduje się jednolita stylowo drewniana zabudowa, która wartość zabytkową zachowuje nie tylko w warstwie wizualnej, ale także w postaci wyjątkowych ówcześnie rozwiązań gospodarowania ciepłem. W okresie kilkudziesięciu ostatnich lat, dzielnica doświadczała wielu działań modernizacyjnych – od nieskrępowanego przepisami ożywienia inwestycyjnego lat 90. XX w., po wprowadzenie rygorystycznego wzornika zabudowy. Artykuł przedstawia rys historyczny dzielnicy jako uzasadnienie potrzeby jej ochrony, obecny stan zachowania i podejmowane dotychczas działania modernizacyjne. Opisana została analiza bilansu energetycznego domów bojarskich, z uwzględnieniem wyników przeprowadzonych badań szczelności powietrznej. Opracowanie zostało oparte na podstawie badań terenowych, inwentaryzacji oraz metod obliczeniowych obejmujących bilans energetyczny i wpływ szczelności powietrznej. Wynikiem badań jest przedstawienie efektywności energetycznej jako jednego z kluczowych aspektów rewitalizacji.
Adaptation of historical buildings to modern requirements of thermal comfort with a low cost of maintenance is one of the main obstacles in the process of revitalization of historic districts. Lack of specific technical modernization solutions in the revitalization program can lead to common interventions that results in the loss of attributes being a part of cultural heritage and finally to the failure of the revitalization program. Inner-city district Bojary with its wooden houses is an example of the disappearing material and cultural heritage of the city. Over the past several decades, the district has experienced a number of revitalization efforts with finally enaction of a rigorous zoning plan. Despite this, only 58% of wooden houses have preserved to this day. The paper presents the historical outline of the district, the current state of preservation and the revitalization efforts undertaken so far. An analysis of the energy balance of wooden houses has been described, taking into account the results of conducted airtightness tests. The study was based on field research, survey and computational methods. The result of the research is the indication of energy efficiency issue of historical buildings as one of the key elements of the revitalization program.
Źródło:: Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury; 2017, 64, 3/II; 371-382
2300-5130
2300-8903
Pojawia się w:: Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Obciążenie wiatrem budynków
Load wind of building
Autorzy:: Szymczak-Graczyk, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40805.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: budownictwo
normy
budynki
hale jednonawowe
budynki mieszkalne
obciazenie wiatrem
projektowanie
building
standard
dwelling house
wind load
building design
Źródło:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2011, 10, 4
1644-0633
Pojawia się w:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Mathematical modeling and control system of nearly zero energy building
Modelowanie matematyczne i system sterowania budynkiem niemal zeroenergetycznym
Autorzy:: Sultanguzin, I. A.
Toepfer, H.
Kalyakin, I. D.
Govorin, A. V.
Zhigulina, E. V.
Kurzanov, S. Yu.
Yavorovsky, Yu. V.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/408396.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:: control system
mathematical model
monitoring
passive house
zero energy building
układ sterowania
model matematyczny
dom pasywny
budynek zeroenergetyczny
Opis:: The article examines three different kinds of mathematical model of nearly zero energy building. The first model enables to optimize the structure and the definition of key parameters of energy efficient building. The second model is necessary for passive house designing with renewable energy sources. The third model should be used for monitoring and control of energy supply system of nearly zero energy building through year every hour of winter and summer.
W artykule rozważono trzy różne typy matematycznego modelu budynku o niemal zerowym zużyciu energii. Pierwszy model pozwala zoptymalizować strukturę i definicję kluczowych parametrów budynku energooszczędnego. Drugi model jest niezbędny do zaprojektowania domu pasywnego wykorzystującego odnawialne źródła energii. Trzeci model powinien być stosowany do godzinowego monitorowania i monitorowania systemu energetycznego budynku o niskim zużyciu energii przez cały rok.
Źródło:: Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska; 2018, 8, 2; 21-24
2083-0157
2391-6761
Pojawia się w:: Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Dom to nie tylko dach i cztery ściany… O budownictwie w późnej starożytności w Europie Północnej i Środkowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich
A House Means Not Only Four Walls and a Roof… On House Building in Northern and Central Europe in Late Antiquity with Special Consideration of Poland
Autorzy:: Schuster, Jan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048809.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-12-31
Wydawca:: Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:: okres przedrzymski
okres wpływów rzymskich
okres wędrówek ludów
budownictwo
długi dom
archeologia osadnictwa
Polska
Pre-Roman Iron Age
Roman Iron Age
Migration Period
house building
long-house
settlement archaeology
Polska
Opis:: One of the most interesting, but sometimes slightly underestimated topics of research as a whole into the Late Antiquity of the ‘barbaric’ part of Europe is the development of longhouses and settlements. This paper is an attempt to combine the results of long-term research on construction and settlements from the Iron Age (with a main focus on the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period) in the western part of Central Europe and Scandinavia with the results of relevant research in Poland. This is no easy task. Despite undeniable research progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still in the early stage of searching for patterns of recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual house types. The aim of this paper is to convince the Polish research community that it is necessary to change its perspective on the subject of Iron Age house building and especially on the spatial organisation of settlements. Too often, one can observe an avoidance of careful and accurate analysis of archaeological objects in relation to the reconstruction of house plans – partly out of fear of misinterpretation, partly due to inability, partly because of habit and use of well-worn research paths, but often also out of a lack of reflection on the regularities and laws of statics and carpentry methods. In this way (unnecessarily), a gap was created between two (artificially created) zones of barbaric Europe that lacks one of the basic features of working on archaeological material within the so-called Germania magna: comparability. For a long time, the pit house was regarded as the main residential building in Late Antiquity in the area of Poland. Additionally, post houses were and are being reconstructed that could never have existed in this way. As a result of efforts to adapt the shape of the house to his own needs and economic requirements, a man living in Central and Northern Europe had already created a universal building in the Neolithic (Fig. 2) that we call a longhouse. However, this building is not a homogeneous creation. In different periods of time, in regionally determined varieties, it occurs in different forms. On the basis of certain design features, arrangements of roof-bearing structures and other elements, these varieties are recognised as house types. Similarly to the classification of artefacts and analysis of the distribution of different types, variants and varieties, the analysis of house types also helps us to determine the peculiarities of individual societies and groups, to track their development and to recognise zones of common tradition and contact networks. At this point, I would venture to say that construction traditions even more closely reflect the characteristics of individual societies than, for example, brooches whose forms have undergone rapid fashion changes and influences from various milieus. For large areas in western Central Europe and Scandinavia, we can determine house types that can be grouped into overarching categories, defining building tradition zones (Hauslandschaften). In the relevant works, such regions east of the Oder have not yet found their place. It is high time to change that. I decided to review in the first part of the paper the most important issues related to Iron Age house building, given the fact that this paper cannot cover and discuss all aspects of the issue. Construction details, forms and basic types of longhouses in northern Central Europe are discussed, followed by the layout of farmsteads and settlements. The second part of the article attempts to relate the results of settlement archaeology in western Central Europe and Scandinavia to research results in Poland, often based on a reinterpretation of published features. When discussing the main features – the description of the post hole, the appearance and foundation of the post itself, the walls, doorways, roofs and house types, as well as the layout of farmsteads and settlements – I always had in mind and attempted to refer to the situation in Poland. It is a trivial statement that the most important feature in settlement research is the post hole. We owe the first detailed description of the archaeological feature which we call a post hole to A. Kiekebusch (1870–1935), an employee and later a department head of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. He had contact with C. Schuchhardt (1859–1943), one of the founders of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission in Frankfurt am Main. From 1899, he, in turn, conducted excavations in the Roman legionnaire camp of the Augustus period in Haltern on the northern edge of the Ruhr region, during which, for the first time on a large scale, attention was paid to the remains of ancient post foundations. Thus, research in Haltern can be regarded as the beginning of modern settlement archaeology. During research on the early Iron Age stronghold Römerschanze in Potsdam, Schuchardt transferred the discovery of the research value of the post hole to ‘barbarian’ archaeology. The aforementioned A. Kiekebusch participated in research on Römerschanze; C. Schuchardt’s innovative research methods made a huge impression on him. In the publication of results of his own excavation of a Bronze Age settlement in Berlin-Buch, he described the appearance and properties of the post hole on eleven (!) pages (Fig. 4). The turn of the 19th/20th cent. is also a breakthrough in settlement archaeology in the Scandinavian countries. Here, however, the road was slightly different than on the continent, in a figurative sense from the general to the detail. Geographical conditions and construction methods, sometimes quite different from the way houses were erected in Central Europe, were conducive to the discovery of real Iron Age ruins of three-aisled houses and in this way it was known almost from the very beginning of settlement research that the houses were elongated and based on the structure of regularly placed roof-bearing posts. For example, in 1924, plans were published of the remains of burnt down houses in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement at Kraghede in northern Jutland that was discovered in 1906 (Fig. 5). The posts of these houses have survived partly as charred wood, which greatly facilitated the interpretation of discovered traces. The 1920s and 30s witnessed a real leap in settlement archaeology, which was also observed on the continent, e.g. in the Netherlands. A.E. van Giffen (1888–1973) conducted excavations in 1923–1934 in the area of the warf/Wurt/wierde/terp at Ezinge in the Dutch part of Friesland – a Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age settlement. These names, mentioned in Dutch, Frisian and North German dialects, refer to an artificial hill in the North Sea shore region, created to protect house sites against high tide and floods. Moisture in the earth was conducive to the preservation of organic materials, and because of this van Giffen also found ‘real’ ruins of houses (Fig. 6). Large-scale excavations of this type in Germany were conducted in 1954–1963 at the Feddersen Wierde site. The results of this research were just as spectacular as in the case of the settlement at Ezinge (Fig. 46, 47). Large-scale research began in various countries in the 1960s as part of extensive research projects. In Denmark, the nationwide ‘Settlement and Landscape’ project resulted, among others, in the uncovering of a huge area with several settlements/farm clusters from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Grøntoft, Jutland (Fig. 1). The completely surveyed, enclosed settlement from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Hodde, Jutland must be mentioned in this context, too. At Vorbasse in Jutland, a huge area from the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlement was uncovered. After pioneering research at Feddersen Wierde in the 1970s, as part of the ‘North Sea Programme’ project of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Community), research began at the 1st to 6th cent. CE settlement site at Flögeln in the German part of the southern coast of the North Sea. The results became fundamental not only for this region of Germany. As part of the competitive project ‘Research on Iron Age settlements’ of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin, large-scale excavations were conducted in settlements of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements at Tornow in Lower Lusatia and at Herzsprung in the Uckermark. Already at the turn of the 1950s/60s, the famous Early and Late Roman Iron Age settlement at Wijster in the northern Netherlands was excavated, but the area studied was not comparable in size to the areas of the above-mentioned sites. In 1974, excavations began at Oss in the southern part of the country, starting in 1979 within the so-called Maaskant-Project of the University of Leiden, which led to the unveiling of an extremely large area, consisting of many, slightly dispersed excavations at so-called native settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the time when this region was part of the Roman Empire. North of the Rhine and Waal, in the northern Netherlands, the Peelo site is situated. Here, in the 1970s and 1980s, extensive excavations at several neighbouring settlement sites were carried out as part of the ‘Peelo project’ of the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the University of Groningen. Similar large excavations were conducted in the 1980s at Colmschate in the eastern Netherlands by the Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland and Archeologie Deventer. The settlement traces date back to the Bronze Age up to medieval times. In the meantime, many new and important large-scale settlement excavations took place that cannot all be mentioned here. In the following chapters, I discuss the most important basic features of longhouses, beginning with the post hole and the post itself. Along with the growing sensitivity of archaeologists towards this issue and thanks to the good condition of surviving posts, there are more and more examples of houses where planks were used as roof-bearing poles. Excellent examples are the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age house at Jerup on Vendsyssel-Thy and two Late Roman Iron Age houses at Ragow and Klein Köris, both south of Berlin (Fig. 8). In some cases, there is evidence that the post was secured in the ground, such as a plank basement at the settlement of Klein Köris, anchoring at Feddersen Wierde or stones used as stabilisation like at Herzsprung (Fig. 7). In eastern Brandenburg, we have seen partial or complete post-hole fillings of burnt or unburnt clay, especially in the case of granaries. Depending on the function of the post, the sizes of the post holes can differ. The deepest post holes often belong to roof-bearing and doorway posts. It is interesting that this applies not only to three-aisle, but also to two-aisled houses (Fig. 10). This fact can be useful in the case of incomplete house plans. The basic typological division of longhouses refers to the general roof-bearing construction (three-aisled, two-aisled, one-aisled and so-called four-aisled houses). Three-aisled houses were not invented in the Iron Age; they appeared as early the Early Bronze Age (Fig. 11) within a large zone including northwestern France and Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Although closely related to the idea of keeping livestock in the same building where people lived, well-dated three-aisled houses with a stall do not date to earlier than around 1400 BCE. During the Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the area of occurrence of these houses contracted slightly; they were erected in a wide zone south of the North Sea, in the Netherlands and northern Germany, Jutland, on the Danish islands and in southern areas of Norway and Sweden. Due to intensive settlement research carried out since the 1990s, we know that – at least in the Roman Iron Age – all of Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, most of Brandenburg and some regions at the Middle Elbe belonged to this zone of three-aisled houses. The layout of two-aisled houses differs slightly due to construction based on only one row of roof-bearing posts. The arrangement and number of posts are often not as regular as in the case of three-aisled houses, which can create problems when interpreting house plans. Two-aisled longhouses, known from Neolithic sites, and sometimes appeared in a surprising similar form at Bronze Age, Roman Iron Age and Migration Period sites south of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 13), were replaced in Scandinavia and the southern North Sea coast region by three-aisled houses as early as the Middle Bronze Age. The zone of appearance of two-aisled houses is not that well specified and seems to have changed over time. In the west, it is situated to the south of the three-aisled house zone, reaching Westphalia, eastern Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. In Lower Lusatia and south of Berlin, so-called four-aisled houses were discovered (Fig. 14, 63). It is not easy to interpret the plans of these buildings. Here, I present a new proposition for the characteristic post arrangement as supporting a loft (Fig. 64). In the case of one-aisled houses, the inner space is free of posts (Fig. 15) since the walls took over the roof-bearing function. It was a very demanding construction because poor carpentry of joining elements above the wall line inevitably led to its destabilisation and collapse, so it appeared on a larger scale at the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, we also know a few one-aisled longhouses dating to an earlier period. In the next chapter, all elements of the walls are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the fact that rows of posts and walls do not necessarily line up. Since the wall construction is not connected to the house frame or roof, its roof-bearing function can often be excluded (Fig. 20). As the ruins at Feddersen Wierde demonstrate, the line of the wall and that of lateral posts may differ. A special feature are the outer, eave-supporting posts (Fig. 21) that we know from houses in both the west and in the east, but at different times. Such constructions seem to appear in Poland, too. Most of the walls were probably built using the wattle and daub technique. It was predominant used in Central and Northern Europe, but was not the only technique. Houses with wall trenches might have been built with palisade-like walls, with planks (Fig. 26) or as log constructions (Fig. 27). Sometimes there are no traces of the walls at all and the construction must have been over-ground (Fig. 25, 29). With respect to log construction, one drawback is the need for timber, which in regions with limited timber resources can be decisive for choosing another wall variant. For constructing the huge Early Bronze Age house (33.5×ca. 8 m) at Legård on Thy-Vendsyssel (Fig. 27), it was calculated that about 150 oak trees were needed! Most longhouses were built with a rectangular plan, but a quite high number of longhouses in Northern and Central Europe had apse-shaped gable walls (Fig. 30). Roof reconstruction of three-aisled houses with that characteristic seems to pose no problem (Fig. 40–44), but in the case of two-aisled houses with a roof-bearing post in the apse-shaped gable wall, the task of reconstruction is challenging. Regarding the interior structure of Iron Age longhouses, we have a lot of information from the well-preserved house ruins at Feddersen Wierde (Fig. 47–50) and burnt down houses from Denmark (Fig. 51). They prove the widespread use of houses with a living area and stall under one roof. In other cases, the inner division is proven by the existence of small trenches where the partition walls of the boxes were placed (Fig. 52, 53). For now, we cannot determine the precise range of this economic model; the easternmost houses with stall trenches were discovered in Lower Lusatia (right on the German-Polish border). Placing animals under the same roof as people is not a phenomenon limited to antiquity. In some regions of Germany and the Netherlands, it was a fairly common form of farming in modern times. Some of these houses survived until the 1970s (Fig. 54). This type of house was found in a long zone from the vicinity of Amsterdam to the Hel Peninsula – mainly in the zone of the historical range of the Low German language, which is therefore called Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus. At a time when Bronze Age and Iron Age longhouses began to be intensively researched in the Netherlands and Germany, the memory of the original functioning of Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus, so similar to ancient buildings, was still alive, and the grandparents or parents of these researchers often lived in them or knew of such houses anecdotally (Fig. 55:1–3). Some very old buildings showed common structural features with houses from the Roman Iron Age. A comparison of the characteristics of ancient and modern houses has greatly facilitated approaching the subject and interpreting the results of excavations. However, it has sometimes also led to the use of inadequate terms that survive to this day and which are misleading. For example, if the famous researcher of rural architecture J. Schepers talked about Germanisches Hallenhaus or W. Haarnagel in his monumental monograph uses the term dreischiffige Hallenhäuser, they were influenced by the use of almost the same name of the above-mentioned medieval and modern houses that in terms of internal division are so similar to three-aisled longhouses from the Iron Age. However, there is a significant functional difference: the term Halle (hall) in Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus refers to a room with a threshing floor in the central nave, located between livestock bays. This room is large and hall-like, and that is why the houses were given the name Hallenhaus. The ‘hall’ in Late Antiquity (Fig. 58, 59) and medieval times had a completely different meaning and does not mean the same as in the case of rural houses from later times. In the next chapter, I discuss congruencies of house plans as a source of interpretation of incompletely preserved longhouses and for typological divisions. In regard to the latter, we have to take into account the state of preservation, touch-ups, repairs, modifications, extensions and superposition of house plans that influence the interpretation of the record. The same applies to farmsteads and even whole settlements that have been shifted, rebuilt, changed in layout and so on (Fig. 75–80). The issue of forms and structures of settlements is a rather complicated topic, because the condition for their assessment is a completely uncovered site. Such objects are rare, and even if a large complex is excavated, we can only assess the arrangement of objects within the excavations. This statement sounds trivial, but I emphasise this fact because we cannot be sure that there were no satellite units belonging to the given settlement nearby. This is well illustrated by the plan of extremely interesting features at Galsted in southern Jutland (Fig. 81). Its second phase represents another step of settlement evolution and is similar to what we know from settlements such as Nørre Snede in eastern Jutland (Fig. 82). The layout of farmsteads – although already present at some Late Pre-Roman Iron Age sites – represents the state of development of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements. The earliest settlements of this type stem from Jutland, while the tendency to set up large, enclosed rectangular or trapezoidal farms in northern Germany is observable from the late 1st cent. CE and in the northern Netherlands from the 2nd cent. CE. The phenomenon of ‘stationary’ settlements is also known from East Germany, including the already mentioned settlements at Dallgow-Döberitz, Wustermark, Herzsprung or Göritz. Probably such settlements were discovered in Poland, too (see below). Settlements of this type replaced settlements with a different structure, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Their features included a loose arrangement of farms (rather unfenced) spread out over a large area (Fig. 1) and instability of house and farm sites. Houses and farmsteads were not occupied for a long period of time, but changed relatively quickly (the so-called wandering/shifting settlements). In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland and – in a slightly different form – in the northern Netherlands, completely enclosed settlements appeared. It was a fairly short-lived phenomenon (that ended in the 1st cent. CE), but the first step to stationary settlements, where farmsteads were designed to last for a longer period of time. At sites such as Nørre Snede in Jutland or Flögeln at the North Sea, there was a slow shifting of farmsteads, but over a period of several hundred years. With such a slow pace of changes in the positions of houses and farms, we can actually talk about stationary farms/settlements. It should be emphasised that the structure of settlements during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period was not compact and there were no clusters of houses around a free square, as is sometimes suggested in Polish literature (admittedly on the basis of insufficient evidence). The image of settlements at that time resembles instead a group of several farms, sometimes in rows. We also know this spatial organisation from settlements in the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse Rivers (the German-Polish border) and there is no reason to believe that it was different to the east of these rivers. Despite undeniable progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still at the very beginning of searching for patterns for the recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual types. Before completing this stage, analyses at a higher heuristic level do not yet make sense. All attempts to reconstruct settlement structures and search for references in building traditions to other regions in the Barbaricum have ended and often continue to end in failure. There are several reasons for this. First of all, this type of work from the second half of the 20th cent. mainly consisted of incorrect assumptions and axioms – especially regarding the dominance of pit houses in settlements. Secondly, the material that was available cannot create a suitable base for far-reaching conclusions – often the uncovered parts of the settlements were and are still too small to decipher the structures at all; sometimes it is not even possible to say in which part of a given settlement (or farmstead) the researchers conducted excavations. Another, also quite important point is the inaccurate or incompetent recognition of plans for alleged or actually non-existent post houses (Fig. 83). For decades, ‘buildings’ have been published that have no right to exist. Even in contemporary works, we can still find reconstructions (basically recreations) of primitive huts without statics or carpentry rules (Fig. 83), which were exceeded – if they had existed – by longhouses, even in the Neolithic. If buildings were created that have never existed, then obviously the image of a given farmstead must be false, not to mention the settlement structure. The necessity to verify published materials from settlements resulting from the state of research as I have described it does not need to be particularly emphasised. In a sense, the above-mentioned region between the Oder and the Elbe can be a benchmark for Poland. With regard to the state of research on settlements and the research paradigm, the situation in recent decades has been very similar to the situation in recent years in Poland. Until the early 1990s, the regions east of the Elbe could barely contribute to research on the subject of longhouses in the Barbaricum. It seemed that the presence of such buildings at settlements east of these regions that B. Trier (1969) had examined in his basic monograph on Iron Age longhouses was impossible. The very few examples were treated as exceptions. But due to large, often linear investments in infrastructure renewal in the early 1990s, the situation in Eastern Germany changed radically. Suddenly, longhouses started to appear at almost every settlement surveyed. One of the first excavations of this type was carried out in 1994 at the settlement site at Dallgow-Döberitz, a few kilometres west of Berlin, where at least 28 longhouses were discovered, primarily of the three-aisled variety. Publication of research results at Herzsprung in the Uckermark became a milestone, proving in the Oder region the existence not only of three-aisled longhouses, but farmsteads with a layout that was known only until that time from southern Scandinavia and the western part of Central Europe. In 1994–1997, 25 longhouses, mainly two-aisled, were uncovered at Göritz in Lower Lusatia. Today, a similar shift in settlement archaeology is taking place in Poland. Nevertheless, the attempts to distinguish longhouses at settlements in Poland and, at the same time, the frequent lack of experience of archaeologists in this field led to the creation and inclusion of objects that either did not exist in this form or not at all. The biggest obstacle is the lack of models to recognise house types, reflected by the arrangement of posts. There are still very few confidently confirmed three-aisled longhouses in Poland, yet this fact seems to result from the state of research rather than reflect the realities of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. To date, we do know four ‘definite’ buildings of this type, three from Pomerania and one from Mazovia; two others houses from central and southern Poland probably also belong to this group: the house I/A at Czarnowo in Western Pomerania (Fig. 85), a not fully uncovered house at Ostrowite in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 86:1), a house at Leśno in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 87), and a house in Rawa Mazowiecka (site 38) in western Mazovia (Fig. 88). In my opinion, the traces of a house at Kuców in Central Poland have to be interpreted as two rows of the roof-bearing posts of a three-aisled building (Fig. 89:1), while a house at Domasław in Lower Silesia also probably belongs to the three-aisled type (Fig. 90). Today, we know more examples of two-aisled houses than of three-aisled houses, which primarily appear only in the Przeworsk Culture area. It seems that in fact two-aisled houses were dominant in the area of this cultural unit, but it is still a bit too early to determine this with great certainty. The largest series of longhouses results from excavations of the settlement at Konarzewo near Poznań (Fig. 91), a smaller group we know from the Bzura River region (Fig. 94). The latter form a group that can be used to define the first longhouse type in Poland, the Konotopa type. A very interesting house was discovered in the 1960s at Wólka Łasiecka in Central Poland (Fig. 95). Although the arrangement of the posts is very clear, it can be read in the source publication, and sometimes in later ones, that this building is a three-aisled house. Actually, we are dealing with a two-aisled house with additional, external eave-supporting posts. In the case of the settlement at Izdebno Kościelne in western Mazovia, one can point to a house that was not included in the analysis of the site plan (Fig. 97). The same applies to a two-aisled longhouse at Janków in Central Poland (Fig. 96). It also belongs to the ‘verified’ buildings which were distinguished after the publication of the research results. The above-mentioned house at Wólka Łasiecka can be interpreted as a ‘lime kiln building’ on the basis of similar houses that, for example, were discovered at Klein Köris near Berlin and Herzsprung in the Uckermark. At the latter site, several buildings of this type have been even discovered, at least four of which were longhouses (e.g. Fig. 99:1.6). Lime kiln houses in other forms at this settlement (Fig. 100:3) and subsequent ones (Fig. 99:7, 100:1.2) show that there are many variants of such buildings. It might seem that production halls with limes kilns are a special feature of the settlements of Central Europe from the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse to the Vistula. However, the example from Osterrönfeld and houses from the settlement at Galsted in southern Jutland that are not yet published warn against this inference. It is not an exaggeration to claim that previous attempts to distinguish farmsteads in Poland have usually lacked sufficient evidence; often such an activity was and is simply impossible. There are several reasons for this: in the first place, often there are no reliable house plans, also the excavation area is too small and – it should be strongly emphasised – the research results are presented as a schematic plan only or in the form of a plan with symbols. Recently, contrast has been emphasised between the interpretation of the ‘farmstead’ approach among researchers from ‘west of the Oder’ and researchers in Poland, which in my opinion results mainly from the state of research and – probably even in a decisive way – from the research paradigm, and under no circumstances reflects ancient conditions. The results of excavations in recent years have shown that such an contradiction – if used to refer to archaeological material – is only apparent and artificial. The basis for analysing settlement structures in terms of farmsteads is quite narrow, although there are few proposals worth considering. In a separate article, I re-analysed published research results in the area of the settlement at Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland in terms of some longhouses. In addition to the alternative interpretation of buildings, the published plan and field documentation analysis provide the basis for a new interpretation of the spatial organisation of the uncovered part of the settlement (Fig. 102–104). An interesting arrangement of objects was observed at the settlement in at Mąkolice in Central Poland. Both post and pit houses as well as production facilities were uncovered here. The dispersion of all objects is quite clear, but several issues remain an open question (Fig. 105). Closely related to the form of the farmsteads is their arrangement relative to each other, meaning the form of a settlement. Polish literature holds the view that one of the basic forms of settlements of the Przeworsk Culture (because it is the only one we can say anything about) is the circular settlement. The above-mentioned settlement from Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland and well-known settlement from Konarzewo near Poznań cannot be called circular under any circumstances as has happened in the literature (Fig. 104, 106). Concerning the spatial organisation of settlements from areas east of the Oder, I am convinced that they did not differ from settlements in areas west of this river (Fig. 108, 109). The latest field research results provide us with more and more arguments confirming this thesis. The basic unit of each settlement was a farmstead, which was spatially organised as economic units in the western and northern regions of the Barbaricum.
Źródło:: Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 3-159
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:: Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Analiza porównawcza wybranych cech technicznych cegieł pełnych na przykładach budynków jednorodzinnych
Comparative analysis of chosen technical features of solid bricks on the examples of single-family houses
Autorzy:: Rutkowska, G.
Kijanka, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40341.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: budynki jednorodzinne
cegly pelne
gestosc
gestosc objetosciowa
materialy budowlane
nasiakliwosc
porowatosc
szczelnosc
wlasciwosci fizyczne
absorbability
building material
bulk density
density
physical property
porosity
single-family house
solid brick
tightness
Źródło:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2010, 09, 2
1644-0633
Pojawia się w:: Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Realizacja obiektów budowlanych zgodnie z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju
Construction of buildings and structures in accordance with principles of sustainable development
Autorzy:: Runkiewicz, L.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/163185.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:: obiekt budowlany
rozwój zrównoważony
projektowanie
wykonanie
wymagania ekologiczne
ustalenia techniczne
budynek energooszczędny
budynek pasywny
building
sustainable development
designing
realization
ecological requirements
energy-saving building
passive house
Opis:: Rozwój gospadarczy przyczynia się do naruszania równowagi w środowisku. W celu zapobieżenia negatywnym wpływom tego rozwoju została opracowana koncepcja zrównoważonega rozwoju. Jest to taki rozwój, który gwarantuje zaspokojenie potrzeb obecnych pokoleń bez ograniczania możliwości zaspokojenia potrzeb przyszłych pokoleń.
Economic development leads to disturbance of the balance existing in the environment. In order to counteract effects of this development, the concept of sustainable development has been worked out. This refers to development which ensures that the needs of the current generation are met, without restricting the ability of future generations needs.
Źródło:: Przegląd Budowlany; 2010, R. 81, nr 2, 2; 17-23
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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