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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Estimation of height changes of GNSS stations from the solutions of short vectors and PSI measurements
    Autorzy:
    Krynski, J.
    Zak, L.
    Ziolkowski, D.
    Cisak, J.
    Lagiewska, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145302.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    height changes
    GNSS
    Persistent Scatterer Interferometry
    radar satelitarny
    deformacja powierzchni
    Opis:
    Time series of weekly and daily solutions for coordinates of permanent GNSS stations may indicate local deformations in Earth’s crust or local seasonal changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The errors of the determined changes are relatively large, frequently at the level of the signal. Satellite radar interferometry and especially Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a method of a very high accuracy. Its weakness is a relative nature of measurements as well as accumulation of errors which may occur in the case of PSI processing of large areas. It is thus beneficial to confront the results of PSI measurements with those from other techniques, such as GNSS and precise levelling. PSI and GNSS results were jointly processed recreating the history of surface deformation of the area of Warsaw metropolitan with the use of radar images from Envisat and Cosmo-SkyMed satellites. GNSS data from Borowa Gora and Jozefoslaw observatories as well as from WAT1 and CBKA permanent GNSS stations were used to validate the obtained results. Observations from 2000–2015 were processed with the Bernese v.5.0 software. Relative height changes between the GNSS stations were determined from GNSS data and relative height changes between the persistent scatterers located on the objects with GNSS stations were determined from the interferometric results. The consistency of results of the two methods was 3 to 4 times better than the theoretical accuracy of each. The joint use of both methods allows to extract a very small height change below the level of measurement error.
    Źródło:
    Geodesy and Cartography; 2017, 66, 1; 73-88
    2080-6736
    2300-2581
    Pojawia się w:
    Geodesy and Cartography
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    On the estimation of physical height changes using GRACE satellite mission data – A case study of Central Europe
    Autorzy:
    Godah, W.
    Szelachowska, M.
    Krynski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145591.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    satelita GRACE
    pole grawitacji
    przemieszczenia pionowe
    GRACE
    height anomaly variations
    vertical displacements
    physical height changes
    Opis:
    The dedicated gravity satellite missions, in particular the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission launched in 2002, provide unique data for studying temporal variations of mass distribution in the Earth’s system, and thereby, the geometry and the gravity fi eld changes of the Earth. The main objective of this contribution is to estimate physical height (e.g. the orthometric/normal height) changes over Central Europe using GRACE satellite mission data as well as to analyse them and model over the selected study area. Physical height changes were estimated from temporal variations of height anomalies and vertical displacements of the Earth surface being determined over the investigated area. The release 5 (RL05) GRACE-based global geopotential models as well as load Love numbers from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) were used as input data. Analysis of the estimated physical height changes and their modelling were performed using two methods: the seasonal decomposition method and the PCA/ EOF (Principal Component Analysis/Empirical Orthogonal Function) method and the differences obtained were discussed. The main fi ndings reveal that physical height changes over the selected study area reach up to 22.8 mm. The obtained physical height changes can be modelled with an accuracy of 1.4 mm using the seasonal decomposition method.
    Źródło:
    Geodesy and Cartography; 2017, 66, 2; 211-226
    2080-6736
    2300-2581
    Pojawia się w:
    Geodesy and Cartography
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    3D hydrodynamic pressure in gap height direction for cylindrical bearing viscoelastic lubrication
    Autorzy:
    Wierzcholski, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246411.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    pressure changes in gap height direction
    HDD micro-bearings
    viscoelastic lubrication
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 1; 367-374
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recurrent nets for tribology solutions
    Autorzy:
    Wierzcholski, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244153.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    pressure changes in gap height direction
    HDD micro-bearings
    viscoelastic lubrication
    Opis:
    The contemporary problems of numerical calculations ocurring in powertrain tribology and transport problems demand the more and more exactness for obtained results.Moreover in performed calculations very important is the convergence, stability and reliability of the gained numerical values. The main scientific topic of the presented paper concerns the method of the determination of the optimum net for numerical calculations of partial difference and recurrence equations. The abovementioned optimum difference and recurrence method is referring to the stability of obtained particular and general numerical solutions and assures the convergence process of obtained calculation values. The Unit Net Region (UNR) was assumed at first for Laplace Operator. The optimum of the nod geometry localization was examined at first for UNR. The optimization index is defined and derived for UNR to determine the most useful net among the various geometries of the nods localization during the difference methods performances of partial recurrence numerical calculations. In the next considerations had been proved the corollary, where taking into account the optimum UNR, we can create optimum nets for other numerous partial difference and recurrence equations in discrete spaces. For example the numerous calculation results of presented optimum net for recurrent calculations are applied for numerical solutions of a Reynolds partial recurrence equation with variable coefficients in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates for curvilinear boundary conditions, and for other numerical problems occurring in applied and hydrodynamics.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 2; 401-408
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A new problem of hydrodynamic lubrication with temperature and viscosity variations in gap height direction
    Autorzy:
    Wierzcholski, K.
    Miszczak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245652.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    liquid viscosity changes in thin gap height direction
    temperature
    adhesion or capillary forces variations in thin gap height direction new analytical solutions
    Opis:
    Numerous Authors of scientific papers occurring in hydrodynamic theory of slide bearing lubrication, up to now almost always had neglected the oil dynamic viscosity variations caused by temperature, adhesion forces, capillary forces, or hydrogen ion concentration across the film thickness by virtue of the statement of the constant temperature as well constant adhesion as capillary forces in the thin bearing gap height direction. In addition, simultaneously by virtue of boundary layer simplifications for energy equation and by virtue of new measurements performed in micro and nano- level follows that oil temperature gradients and its values differences and adhesion or capillary gradients of forces in bearing gap height directions are not negligible small. The contemporary hydrodynamic theory of lubrication for non-isothermal lubricant flow is unfortunately based on the assumption of constant viscosity values across the film thickness, despite abovementioned self-evident contradiction between the fact of constant viscosity and simultaneously temperature variations in gap height direction. Such problem was up to now not sufficient critical examined and explained in practical and theoretical sense. After Authors, knowledge by virtue of above problem the most scientific papers in the domain of non-isothermal and lamellar hydrodynamic slide bearing or biobearing lubrication were up to now not sufficient correctly solved. It denotes that the main hydrodynamic lubrication solutions presenting for example hydrodynamic pressure by the modified Reynolds equation and temperature by the energy conservation equation are not sufficiently correctly obtained and next not correctly solved. Therefore are assumed simultaneously the temperature T and oil dynamic viscosity variations in length, width and bearing gap- height directions. From this assumption follows, that the energy equation must be solved simultaneously with the equations of motion i.e. consequently with pressure equation where viscosity depends on temperature and temperature depends on the coordinate in gap height direction.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 2; 423-430
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Operating parameters of slide micro – bearings with consideration of oil temperature changes and micro - grooves on sleeve surface
    Autorzy:
    Miszczak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247490.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    HDD micro-bearings
    micro-grooved surfaces
    oil viscosity changes in gap height
    hydrodynamic pressure
    friction forces
    load carrying capacity
    Opis:
    In this paper author presents results of numerical calculations of hydrodynamic pressure distribution in bearing gap, load-carrying capacity, friction force and friction coefficient of slide micro-bearing considering the influence of lubricating oil temperature changes and also taking into account the influence of micro-grooves, which occur on sleeve internal surface. The micro-grooves on that surface are in longitudinal direction. The equation, which describes a bearing gap with micro-grooves on sleeve surface, was adopted from prof. K Wierzcholski's investigations. In very thin gap height of cylindrical micro-bearings, large gradients of temperature can be observed. This causes significant changes of oil dynamic viscosity in the gap height direction. According to this, oil flow velocity, friction forces, and a hydrodynamic pressure during the micro-bearing operation are changing. Up to now the influence of temperature on oil viscosity changes and due to this, on hydrodynamic pressure and on load carrying capacity in cylindrical micro-bearing gap in numerical way were not considered yet. The numerical calculations were performed with the use of Mathcad 14. The finite differences method and own computational procedures were implemented. The calculations were begun by solving the Reynolds' equation, assuming, that the dynamic viscosity is constant. After calculating the hydrodynamic pressure distribution, the temperature distribution in lubricating oil was determined. The obtained function of temperature was used to describe the viscosity changes with temperature. Next step involved determining the hydrodynamic pressure distribution taking into account the viscosity dependence on temperature, and then new distribution of temperature and again new values of viscosity were calculated. Calculations were repeated until assumed convergence and accuracy were reached. The friction force depends on pressure gradient and rotational motion of bearing journal. Part of friction force, which resulting from the pressure gradient, is determined for the area, where the oil film occurs, i.e. from omega p to omega k. Part of friction force, which is related to journal motion, is determined for full wrap angle, i.e. from 0 to 2 pi. The results were presented in the form of graphs, for eccentricity ratio gamma from 0.1 to 0.9, for dimensionless length of the bearing L1=1/4. In numerical calculations were used the theoretical considerations and solutions presented in papers of K. Wierzcholski and A. Miszczak.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 329-336
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wave Climate in the Gulf of Gdańsk vs. Open Baltic Sea near Lubiatowo, Poland
    Autorzy:
    Różyński, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241345.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN
    Tematy:
    Baltic Sea
    climate changes
    global processes
    North Atlantic Oscillation
    significant wave height
    singular spectrum analysis
    Opis:
    The paper analyses long-term variability in the wave climate near Lubiatowo, ca. 15 km east of Łeba harbor, and in the Gulf of Gdańsk, near the Vistula river mouth. The wave climate was reconstructed for the 1958-2001 period by the German Institute for Coastal Research (GKSS). Using basic statistical tools - empirical mean values of significant wave height, estimation of the number of threshold crossings above a prescribed value of that height and conditional empirical probability density functions of wave approach directions - a comparison of wave height at the two locations was executed. A substantial reduction in wave height inside the Gulf (sheltering effect) was measured. Further, the increased storminess over the winter season was estimated for the open sea location. Finally, the analysis of wave approach direction in the open sea location revealed substantial growth in extreme waves from the western sector. Given the geographic configuration of the Gulf and the combined rise in storminess and evolution in extreme wave direction, it can be inferred that the sheltering effect of the Gulf can vary depending on locations within the Gulf. Identification of sheltering patterns in the Gulf emerges as obvious follow-up research. This study could also prove useful in analyses aiming at integrated management of coastal zones in the Gulf, mainly in the implementation of Coastal Protection Law (Apr. 2003), which postulates maintenance of the 2001 shoreline configuration along the entire Polish coast.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics; 2010, 57, 2; 167-176
    1231-3726
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The problems of hydrodynamic non-isothermal lubrication
    Problemy hydrodynamicznego nieizotermicznego smarowania
    Autorzy:
    Wierzcholski, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/190086.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
    Tematy:
    liquid viscosity
    changes in thin gap height direction
    temperature
    adhesion
    or phospholipids
    analytical model
    micro-bearings
    joints applications
    initial results
    lepkość cieczy
    zmiany po grubości cienkiej warstwy
    temperatura
    adhezja
    fosfolipidy
    model analityczny
    mikrołożyska
    stawy
    wstępne rezultaty
    Opis:
    The classical hydrodynamic theory of slide bearing lubrication has been constituted on the assumption of constant pressure and viscosity perpendicular to the thin oil layer thickness. These fundamental assumptions are in contradiction to contemporary achievements connected with new devices such as micro-bearing, nano-bearing, magnetic bearings, artificial joints in humanoid robots, micro-motors. Therefore, new methods of measurements and calculations using AFM and a new mathematical computer programs are needed. Energy conservation equations after boundary layer simplifications confirm the fact that temperature gradient variations across the film thickness have the same order of magnitude as the variations in longitudinal or circumferential directions. The fact that temperature gradient variations cross the bearing gap height can be significantly large are evident, despite the temperature differences across the film thickness that are negligibly small. This statement cannot be compliant with the assumption of a constant viscosity value in the gap height direction. It has been proven that hydrodynamic pressure is not constant across the film thickness for non-Newtonian oils with Rivlin Erickson constitutive equations. For pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian oils, the apparent dynamic viscosity significantly decreases with shear rate increases. However, for pseudo-plastic oils, the shear rate increments during the oil flow are strictly connected with the average flow velocity increments. Therefore, the apparent dynamic viscosity depends strongly on the oil velocity gradients. It is evident that flow velocity gradients across the film thickness have intensive variations, particularly in regions where gap height attains the least value. In these places, the dynamic viscosity attains the largest variations in gap height directions. If gap height in micro-bearing is smaller than one micrometre, than the largest oil dynamic viscosity increments caused by the velocity variations across the film thickness are located near the superficial layer of the movable journal surfaces in the case of the hydrodynamic lubrication by rotation, but in the neighbourhood where each of two come near lubricated surfaces during the squeezing. Hence, in these places, dynamic viscosity increases across the film thickness and attains the local maximum values. A gap height smaller than one micrometre has the largest oil dynamic viscosity increments caused by the adhesion force variations across the film thickness located near the motionless sleeve surfaces. In a similar manner, the influences on the viscosity variations caused by the luster points of concentrations of nano particles as oil inhibitors or oil additives smaller than 5 nm occurring in micro-bearing gaps and the cluster concentration regions of collagen fibres occurring in human joint gap are observed. This paper describes and comments on the above-mentioned problem of oil viscosity changes in the gap height direction, and it presents the apparent dynamic viscosity functions for Newtonian and non-Newtonian oils as well indicates the largest viscosity variations in bearing gap height direction and gives examples of initial calculation results.
    W niniejszej pracy wykazano, że lepkość dynamiczna nie-newtonowskiego nieizotermicznego czynnika smarującego zmienia się po kierunku wysokości szczeliny łożyskowej oraz że zmiany te mają istotny wpływ na parametry pracy poprzecznego łożyska ślizgowego łącznie z siłami tarcia, współczynnikami tarcia oraz zużyciem materiału. Zmiany lepkości nieizotermicznej nienewtonowskiej cieczy smarującej po grubości warstwy czynnika smarującego uzasadnia się poprzez: · wpływ zmian gradientów temperatury po grubości warstwy smarującej, · wpływ zmian wartości składowych prędkości nienewtonowskiego, nieizotermicznego oleju po kierunku wysokości szczeliny, · wpływ lokalizacji w cieczy smarującej obszarów skupienia (clustering regions) nanometrowych cząsteczek i ich liczebności. Dla wyjaśnienia mechanizmu opisanych wpływów podano komentarze. 1. Zmiany wartości temperatury pomiędzy powierzchnią czopa i panewki są małe i ich wartość osiąga zaledwie od 3 K do 7 K. Dlatego nie mają one wpływu na zmiany lepkości po grubości warstwy, chociaż z równania zachowania energii wynika zmienność wartości temperatury po kierunku wysokości szczeliny łożyska. Jednak zmiany gradientów temperatury po kierunku wysokości szczeliny mogą być znaczące i one wpływają na zmiany lepkości w kierunku wysokości szczeliny. 2. Zmiany wartości składowych prędkości nienewtonowskiego, nieizotermicznego oleju po kierunku wysokości szczeliny są znacząco malejące (rosnące), powodują spadek (wzrost) prędkości deformacji w cieczach nienewtonowskich, a stąd na mocy praw mechaniki cieczy odpowiednio znacząco wzrasta (maleje) lepkość. 3. Obszary skupienia dotyczą: inhibitorów, dodatków polimerowych, zanieczyszczeń solami ołowiu, molekuł magnetycznych o ok. 2–5 nm wielkości cząsteczek w obszarze szczeliny smarnej łożysk mechanicznych oraz chondrocytów, włókien kolagenowych, miceli, liposomów, fosfolipidów o wielkości 5 nm w obszarze cieczy synowialnej wypełniającej szczelinę stawu. Obszary skupienia lokalizują się na ogół w pobliżu współpracujących powierzchni i tam wywołują znaczne wzrosty lepkości pozornej cieczy smarującej. 4. Siły adhezji w szczelinach łożysk o wysokości poniżej mikrometra osiągają największe wartości w pobliżu współpracujących powierzchni, powodując w tych obszarach największe wzrosty lepkości oleju po kierunku wysokości szczeliny.
    Źródło:
    Tribologia; 2016, 268, 4; 211-223
    0208-7774
    Pojawia się w:
    Tribologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Próba oceny wpływu szerokości szlaków turystycznych na otaczające je środowisko lasu
    An attempt to assess the effect of tourist trail width on adjacent forest environment
    Autorzy:
    Skłodowski, J.
    Bartosz, S.
    Dul, L.
    Grzybek, D.
    Jankowski, S.
    Kajetanem, M.
    Kalisz, P.
    Korenkiewicz, U.
    Mazur, G.
    Myszek, J.
    Ostasiewicz, M.
    Primka, B.
    Puczyłowska, I.
    Radzikowski, M.
    Roeding, P.
    Serek, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1009663.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    turystyka
    zwiezlosc gleb
    wskazniki ekologiczne
    oddzialywanie na srodowisko
    wysokosc
    runo lesne
    lasy
    erozja gleb
    lesnictwo
    szlaki turystyczne
    tourist trails
    environmental changes
    soil compaction
    erosion
    height of herbaceous vegetation
    plant life forms
    indicator figures
    Opis:
    The impact of narrow (up to 2 m), medium (up to 3.5 m) and wide (>3.5 m) tourist trails on the surrounding environment was investigated. On wide trails, the value of soil erosion and compaction indices was found to be the highest, while the herb height index was the lowest indicating the greatest impact of wide trails on the environment. The phytosociological relevés were used to determine ecological indicator figures. Wide trails were characterized by higher thermal and continentalism indices and lower pH and trophic indices. The proportion of therophytes and geophytes was higher, while of hemicryptophytes, phanerophytes and chamaephytes on wide trails were lower than on medium and narrow trails. All the analysed indices pointed to a stronger impact of wide trails on the environment in comparison with medium and narrow trails.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2009, 153, 10; 699-709
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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