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Wyszukujesz frazę "heat release" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Aspects of combustion process in a high pressure direct fuel injection two-stroke engine
Autorzy:
Mitianiec, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247194.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
combustion engines
heat release
Opis:
The paper presents combustion process in loop scavenging two-stroke engine with high pressure direct injection of gasoline. A new method of determination of heat release rate on the base of experimental test in a two-stroke engine with direct gasoline injection is also presented. The target of the work was achieving of information about implementation of approximated Viebe function in mathematical models and simulation computer programs of a combustion process in spark ignition two-stroke engine with direct fuel injection due to the lack of such data in the literature. The paper show propagation of the flame in the combustion chamber depending on charge flow after scavenge process. The paper presents several examples of heat release and approximate function, for which variable coefficients of Viebe function were determined for certain rotational speeds at wide opening throttle. Pressure measurements were carried out on the engine Robin EC12 wit capacity 115 cm3. Determination of heat release and burned fuel rate was calculated by means of own computer program. The paper also presents the method of determination of variable specific heat coefficients in the function of crankshaft rotation, which are also used in modelling of the engine processes.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 4; 289-298
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heat release in spark ignition engine with internal catalyst
Autorzy:
Andrych-Zalewska, M.
Walkowiak, W. W.
Kolanek, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
heat release
catalyst
spark ignition
pressure
Opis:
In the present work there have been shown the results of initial researches concerning heat release process in the spark ignition engine with inner catalyst. There has been presented the calculative model of heat release process and calculative methodology leading to obtaining temperature course, combustion function and its derivative because of measured course of combustion pressure. The pressure courses, which are necessary for calculations, were obtained on the measure seat with AD 1600 engine that is load with eddy- current brake. The engine was equipped with spark plug with miniature pressure sensor f-my Kistler, and the courses of pressure were recorded by the use of f-my Smetec apparatus. The courses of heat release process were analysed in rotations of n=1500 rotations/min and n=3000 rotations/minute and load of 50 Nm and 70 Nm. The analysis was made comparatively for the system with the catalyst and without catalyst. In the work there have been presented the results of experimental and model researches which aim was the analysis of the issue of influencing the catalytic active surfaces placed in the spark ignition engine combustion space. Those surfaces, catalysing the process of creating combustible mixture and its combustion, influence the combustion process course and, simultaneously, have impact on the engine work parameters and the heat release course.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 7-14
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Knock and combustion rate interaction in a hydrogen fuelled combustion engine
Autorzy:
Szwaja, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion knock
heat release rate
hydrogen
engine
Opis:
The paper describes correlation between combustion knock intensity and combustion rate calculated as the heat release rate from combustion pressure traces of a hydrogen fuelled spark ignited engine. Unlike a gasoline spark ignited (SI) engine, the hydrogen fuelled engine can easily generate knock during combustion at working conditions similar to a gasoline engine. However, the hydrogen knock does not necessarily come from hydrogen auto-ignition at the end phase of spark-controlled combustion process as it is typical at the gasoline fuelled engine. The phenomenon of hydrogen knock significantly differs from the gasoline knock due to different combustion mechanisms and different fuel thermo-chemical properties. The knock can be generated during hydrogen combustion itself as result of combustion instabilities. Intensity of this knock, expressed here by intensity of combustion pressure fluctuations, is several times lower in comparison with the combustion knock by fuel self-ignition process. This "light knock" is a matter of this paper. The tests of hydrogen combustion in the IC engine has been conducted at air to hydrogen stoichiometric ratio at various compression ratios with spark timing sweep from -10 to 4 crank angle degrees referring to top dead centre of the engine piston. Obtained results show, that there is a positive correlation between the knock intensity and the combustion rate. This correlation is particularly observed at tests taken on the engine with compression ratio of 10. The conclusions should provide good premises for combustion knock modelling and its prediction.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 431-438
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of injection timing on the combustion characteristics for the heterogeneous combustion field using impinging injection
Autorzy:
Kawakami, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244824.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
impinging injection
split injection
heat release rate
Opis:
It is very important to achieve the low particulate and low emissions under high power operation conditions in practical industrial engine and turbine combustion. Several techniques for reducing the emissions have been proposed and a large amount of experimental data has been published. It is well known that the combustion field in practical industrial diesel engine are strongly influenced by the behaviour of injection, distribution of droplets and the premixed ratio of the combustion chamber. As the first step of this study, experiments have been carried out to examine the combustion characteristics of heterogeneous combustion field by using impinging injection and Split injection in a closed chamber. The combustion chamber is equipped with pintle type injection nozzles on each of the opposite walls along the length of the bomb. In this study, we call it “impinging injection” when the injection is performed at same time by two nozzles facing each other and “split injection” when the impinging injection is performed at two different timing. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) the most suitable conditions of injection timing exists for improving the maximum burning pressure and total burning time by using impinging injection; 2) the flame speed can be possible to control by using impinging injection timing from the ignition; 3) the heat release rate for Split injection is larger than that of standard impinging injection.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 283-288
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The analysis of research results concerning heat release rates of ship materials with regard to dynamic parameters of the research station
Autorzy:
Sychta, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258522.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
fire safety
heat release rate
dynamic measurement
Opis:
Based on the results of author’s research it was stated that significant differences between heat release rates measured according to ISO 5660-1 and FTP Code Part 5 (Res. A. 653 (16)) are not caused by measurement uncertainties. A basic factor determining the lack of correlation is treating the heat release rate in the category of static measurements in the normalized measurement methods. Taking into account dynamic parameters of the test station allowed the coincidence rate (reproducibility and correlation) of the results of heat release rates measured using different methods to be improved, without changing test stations and procedures. Author’s research performed on 42 materials has revealed that the relative dynamic errors of the heat release rate measurements are significant (2%÷120%). The average value of these changes for the tested group of materials was equal to 39%.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2008, 1; 56-59
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Application of Ion Current Measurement to Identification of Combustion Parameters in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine
Autorzy:
Hunicz, J.
Filipek, P.
Sobiesiak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/221670.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
HCCI
ion current
heat release rate
combustion control
Opis:
This study examines the application of ion current measurements to the identification of heat release parameters inside the combustion chamber of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine fuelled with gasoline. HCCI combustion was achieved with the use of exhaust gas trapping. Combustion parameters derived from the in-cylinder pressure and ion current measurements were compared and analysed. Ion current measurements were accomplished using the existing spark plug and a dedicated electronic circuit. The experiments were performed at a variable excess air ratio and a variable amount of trapped residuals. The results showed a good correlation between peak values of the ion current and heat release rate, except for the cases where a fuel-rich mixture was burnt. The computed ion current integral over the volume of the combustion chamber showed a good agreement with the heat released in the combustion chamber, however this parameter was found to be affected by the amount of trapped residuals. Combustion timing characteristic values computed using heat release and ion current were found to be correlated, however the relationship was not linear.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2018, 25, 1; 223-234
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conception of cylinder pressure based diesel injection control system
Autorzy:
Bieniek, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diesel injection
cylinder pressure
control system
emission
heat release
Opis:
Control of diesel fuel injection is very important and has influence not only at engine operating conditions but also at emission of toxic gases as NOx, HC, and Particulate Matter (PM) are effect of combustion process. Directly observing of combustion process is very difficult, but implementation to injection control algorithm procedures based on additional sensors as knock sensor, cylinder pressure sensor and observing of rotational speed course could give enough information to optimize control algorithm. In traditional diffusion-burn diesel combustion start of combustion occurs a cetane-number based time delay after the start of the fuel injection. To fulfill of new emission standards is need to observing not only start of combustion but also whole combustion process. In the paper conception of injection control system applied with combustion process observer based on additional sensors. Closed-loop feedback control of cylinder pressure sensor and advanced control algorithm with high-resolution rotational speed sensor offers the potential to improve controllability of combustion process. Advanced control system based on heat release estimated from cylinder pressure and rotational speed fluctuations enabling improving engine exhaust emissions, engine performance and reduced noise emission. Introducing into control system a low cost glow plug integrated cylinder pressure sensor allow to achieve complete injection control system with advanced functions which could be very effective also in aspect of fuel consumption reduction.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 27-35
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Novel method appointing of the effective heat release coefficient during combustion process based on real indicator diagram
Autorzy:
Jankowski, A.
Ambrozik, A.
Jankowska-Sieminska, B.
Ślęzak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244287.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
working cycle
thermodynamics
indicator diagram
heat release
Opis:
An object of the paper is a novel method of effective heat release coefficient appointing during combustion process of the based on the real indicator diagram. The process quality of the heat release during process of combustion is evaluated by value of the effective heat release coefficient. Accepted assumptions at appointing effective coefficient of heat release refer to acceptable that thermodynamical parameters of the working charge according to points of the real indicator diagram and the computational diagram are such the same, the maximum pressure of real working cycle of the engine is equal to the pressure of the computational cycle, work of the working charge performed in period from point of closing of the inlet valve to point of the beginning of the exhaust process are for both considered working cycles equal, heat values of the carried to the real and computational cycle are such the same. The method of appointing of the self-ignition delay period is presented in the paper, using to this end intersection point of two graphs of temperature course of the working charge prepared for the first phase of combustion process. Other methods appointing characteristics is suggested in paper basing on the real indicator diagram. The graphic illustration of the preparing method of characteristics of the relative quantity of the heat release during combustion process is illustrated in paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 4; 133-142
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of clogged injector nozzles on the heat release characteristics
Autorzy:
Pawletko, R.
Polanowski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
indicator diagram
heat release characteristics
marine diesel engine diagnosis
Opis:
The paper presents the results of research of the influence of clogged injector nozzles in fuel injection system on the shape of heat release characteristics. The study was conducted on a laboratory four-stroke marine engine, type Sulzer 3Al 25/30, with nominal power Ne = 408 kW at nominal rotational speed n = 750 rpm. The study was carried out according to active experiment plan, during which the engine failure of the injection system was simulated. Simulation of loss of patency of injector nozzles (clogged) was to completely clog two holes of nine injection injector nozzle holes with a diameter of 0,325 mm. Measurements were made at a constant engine speed of 750 rev/min for five loads: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kW. Measurements of pressure of combustion were performed by means of tensometric sensors of Spice Company. Based on measured pressure curves heat release characteristics were determined. The algorithm allows the determination of net heat release rate q and the net generated heat Q characteristics. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that significant improvement in the diagnostic use of indicator diagrams can be obtained by using heat release characteristics. These characteristics are correlated with the process of fuel injection and the injection pump operation. As demonstrated in the work of analysing the heat release rate q, it is possible to infer diagnosis on the technical condition of the fuel injection system.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 3; 307-314
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heat release characteristics in combustion chamber of CI engine
Autorzy:
Jankowski, A.
Lagowski, P.
Slezak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244001.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
internal combustion engines
diesel engines
combustion processes
heat release
Opis:
On the basis of the internal heat balance of CI engine with direct fuel injection, the quantity of heat transported during the combustion process from the combustion zone was determined. The real indicator diagrams are the bases for determination of the heat release Characteristics during the combustion process and making up of the internal heat balance. These diagrams were worked out for the engine fuelled with diesel oil for three sets of the injection timing and for work of the engine according to the full load engine Characteristics, and the load Characteristics taken at the engine speedb for the maximum engine torque. Tests with the three different injection timing were carried out. Tests with the load characteristics of the compression-igniting engine for five values of the power were carried out. The pressure in the cylinder of the engine during combustion process was recorded by means of liąuid cooled a piezo-electric quartz sensor with a load amplifier. Characteristics of heat release depended on the composition, temperature and the mol quantity of the working charge in the cylinder during the combustion process. Characteristics of the heat release were determined with the use of the novel calculation program. The program was worked out by authors at the assumption that the process of complete combustion was finished at the moment of the opening of the engine exhaust valve. For purpose of simplification calculation of the quantity of heat lost into the cooling system, the radiation, dissociation and incomplete combustion, were assumed to change during the combustion process in a linear way.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 3; 155-164
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assessing diagnostic applicability of heat release characteristics determined based on ship engine indicator diagrams
Autorzy:
Polanowski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258814.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
ship piston engines
indicator diagrams
heat release
characteristics
diagnostic application
Opis:
In order to determine indicator diagrams-based heat release characteristics, a single- zone model of net heat release was used for perfect gas. It was proved that when a constant value for isentropic exponent is assumed, the error in determining the characteristics can be limited to 1% at the nominal load. The effect of errors in determining the position of piston TDC, as well as that of gas passages and indicator valves on the calculated characteristics was evaluated. It was shown that for low-speed engines the effect of gas passages in negligible, while for medium-speed engines the characteristics reveal some deformations (waves), which are repeatable for an individual cylinder in the examined engine construction. The results of the performed investigations and analyses suggest possibility and advisability of the use of heat release characteristics in diagnosing ship engines, in particular low-speed machines.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2009, 3; 32-35
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diagnosis of injection system marine diesel engine with the use of the heat release characteristics
Diagnostyka układu wtryskowego silnika okrętowego z wykorzystaniem charakterystyk wywiązywania ciepła
Autorzy:
Witkowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132942.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
diagnosis
piston marine diesel engine
injection system
statistics damage
heat release characteristics
net of heat release characteristics
intensity of the heat release
diagnostyka
okrętowy silnik tłokowy
modele wydzielania ciepła
charakterystyki wydzielania ciepła
ciepło wydzielone netto
intensywność wydzielania ciepła
Opis:
The paper presents the issues related to the diagnosis of injection system marine diesel engines, which are characterized by high unreliability. It was supported by the statistics of emergency events marine engines. It has been shown that the not only parameters of the diesel engine depends on the reliable operation of injection equipment but also the safety of navigation. This indicates the importance of diagnostics injection system, giving the ability to detect defects at the early stage of their development, in order to avoid failure. This has been demonstrated on the example of the injection system leak detection. The article discusses the possibility of using in the heat release characteristics calculated based on the indicator diagram in the marine engine injection system diagnostics. It has been shown that the characteristics of heat release contain information about the condition of the injection systems, which enable to diagnose their failures. The obtained results allowed to select the diagnosis symptoms, useful in detecting faults in the injection system, from the characteristics of heat release.
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę związaną z diagnostyką aparatury wtryskowej silników okrętowych, które należą do najbardziej zawodnych układów funkcjonalnych tych silników. Poparte to zostało danymi statystycznymi zdarzeń awaryjnych silników okrętowych. Wykazano, że od niezawodnego działania aparatury wtryskowej zależą nie tylko parametry pracy silnika, ale także bezpieczeństwo żeglugi. Wskazuje to jak istotne znaczenie ma diagnostyka układów wtryskowych, dająca możliwość wykrywania uszkodzeń na wczesnym etapie ich rozwoju, aby nie dopuścić do awarii. W artykule omówiono możliwość wykorzystania w diagnostyce układu wtryskowego silnika okrętowego charakterystyk wydzielania ciepła wyznaczanych w oparciu o wykres indykatorowy. Wykazano, że charakterystyki wydzielania ciepła zawierają informacje o stanie technicznym układów wtryskowych, umożliwiające diagnozowanie ich uszkodzeń. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwoliły na wyłonienie z charakterystyk wydzielania ciepła symptomów diagnostycznych przydatnych w wykrywaniu uszkodzeń w układzie wtryskowym, co wykazano na przykładzie wykrywania nieszczelności układu wtryskowego.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2015, 54, 3; 392-398
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Role of Product Composition in Determining Detonation Velocity and Detonation Pressure
Autorzy:
Politzer, P.
Murray, J. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358258.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
detonation velocity
detonation pressure
density
detonation product composition
detonation heat release
Opis:
Four sets of rules for predicting the detonation product compositions of explosives have been investigated: the Kamlet-Jacobs, the KistiakowskyWilson, the modified Kistiakowsky-Wilson and the Springall-Roberts. These can result, for a given compound, in significantly differing detonation products and amounts of heat release. However the resulting detonation velocities D and detonation pressures P obtained for the compound using the Kamlet-Jacobs equations are generally quite similar, with the Kamlet-Jacobs rules leading to the D and P that are, on average, closest to the experimental. The fact that the variations among the D and P values are relatively small can be attributed to a balancing of opposing effects relating to the quantities of gaseous products and the heat releases. Accordingly, obtaining reasonable accuracy for D and P does not necessarily imply corresponding accuracy for the product composition and heat release that were used. The analysis presented explains the observations that D and P can be correlated with loading density alone, even though product compositions are known to change with density.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 4; 459-474
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Acquisition of diagnostic information from the indicator diagrams of marine engines using the electronic indicators
Autorzy:
Polanowski, S.
Pawletko, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246036.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine engines
engine indication
angular axis
pressure sensors
TDC
heat release characteristics
Opis:
The paper analyzes the factors influencing the quantity and quality of diagnostic information obtained by engine indication with electronic indicators and pressures analyzers. Amount of information obtained virtually unchanged since the advent of the first construction pressure analyzers produced by Autronica and ABB Company. In many cases, the value of the maximum combustion and compression pressures, can be measured using these devices with sufficient accuracy and reliability, is if ignition occurs after piston TDC. Determination of the mean indicated pressure, compression ratio and heat release characteristics required to develop a method of TDC determination on the indicator diagrams, generate reliable angular axes in real time and pressure sensors of sufficient accuracy. It should be noted that in the latest solution of ABB system, a correction of thermodynamic loss angle and combustion pressure sensors of high accuracy were introduced. For marine diesel engines diagnosis, the pressure sensor measuring sustainability is important because of the ability to create trends of specific diagnostic parameters, which may constitute an additional, important source of diagnostic information. The paper presents an overview of currently available pressure sensors that can be used during marine engines indication. Most important issues related to the pressure measurement on indicator valves were characterized. An assessment of the gas channels and the quality of the angular axis impact for the parameters of indicator graphs was done.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 359-366
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The problematics of determining the characteristics of heat release, based on experimental indicator diagram for diagnostic purposes
Autorzy:
Witkowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246500.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
indicated parameters
indicator diagram
heat release characteristics
adiabatic exponent
Opis:
The article discusses the problem of determining the characteristics of heat release based on experimental indicator diagram for diagnostic purposes. The importance of the operational diagnosis of marine engines is the analysis of indicator diagrams was identified. In addition to analysing changes in the values of indicated, should be aimed to oriented broader analysis, including the determination on the basis of experimental indicator diagram of heat release characteristics during the combustion process. Then it is essential to choose the right model of heat release for reciprocating piston engines with direct fuel injection. In the diagnostics of piston engines, including marine engines, special interest arouses use single-zone model based on indicator diagrams as a source of information. Based on the results their own research we analysed the impact on the characteristics of heat release of simplifying assumptions in the model of heat release, including constant value adiabatic exponent. In the temperature, range 300÷2800 K waveformsκ are considered to be linearly dependent on the temperature. Based on the above, for the gas temperature from 800 K to 1850 K value of the exponent κ decreases about 3%. The effect of the value κ on the course of characteristics q and Q, to the typical marine engines was shown.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 1; 429-436
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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