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Tytuł:
Wątpliwości i kontrowersje wokół definicji handlu ludźmi
Doubts and controversies concerning the definition of human trafficking
Autorzy:
Sitarz, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
polityka kryminalna
human trafficking
criminalization
Opis:
The publication discusses introduction of new solutions pertaining to human trafficking to Polish legal system, namely the very definition of the phenomenon in the act of law. The article is divided into 6 parts. In part one, the author indicates the reasons why the law in this area needs to be changed and enumerates the duties imposed on the legislator. Since human trafficking is a very complex criminological phenomenon, part three discusses the problem of the criminological definition of human trafficking. The legislator, creating penal provisions for such deeds must naturally take the phenomenology of human trafficking into account, at the same time bearing in mind that the provisions at this stage of using them will be subject to interpretation. This interpretation, as criminal law is repressive in nature, has its own rules. Hence part four is devoted to selected issues of interpretation in criminal law but only from the point of view of the analysed changes in law. The penultimate part includes discussion of the role and meaning of legal definitions in criminal law, also in the light of international obligations of the Republic of Poland. The final part contains a critical analysis of the definition of human trafficking.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2010, XXXII; 327-344
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Handel ludźmi jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa społecznego. Perspektywa statystyczna
Autorzy:
Zdrodowska, Martyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1447633.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Niepaństwowa Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Białymstoku
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
przestępczość zorganizowana
bezpieczeństwo społeczne
zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa
Opis:
Handel człowiekiem jako towarem wywodzi się z czasów starożytnych. Obecnie, pomimo ciągłej walki z tym zjawiskiem, handel ludźmi potrafi przyjmować drastyczną formę, w której towarem staje się dziecko lub organy pozyskiwane do transplantacji. Przestępstwo handlu ludźmi jest domeną zorganizowanych grup przestępczych. Jako negatywne ludzkie zachowanie jest zaliczane do głównych zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa społecznego.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia społeczne; 2020, 2, 14; 94-114
2353-7426
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryminologiczne aspekty pracy przymusowej w Polsce
The Criminological Aspects of Forced Labour in Poland
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698712.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
praca przymusowa
ofiara
sprawca
handel ludźmi
kontrola
przemoc
krymonologia
Opis:
The article discusses some of the findings of research carried out in 2008–2012 on forced labour in Poland. The research was done using triangulation methods and consisted in an analysis of seven criminal cases concerning human trafficking with a view to forced labour examined by Polish courts and prosecutors’ offices in 1998–2012. Interviews with experts and practitioners working to eliminate human trafficking (29 interviews) and with victims of forced labour in Poland (4 interviews) were also conducted. I also used a content analysis method to study press articles on forcing people to work in Poland and forcing Poles to work abroad that had appeared in the Polish press in 1997–2012. A total of 224 press articles were examined. Another source of information about forced labour in Poland, or rather about the social perception of this phenomenon, consisted in qualitative field research done in 32 localities across eight Polish provinces. This included a total of 137 conversations and interviews.The findings indicate that the problem of forced work doubtless exists in Poland, although it is difficult to gauge its actual scale. At the same time the phenomenology of forced labour that I present indicates that there are many aspects to forcing someone to work. Those who fall prey to forced labour include both Polish nationals and foreigners (Poles are generally forced to work abroad, while foreigners are subjected to forced labour in Poland). The age and sex of the victims is also irrelevant, as both young and middle-aged persons and both men and women are forced to work. There are many ways of recruiting and then of forcing one to work. In fact, it would be hard to enumerate all the methods employed by perpetrators to make their victims work. It is therefore impossible to indicate any specific group of people that would be particularly prone to this practice, as anyone can become a victim. The same goes for branches of the economy – it is impossible to indicate any one area that would be particularly susceptible to exploitation and forcing individuals to work. Research findings indicate that in Poland forced labour occurs in agriculture, construction, shipbuilding, textiles, sales, and services (particularly housework). Drawing on B. Andress’s idea of the continuum of exploitation (B. Andrees, Forced labour and trafficking in Europe: how people are trapped in, live through and come out, International Labour Office, Geneva 2008), I discovered that when it came to forced labour in Poland there was a distinctive succession of phases at play before people were actually forced into labour. In other words, ‘employers’ used various types of violence, threats or ruses to test the employee’s susceptibility to exploitation, trying to find out to what extent they could make the person work harder, while at the same time increasing the conditions of enslavement eventually resulting in forced labour. This finding is important when it comes to the scope of the legal provisions penalising human trafficking and forced labour in Poland. In their current wording, these provisions do not include behaviour such as progressive exploitation.My research clearly shows that Polish law enforcement and work inspection agencies have difficulty identifying cases of forced labour. Cases were often discovered by accident or by a coincidence as a result of which police agencies received information about a particular situation. Another weak spot in the identification of such cases is the lack of police intelligence about work agencies bringing foreign workers to Poland, particularly from Asian countries. Another issue is the lack of any regulation that would clearly and unequivocally penalise forced labour. The field research seems to indicate that law enforcement officers, prosecutors and judges are not familiar with the phenomenology of forced labour and do not always consider it a form of human trafficking, particularly when the victims arrived in Poland via legal channels and/or were not sold. The ineffectiveness of the Polish system of eliminating forced labour and human trafficking is another problem due to the lack of joint action by law enforcement and the judiciary. The ineffectualness of law enforcement agencies isn’t only due to poor organisation and lack of human resources, but also due to a lack of instruments and procedures for detecting these kinds of crimes. Finally, low social awareness of the problem and social consent to people being exploited in the work setting are another aspect making it difficult to eliminate forced labour in Poland. The awareness of the foreigners themselves is another issue. They often come to Poland looking for work and agree to poor working conditions, hoping to earn more than in their home countries.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2017, XXXIX; 71-116
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wizerunek ofiary handlu kobietami w krajowym orzecznictwie karnym na podstawie analizy wyroków w sprawach o handel ludźmi w latach 1997-2009
The image of women trafficking victimis in the polish judicial decisions based on judgements on human trafficking criminal cases between 1997 and 2009
Autorzy:
Koss-Goryszewska, Maryla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
ofiary handlu ludźmi
kryminologia feministyczna
women trafficking victims
human trafficking
Opis:
The article presents results of an analysis on Polish courts' judgements passed in criminal cases between 1997 and 2009 concerning human trafficking, i.e. former Article 253§1 and 204§4 Penal Code, conducted with an aim to investigate the image of the party injured as a result of such crime. The research included 59 court cases concerning sexual abuse of women, in which a judgement of conviction (either final and binding or not) was passed. The aim of the research was to the reconstruct the process in which a victim of women trafficking is seen by judges, to analyse the language used by judges in dealing with the victims, and to check if there is a specific model or models in the manner the victims' image is seen by judges. As part of this research, an analysis of semantic fields and qualitative analysis were conducted. The conclusions from the former show that the language used by judges when referring to the crime victims is highly diversified: ranging from formal, official registers ('the injured party', 'women', 'witness'), to vernacular and hardly formal, or even vulgar ('white slaves', 'roadside hookers'). As long as the first of the above registers does not carry any judgemental aspect in describing victims of human trafficking, the other style proves how negative the image is: one of a prostitute or a naïve, reckless girl. The semantic field analysis showed that among the expressions referring to the victims, the ones suggesting that the women got what they deserved were predominant. This language contains an element of the victim's causative involvement, suggesting that the women had some part of the blame for the circumstances, or that the circumstances were not as threatening or traumatising. It is often emphasised that the victims themselves agreed to travel, or had had prostitution experience before. Interesting conclusions can be drawn from analysis of semantic field equivalents, or in other words, the expressions used in lieu of the word 'victim'. Two groups emerge from among them: one, negative judgemental language used towards the injured party, and two, neutral. In the former group expressions such as: 'subject of trade', 'social outcast', 'property', 'human merchandise', 'merchandise subject to', 'a working girl', 'ladies of the evening', 'girls' are found. A considerable portion of these expressions indicates that the human trafficking victims are seen as de facto prostitutes ('prostitutes', 'roadside hookers', 'ladies of the evening'). Another thing that draws attention is the register of the language, with examples of colloquial or even vulgar words being used, which is certainly improper in documents of such importance. The fact that judges used inverted commas when they opting for some of these expressions in writing cannot serve as an excuse.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2013, XXXV; 161-191
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Epilogue
Autorzy:
Winterdyk, John
Van der Watt, Marcel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
human trafficking
labour trafficking
forced labour
Palermo Protocol
exploitation
handel ludźmi
handel ludźmi do pracy
praca przymusowa
Protokół z Palermo
wykorzystanie
Opis:
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.   Epilog rozpoczyna opis niejednoznaczności terminu „handel ludźmi”. Następnie zostały przedstawione cztery podstawowe sposoby zwalczania tego zjawiska (4P), a także omówiono zagadnienie „nowego uczestnictwa”, mogącego odgrywać kluczową rolę w walce z handlem ludźmi. Zauważono także, że mimo bogatej historii badań poświęconych handlowi ludźmi, wciąż brakuje badań dotyczących pracy przymusowej. W epilogu zawarto także podsumowanie artykułów opublikowanych w niniejszym numerze, przy czym szczególny nacisk położono na identyfikację luk w dotychczasowej wiedzy i badaniach. Epilog kończy się kilkoma sugestiami odnośnie do przyszłych działań na rzecz zwalczania pracy przymusowej.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 295-306
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Risk Assessment and the Safe Return and Reintegration of Trafficked Persons
Autorzy:
Ludwig, Elisa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698646.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
reintegracja
handel ludźmi
ofiary handlu ludźmi
risk assessment
safe return
trafficked persons
reintegration
Opis:
Human trafficking is a complex crime and a capital perpetration against human rights and in particular women’s rights. Moreover, it is a threat to inter-/national security and freedom. People affected by trafficking often want to or even have to return to their home countries – and they are entitled to a safe return. The expertise on Risk assessment and the Safe Return and Reintegration of trafficked persons from the perspective of Polish institutions aims to enable public officers of Poland to prevent retrafficking and/or other harms and violations of human rights, in case that trafficked persons decide to return to their countries of origin or to resettle to a third country. For that matter, the paper starts with describing the identification process as the most important step in order to enable any further assistance concerning support-, protection-, safety- and possible legal measures; including the preferably voluntary return of a survivor. Having a clear definition of human trafficking – orientated on the Polish Penal Code – is the basic requirement in order to properly identify (presumed) victims of trafficking. As experience and empiricism show, failure in the identification procedure is the most common reason for repeated trafficking in human beings or other violations of human rights. Therefore, the indicators presented in this chapter serve as an identification-checklist for the officers concerned. The experts responsible of the formal identification then have to act upon any suspicion that may arise. As soon as this is given, a reflection period has to be granted to any presumed victim. The provision of this reflection period represents an indispensable principle in the adequate assistance of trafficked persons and is highlighted at the end of the chapter on identification. In the following, the paper continues with the framework of a safe return, where the measures necessary to successfully carrying out a proper risk analysis and designing security scenarios are introduced. In order to prioritize the trafficked person’s rights, safety and dignity, coordinated action in conducting a safe return between state actors and NGOs, embassies and consulates have to be emphasized. After putting a spotlight on the importance of a human rights based approach in the assistance of trafficked persons, the expertise goes more specifically into the required steps to conduct a systematic risk assessment. Here, the history of the trafficked person, research on additional sources in order to compile all possible facts and the concerted shaping of security scenarios between all involved actors are pointed out. A safe return always has to include a successful reintegration in the country of origin respectively in a third country, where the trafficked persons might need to be resettled. For this reason, the situation for survivors after the return is examined. As part of the monitoring procedure, actors have to assess the success of a safe return including the reintegration experiences of a trafficked person. The respective indicators to ensure a successful reintegration are enlisted at the end of that chapter. Finally, the expertise discusses the specific role of Polish public authorities and deals with their prospects and challenges, before it completes with examples from the practical experiences of Anti-Trafficking NGOs. Exigencies like the cooperation with specialized NGOs as early as possible during the identification phase, the provision of legal residences, the needed interventions concerning free mobility of trafficked persons and the requirements to support departure, migration and entry processes are examined more in-depth in the penultimate chapter. Eventually, the expertise describes specific challenges Polish public authorities have to face and closes with the chapter to a Best Practice and a Worst Case Scenario from Anti-Trafficking NGOs.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 141-160
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Family in Africa – (Not) a Safe Haven from Human Trafficking
Rodzina w Afryce − (nie)bezpieczne schronienie przed handlem ludźmi
Autorzy:
Malinowski, Radoslaw
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2037127.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
rodzina
kultury Afryki
human trafficking
family
African cultures
Opis:
Instytucja rodziny nie zawsze jest miejscem, w którym ofiara handlu ludźmi otrzyma pomoc, schronienie i wsparcie. Zmiany cywilizacyjne spowodowały, że instytucja rodziny w Afryce (zwłaszcza w Afryce Wschodniej) często przyczynia się do sprzedaży jej członków. Autor przytacza przykłady najczęstszych aktów sprzedania ofiar do pracy niewolniczej przy aktywnym udziale rodziny w Afryce Wschodniej.
In this paper, the author argues that due to several changes in our society, families (especially in East Africa) have started playing a negative role in the process of human trafficking. Therefore, families are no longer protecting its members when exposed to trafficking but rather becoming an impediment to successful counter-trafficking action. The author presents scenarios where families not only do not support victims but actively participate in trafficking them.
Źródło:
Roczniki Teologiczne; 2017, 64, 10; 205-214
2353-7272
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zapobieganie i zwalczanie handlu ludźmi przez Policję i Straż Graniczną na terytorium RP
Prevention and fight against human trafficking carried out by the Police and the Border Guard on the territory of Poland
Autorzy:
Piontek, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-07-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:
Straż Graniczna
Policja
handel ludźmi
Border Guard
Police
human trafficking
Opis:
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zagadnień związanych z zapobieganiem i zwalczaniem handlu ludźmi. Naukowej refleksji poddaje się dwie formacje: Straż Graniczną oraz Policję, które poprzez swoje ustawowe zadania, samodzielnie oraz współpracując z innymi podmiotami, stoją na straży bezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Handel ludźmi jest problemem na skalę światową, który obejmuje również Polskę. Niniejszy artykuł składa się kilku części: ujęcia definicyjnego przestępstwa handlu ludźmi, unormowanego w polskim prawie karnym, form handlu ludźmi, które występują na terytorium Polski, wymienionych zadań i kompetencji Policji i Straży Granicznej w zapobieganiu i przeciwdziałaniu handlowi ludźmi oraz ujęcia statystycznego z tych dwóch formacji dotyczącego przestępstwa handlu ludźmi. Artykuł, poprzez podjętą próbę analizy przedstawionych zagadnień, stanowi próbę realizacji celu postawionego przez autora.
The article aims to show issues related to the prevention and combating of human trafficking. Two formations are subjected to scientific reflection: the Border Guard and the Police, which, through their statutory tasks, independently and in cooperation with other entities, stand on the guard over the security of the Republic of Poland. Human trafficking is a global problem that also includes Poland. This article consists of several parts: definition of a crime of human trafficking, regulated in Polish criminal law, forms of human trafficking that occur on the territory of Poland, tasks and competences of the Police and the Border Guard in preventing and combating human trafficking, and statistical recognition of these two formations on the crime of human trafficking. The article, by attempting to analyze the presented issues, is an attempt to achieve the goal set by the author.
Źródło:
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności; 2018, 1(4); 193-206
2450-5005
Pojawia się w:
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wiktymologiczne aspekty handlu kobietami
Victimological aspects of trafficking in women
Autorzy:
Olszewska, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/348015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
ofiary
kobiety
wiktymologia
human trafficking
victim
women
victimology
Opis:
W artykule zostały zawarte treści dotyczące zjawiska handlu ludźmi, a dokładniej wiktymologiczych aspektów tego zjawiska. W pierwszej części zwrócono uwagę na przyczyny handlu ludźmi, rozmiar problemu (ujęcie statystyczne), formy i miejsca wykorzystania ofiar. W drugiej części podjęto zagadnienie potencjału wiktymogennego oraz przedstawiono profil socjologiczno-psychologiczny, jak i stan psychiczny kobiety – ofiary handlu ludźmi. Na końcu artykułu ukazano model pomocy ludziom, którzy zostali wykorzystani przez handlarzy współczesnych niewolników
The article concerns the issue of human trafficking. The first part shows the reasons for traffic-king, the size of the problem (a statistical approach), the form and place of the exploitation of victims. It also defines what trafficking in woman is. The second part presents the potential psychological and sociological profile as well as the psychological state of women who were abused. In the final part of the article the author highlights the need for the prevention of trafficking in women.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki; 2014, 3; 150-165
1731-8157
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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