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Tytuł:
Określanie lokalizacji pociągu za pomocą systemów radionawigacyjnych
Localisation of a train using GNSS systems
Autorzy:
Iwański, R.
Toruń, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/253939.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy TTS
Tematy:
Global navigation Satellite Systems
GNSS
pociąg
radionawigacja
transport kolejowy
Opis:
Rozwój usług systemów nawigacji satelitarnej - GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), zwłaszcza przyszłościowego europejskiego systemu galileo może znacznie przyczynić się do poprawy konkurencyjności i wydajności na wielu liniach kolejowych, zmniejszając koszty utrzymania oraz zachowujęa wymagany poziom bezpieczeństwa. W materiale przedstawiono nowe, obecnie stosowane przez firme Bombardier, koncepcje lokalizacji pociągu w oparciu o GNSS. jako przykład projektu wykorzystującego GNSS do pozycjonowania pociągu został przytoczony projekt INTEGRAIL.
Źródło:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego; 2006, 9; 37-42
1232-3829
2543-5728
Pojawia się w:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems Applications in Different Modes of Transport
Wykorzystanie globalnych nawigacyjnych systemów satelitarnych w różnych gałęziach transportu
Autorzy:
Januszewski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134596.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
global satellite navigation systems
GNSS
mode of transport
GNSS market and applications
globalne nawigacyjne systemy satelitarne
gałęzie transportu
rynek i zastosowania GNSS
Opis:
Nowadays (July 2016) we can distinguish four modes of transport – air, maritime, rail and road. In each mode the continuous knowledge of the current user’s position is one of the most important parameters of safety and economy of the transport. The information about position can be obtained from satellite navigation systems SNS (GPS, GLONASS) and based augmentation systems SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN). Two next global SNSs and one SBAS are under construction. This paper gives the reply to some questions: in which mode these systems are the most frequently used and why, which system is preferred in separate mode and individual region of the world, which kind of the receiver, one or more systems, are most popular. The comparison of SNSs applications, the capability of SNS receivers and supported constellations by theses receivers and additionally the detailed analysis of SNS receiver survey designed for each mode of transport are presented in this paper also.
Obecnie (lipiec 2016) można wyróżnić cztery gałęzie transportu – drogowy, kolejowy, morski i lotniczy. W każdej z nich nieprzerwana znajomość bieżącej pozycji użytkownika jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników decydujących o bezpieczeństwie i ekonomii transportu. Informację o pozycji mogą zapewnić satelitarne systemy nawigacyjne SSN (GPS, GLONASS) i systemy wspomagające SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN). Dwa kolejne globalne SSN i jeden SBAS są w trakcie budowy. W artykule udzielono odpowiedzi na kilka pytań: w jakiej gałęzi transportu w/w systemy są najczęściej stosowane i dlaczego oraz który system jest preferowany w poszczególnych gałęziach i rejonach świata. Dla każdej z czterech gałęzi porównano także zastosowania GNSS, możliwości odbiorników GNSS i wykorzystywanie przez nich satelitów różnych systemów, a dodatkowo przedstawiono wyniki analizy porównawczej odbiorników GNSS przeznaczonych dla poszczególnych gałęzi transportu.
Źródło:
Problemy Transportu i Logistyki; 2016, 34, 2; 117-125
1644-275X
2353-3005
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Transportu i Logistyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of Positioning Functionality in ASG EUPOS for Hydrography and Off-Shore Navigation
Autorzy:
Rogowski, J.
Specht, C.
Weintrit, A.
Leszczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
geodesy
ASG-EUPOS
Gulf of Gdansk
hydrography
offshore navigation
Positioning Functionality
Opis:
The paper discusses the ASG EUPOS services. There is presented an assessment of the possibility of using this system selected sites in hydrography and off-shore navigation tasks. Presented and analyzed the experiments were carried out in the port of Gdynia and on the Gulf of Gda?sk. The results obtaining in the work confirm the possibility of the position accuracy guaranteed by ASG EUPOS services. The obtained accuracy greatly exceeds the needs and requirements of coastal navigation and underwater mining and exploration of sea bottom.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 2; 221-227
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Performance of a novel Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring procedure consistent with IMO requirements
Autorzy:
Mink, M.
Heck, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134914.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
integrity
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
maritime
International Maritime Organization
protection level
Opis:
Although integrity concepts for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are ubiquitous in the aviation community, integrity algorithms of comparable maturity have not yet been developed for maritime users. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) specifies requirements different from those specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These different requirements affect the design of the integrity algorithms with respect to integrity risk allocation and threat space. This paper describes a novel integrity algorithm based on conditions valid for maritime users. The performance of the novel integrity algorithm has been assessed and compared to a conventional Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) approach consistent with IMO requirements.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2015, 44 (116); 155-161
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evolution of SBAS/EGNOS enabled devices in maritime
Autorzy:
López, M.
Antón, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063971.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
EGNOS
navigation and timing
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
satellite-based augmentation systems
dynamic positioning
Portable Pilot Unit
Automatic Identification System
advanced maritime technologies
Opis:
The maritime sector was one of the first communities that recognized and exploited the opportunities and advantages provided by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In fact, GNSS have become the primary means of obtaining Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information at sea. Most of the ships in the world are equipped with GNSS receivers. GPS provides the fastest and most accurate method for mariners to navigate, measure speed, and determine location. However, its performance can be enhanced by taking advantage of augmentation systems such as differential GNSS or Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS/EGNOS), especially in terms of accuracy. Direct access to EGNOS in vessels can be achieved through EGNOS-enabled navigation receivers and EGNOS-enabled AIS transponders. This paper provides an analysis of the number of onboard devices, mainly devoted to navigation purposes, and AIS transponders which are SBAS compatible. In addition, other equipment using GNSS positioning in the maritime and inland waterways domains are also considered for the analysis of SBAS compatibility, including inland AIS, Portable Pilot Units (PPUs) and Dynamic Positioning (DP) equipment. A first survey was done in 2017 to have an overview of the percentage of SBAS enabled devices available in the maritime market [8]. Since then, the analysis has been yearly updated to understand the market evolution in terms of SBAS compatibility and its main results are summarised in this paper.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 543--549
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
R-Mode receiver development for medium frequency signals
Autorzy:
Grundhöfer, L.
Gewies, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
GNSS
GPS
R-mode technology
R-mode receiver
LORAN-C
maritime radio beacons
Opis:
Signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems are the primary source for Position, Navigation and Time (PNT) information onboard any vessel today. As these signals are prone to interference, a maritime backup system is needed to provide reliable PNT data, R(anging)-Mode is such a system. It utilizes existing maritime radio beacons or base stations of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) by adding ranging components to the legacy signals. The first modified radio beacons transmit medium frequency (MF) R-Mode signals in northern Germany. This paper has described the current state of the authors’ research and development activities at the receiver level for MF R-Mode signals. The receiver platform has been introduced, which was based on off-theshelf components and the implemented algorithms for distance estimation have been explained. Furthermore, the results of the first ranging measurements have been presented, which have shown the general suitability of the R-Mode technology as a source for maritime positioning and timing data.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2018, 56 (128); 57-62
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of Slant Tropospheric Delays from GNSS Observations with Using Precise Point Positioning Method
Autorzy:
Savchuk, S.
Khoptar, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320603.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
atmosphere monitoring
precise point positioning method (PPP)
zenith tropospheric delay
slant tropospheric delay
Opis:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems give opportunities for atmospheric parameters analysis in behalf of solving many atmosphere monitoring tasks. The authors of this article demonstrated possibility of slant tropospheric delays determination with using precise point positioning method – PPP. The atmospheric parameters, retrieved from GNSS observations, including zenith tropospheric delays, horizontal gradients, and slant tropospheric delays, are analyzed and evaluated. It was obtained slant tropospheric delays, along the satellite path, for each satellite, at a certain elevation angle and azimuth, at each time, instead of obtaining a single zenith tropospheric delay composed of all visible satellites at one time. The results obtained proved that suggested method was correct.
Globalne systemy nawigacji satelitarnej ‒ GNSS ‒ dają możliwości analizy parametrów atmosferycznych do rozwiązywania wielu zadań związanych z monitorowaniem atmosfery. Autorzy tego artykułu zademonstrowali możliwość estymacji opóźnienia troposferycznego w kierunku do satelity za pomocą metody absolutnego precyzyjnego pozycjonowania ‒ PPP. Parametry atmosferyczne, uzyskane z obserwacji GNSS, w tym opóźnienie troposferyczne w kierunku zenitu, gradienty poziomy i opóźnienie troposferyczne w kierunku do satelity są analizowane i oceniane. Otrzymaliśmy opóźnienia troposferyczne w kierunku do satelity dla każdego satelity pod pewnymi kątami wzniesienia i azymutu w każdej chwili, zamiast uzyskać pojedyncze opóźnienie troposferyczne w kierunku zenitu złożone z wszystkich widzialnych satelitów naraz. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że sugerowana metoda była prawidłowa.
Źródło:
Annual of Navigation; 2018, 25; 253-266
1640-8632
Pojawia się w:
Annual of Navigation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Global Positioning System: Political Support, Directions of Development, and Expectations
Autorzy:
Czaplewski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116087.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Selective Availability
Global Positioning System GPS
Political Support
Positioning
Navigation and Timing (PNT)
GPS management
GPS modernization
PNT Advisory Board
Opis:
Over the last decade the Global Positioning System has become a global, multifunctional tool which provides services that are an integral part of U.S. national security as well as the security of other highly developed countries. Economic development, transport security as well as homeland security are important elements of the global economic infrastructure. In 2000 the United States acknowledged the growing significance of GPS for civilian users and stopped intentionally degrading accuracy for non-military signals that are known as “Selective Availability”. Since then, commercial applications of satellite systems have been proliferating even more rapidly, and therefore, their importance in everyday life has greatly increased. Currently, services that depend on information obtained from the Global Positioning System are the driving force behind economic growth, economic development and the improvement in life safety. This economic development would not be possible without the financial and political support of the US government to maintain the operation of the GPS system. Therefore it is important to have knowledge about the intentions of the US government how system GPS will be developed in the future. Decisions taken in the last 3 months are the subject of this article.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 2; 229-232
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teaching Celestial Navigation in the Age of GNSS
Autorzy:
Ibáñez, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
celestial navigation
age of GNSS
astronavigation
teaching celestial navigation
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
MET System in Spain
STCW
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Opis:
Over the past two decades, we have witnessed the astounding development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Celestial navigation has gradually been declining, displaced by the availability of these new, accurate, and easy-to-use electronic systems. Nonetheless, according to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW), deck officers onboard merchant ships must have been trained in the observance of celestial bodies to plot the ship’s position and to calibrate compass error. It is a real challenge in the current context to which lecturers in nautical astronomy can respond through innovation in their teaching methods. A new approach to training students in celestial navigation at the Nautical College of the University of the Basque Country is discussed in this paper. It has already achieved promising results in comparison with the traditional teaching methodology, and is both efficient and effective. The adoption of institutional measures is also proposed to ensure that the competence acquired in the training phase is at all times present throughout professional practice.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 3; 573-584
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sources of error in satellite navigation positioning
Autorzy:
Januszewski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116711.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
satellite navigation positioning
source of errors
satellite navigation
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
User Equivalent Range Error (UERE)
User Range Error (URE)
User Equipment Error (UEE)
Opis:
An uninterrupted information about the user’s position can be obtained generally from satellite navigation system (SNS). At the time of this writing (January 2017) currently two global SNSs, GPS and GLONASS, are fully operational, two next, also global, Galileo and BeiDou are under construction. In each SNS the accuracy of the user’s position is affected by the three main factors: accuracy of each satellite position, accuracy of pseudorange measurement and satellite geometry. The user’s position error is a function of both the pseudorange error called UERE (User Equivalent Range Error) and user/satellite geometry expressed by right Dilution Of Precision (DOP) coefficient. This error is decomposed into two types of errors: the signal in space ranging error called URE (User Range Error) and the user equipment error UEE. The detailed analyses of URE, UEE, UERE and DOP coefficients, and the changes of DOP coefficients in different days are presented in this paper.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 3; 419-423
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of precise point positioning algorithm to support advanced driver assistant functions for inland vessel navigation
Autorzy:
Lass, C.
Ziebold, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
real tme kinematic
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
state space representation
VHF Data Exchange System
precise point positioning
navigation and timing
Automatic Identification System
inland navigation
Opis:
Bridge passing and passing waterway locks are two of the most challenging phases for inland vessel navigation. In order to be able to automate these critical phases very precise and reliable position, navigation and timing (PNT) information are required. Here, the application of code-based positioning using signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is not sufficient anymore and phase-based positioning needs to be applied. Due to the larger coverage area and the reduction of the amount of correction data Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has significant advantages compared to the established Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. PPP is seen as the key enabler for highly automatic driving for both road and inland waterway transport. This paper gives an overview of the current status of the developments of the PPP algorithm, which should finally be applied in advanced driver assistant functions. For the final application State Space Representation (SSR) correction data from SAPOS (Satellitenpositionierungsdienst der deutschen Landesvermessung) will be used, which will be transmitted over VDES (VHF Data Exchange System), the next generation AIS.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 781--789
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
G4 Multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning service for high accuracy offshore navigation
Autorzy:
Tegedor, J.
Ørpen, O.
Melgård, T.
Łapucha, D.
Visser, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115985.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
high accuracy offshore navigation
Precise Point Positioning (PPP)
Integer-Ambiguity Resolution (IAR)
G4 system architecture
Multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning Service
offshore navigation
positioning accuracy
Opis:
Fugro is operating a global GNSS infrastructure for the delivery of high-accuracy multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service, named G4. Precise orbit and clock for all global satellite navigation systems are estimated in real-time and broadcast to the users using geostationary satellites. End-users with a G4-enabled receiver are able to obtain sub-decimeter positioning accuracy in real-time. The system has been tailored for offshore applications where a nearby GNSS station is not always readily available. G4 offers seamless integration of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou in the navigation solution, therefore allowing the user to obtain a reliable and accurate position even in challenging environments, especially in presence of interference, scintillation or partial sky visibility. In addition, carrier-phase integer-ambiguity resolution (IAR) is supported, for those users requiring the highest possible navigation accuracy. This paper presents the G4 system architecture and current performance. The benefits of multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning (PPP) are shown in terms of increased availability, robustness and accuracy.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 3; 425-429
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
VR teleoperation to support a GPS-free positioning system in a marine environment
Autorzy:
Lager, M.
Topp, E. A.
Malec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
navigation systems
autonomous surface vehicle
graphical user interface
Global Positioning System
Global Navigation Satellite System
unmanned ground vehicles
terrain-aided navigation
VR teleoperation
Opis:
Small autonomous surface vehicles (ASV) will need both teleoperation support and redundant positioning technology to comply with expected future regulations. When at sea, they are limited by a satellite communication link with low throughput. We have designed and implemented a graphical user interface (GUI) for teleoperation using a communication link with low throughput, and one positioning system, independent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), supported by the teleoperation tool. We conducted a user study (N=16), using real-world data from a field trial, to validate our approach, and to compare two variants of the graphical user interface (GUI). The users experienced that the tool gives a good overview, and despite the connection with the low throughput, they managed through the GUI to significantly improve the positioning accuracy.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 4; 789-798
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Signal Research for Alternative Baltic Navigation System
Autorzy:
Dziewicki, M.
Młotkowski, J.
Stupak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841574.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
navigation systems
Baltic Navigation System
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
IALA recommendations
Horizontal Dilution of Precision
Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
Opis:
In the project R-Mode a navigation system for Baltic Sea is designed. In the range of these actions in summer of 2020 the signal for DGPS base station Rozewie were adopted and measurements on the sea were performer. This experiment is shown in the article.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 4; 799-802
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Russian ALFA System in the Context of the Development of Radionavigation in the 21st Century
Autorzy:
Felski, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
navigational systems
radionavigation
ALFA system
marine navigation
ground-based radionavigation system
ground-based augmentation system
Global Navigation Satellite System
21st century challenges
Opis:
For nearly the entire post-World War II period, naval and air navigation relied primarily on ground-based radionavigation systems. However, the spontaneous development of satellite systems gradually led to their disappearance. They are currently used partly in air operations and marginally in maritime navigation in some areas around Asia, in Russia and in the Middle East. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, the threat of effective interference with satellite systems began to be raised, which led to an increased interest in restoring or upgrading ground-based systems as backup systems in the Western world. In this context, the approach of Russia is interesting, as it is associated with the vast majority of deliberate GPS interference. There are reports in the world literature that various ground-based radionavigation systems operating in Russia are still observed. The article analyses, on the basis of the few available sources, information on the ALFA system, about which the least is known, and there are many indications that it is ready for use.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 723--728
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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