Temat: forensic examinations - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

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Tytuł:: The Crucial Role of Timely Forensic Examinations in Investigating Crimes against the Sexual Integrity of Minors: A Case Study of Kazakhstan’s Forensic Analysis System
Kluczowa rola niezwłocznie podjętych badań kryminalistycznych w dochodzeniach dotyczących przestępstw przeciwko integralności seksualnej małoletnich. Studium przypadku systemu analizy kryminalistycznej w Kazachstanie
Autorzy:: Zavotpayev, Arman R.
Khan, Vitaliy V.
Eremeev, Dmitriy V.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31348351.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: prosecution of crimes
forensic examinations
crimes against the sexual integrity
minors
investigation
ściganie przestępstw
badania kryminalistyczne
przestępstwa przeciwko integralności seksualnej
małoletni
dochodzenie
Opis:: Timely appointment of forensic examinations in the prosecution of crimes against the sexual integrity of minors is the key not only to their rapid and complete investigation, but also the most important means of proving the guilt of suspects. In most cases, apart from the victim’s testimony and the results of identification, the guilt of the criminal is confirmed only with the help of forensic expert opinions, and a delay in the implementation of forensic analysis can lead to the irreparable loss of traces of a criminal offense. The role of forensic expertise in the fight against crimes against the sexual integrity of minors in modern realities is massively increasing, as it directs investigations and provides evidence to combat the changing face of crime. In recent years, the Republic of Kazakhstan has experienced a qualitative development of the forensic analysis system, which is reflected in numerous adopted legislative initiatives. Proper organisation of criminal investigation and high-quality interaction of intelligence and investigative services in collecting and recording evidence, as well as strict compliance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan during forensic analysis, allow identifying crimes against the sexual integrity of minors and bringing the perpetrators to criminal responsibility. Strict adherence to protocols and procedures that ensure the integrity of medical records, documentation and all collected clinical and forensic evidence can only increase the value of a medical assessment of child sexual abuse during a forensic analysis.
Szybkie podjęcie badań kryminalistycznych w ramach ścigania przestępstw przeciwko integralności seksualnej małoletnich nie tylko ma istotne znaczenie dla sprawności i kompletności dochodzenia, lecz także jest najważniejszym sposobem prowadzącym do zdobycia dowodów winy podejrzanych. W większości przypadków, oprócz zeznania pokrzywdzonego i wyników identyfikacji, wina przestępcy jest potwierdzana jedynie za pomocą ekspertyz kryminalistycznych, a zwłoka w przeprowadzeniu analizy kryminalistycznej może prowadzić do nieodwracalnej utraty śladów przestępstwa. Współcześnie rola wiedzy kryminalistycznej w walce z przestępczością skierowaną przeciwko seksualnej integralności małoletnich coraz bardziej nabiera na znaczeniu, ponieważ ukierunkowuje dochodzenie i zapewnia materiał dowodowy do zwalczania przestępczości o stale zmieniającym się kształcie. Republika Kazachstanu doświadcza w ostatnich latach rozwoju systemu analizy kryminalistycznej, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie również w licznych inicjatywach legislacyjnych. Właściwa organizacja działalności dochodzeniowo-śledczej oraz wysokiej jakości interakcje między służbami wywiadowczymi i śledczymi przy zbieraniu i utrwalaniu materiału dowodowego, a także ścisłe przestrzeganie przepisów Kodeksu postępowania karnego Republiki Kazachstanu podczas analizy kryminalistycznej pozwalają na identyfikację przestępstw przeciwko integralności seksualnej małoletnich i pociąganie ich sprawców do odpowiedzialności. Dokładne wykonywanie protokołów i procedur zapewniających spójność dokumentacji medycznej oraz wszelkiego zgromadzonego klinicznego i kryminalistycznego materiału dowodowego może podnosić kryminalistyczną wartość oceny medycznej przypadków seksualnego wykorzystania dziecka.
Źródło:: Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2023, 32, 2; 133-148
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:: Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Orzecznictwo sądowo-psychiatryczne w świetle 4200 ekspertyz szpitalnych
Results of forensic-psychiatric examinations of 4200 offenders
Autorzy:: Uszkiewiczowa, Lidia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699188.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1960
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: orzecznictwo sądowo-psychiatryczne
ekspertyzy szpitalne
sprawy karne
obserwacja kliniczna
szpital psychiatryczny
psychopatia
alkoholizm
niedorozwój umysłowy
schizofrenia
forensic-psychiatric examinations
mental hospitals reports
criminal cases
delinquency
offences
psychiatric hospital
psychopathy
mental deficiency
alcoholism
schizophrenia
Opis:: The present contribution discusses the results of 4200 forensic-psychiatric reports given, in the years 1953 to 1957, by twenty-one mental hospitals and the Department of Forensic Psychiatry of the Psychoneurological Institute, where copies of such reports, given by all the major mental hospitals in Poland, are collected. The present contribution does not take into consideration 300 reports in which no symptoms of a disease have been found with the subjects investigated, nor yet any mentally abnormal states, as well as 460 reports concerning reactive psychoses and 80 cases of simulation which arose only after the arrest of the investigated. (Cases of reactive psychoses and simulation will be dealt with separately, because of the altogether peculiar problems involved). Even though the leaving out of the account of the psychiatric examinations carried out in the Public Prosecutors’ Offices and the Courts of Law does not allow us to draw conclusions with regard to all those offenders suffering from mental disorders who have been submitted to examination, nevertheless, the large number of hospital reports available would seem to constitute valuable psychopathological and criminological material. 1. In investigating the cases sent by the Public Prosecutors’ Offices and the Courts to mental hospitals for psychiatric observation, we find, on the basis of available material, that the percentage of psychoses – setting aside reactive psychoses – is small, as it does not exceed 22 per cent. Three items: psychopathy, mental deficiency (most frequently a light feeble-mindedness or moronity) and alcoholism jointly account for a total of 50.8 per cent of the cases, and if, over and above that, we take into consideration post-traumatic mental disorders, epilepsy, post-encephalitic disorders and such like cases, it will appear that as many as over three-fourths of the reports given concern non-psychotic states. Psychopathy accounts for 27.4 per cent of the cases, alcoholism and mental deficiency for 15.8 per cent each, post-traumatic disorders for 5.9 per cent, epilepsy for 4.7 per cent, and post-encephalitic disorders for 1.5 per cent. In the material under investigation cases of psychopathy amount, in reality, to more than 27.4 per cent, since cases of reactive psychoses and simulation, in which psychopaths figure extremely often, have been left out of the account. Similarly, there are probably more post-encephalitic states, which, having failed to be properly diagnosed, figure in cases which come under other heads, because of the lack of reliable interviews and the negative result of the neurological examination (in particular, in the mental deficiency and psychopathy groups). Cases of alcoholism, too, are less numerously represented in the material under investigation than would seem to result from the diagnoses contained in the reports. There can subsist no doubt that, apart from cases where the diagnosis reads ,,chronic (or else habitual) alcoholism", we also meet with alcoholism with a great many of such of the investigated with whom other pathological states have been diagnosed, and where alcoholism merely constitutes an additional factor, as a complication of other mental disorders. Altogether, the percentage of alcohol addicts amounts to at least 28. Among psychoses, schizophrenia is the one most numerously represented (510 cases). Only 29 delinquents suffered from manic-depressive psychosis, 62 from general paralysis, 30 – from involutional psychosis, 28 - from senile dementia. There were 19 cases of delusional psychosis, and 14 cases of paranoia. The number of cases with cerebral arteriosclerosis was 49, and that of cases of cerebral syphilis - only 20. In 44 cases it was a matter of twilight states with non-epileptics; here belong 30 cases of pathological drunkenness, 7 cases of pathological affect, 3 cases of ,,short-circuiting" (the so-called „Kurzschlusshandlungen” in German), and 4 cases of twilight states with an obscure etiology. 87.1 per cent of the reports concern men, 12.9 per cent - women. For every 100 men investigated there were only 14.9 women, while in the 1955 judicial statistics there were as many as 30 convicted women to every 100 convicted men. Cases of psychopathy, mental deficiency and schizophrenia constitute 61.3 per cent of the total of reports concerning women, while with men the above three items only amounted to 63.8 per cent after cases of alcoholism were added to them. Women are relatively most numerously represented in involutional disorders and manic-depressive psychosis. 2. When we examine the data concerning delinquency, it is obvious that it is the perpetrators of manslaughter, sexual offences and arson that are particularly numerously represented in the judicial psychiatric material. The most common offences against property, which constitute 33 per cent of the total number of offences in the material under investigation, reach the highest percentages in those cases which are not psychoses. On the other hand, among the offences perpetrated by persons suffering from psychoses there are relatively more offences against life and health, and, in particular, of manslaughter. Manslaughter amounts to 14 per cent of the offences committed by the persons investigated suffering from involutional psychosis, to 12.2 per cent of those committed by sufferers from schizophrenia, to 11.1 per cent of those committed by sufferers from paranoia, to 10 per cent, with sufferers from senile dementia, while with psychopaths the figure is only 5.7 and with oligophrenics - 4.7. Altogether, there were 288 cases of manslaughter or murder in the material investigated, and of these 77.4 per cent were divided between cases of psychopathy (67 cases), schizophrenia (67 cases), alcoholism (51 cases), and mental deficiency (28 cases). Among the 179 cases of sexual offences the bulk were cases of misconduct with persons under 15 years of age (93 cases), there were 43 cases of rape, 21 cases of incest, 12 cases of exhibitionist acts. Nearly 70 per cent of the sexual offences have been committed by psychopaths (55), oligophrenics (41) and alcohol addicts (28). On the other hand, the relatively highest percentage of such offences is to be met with those suffering from senile dementia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and with mental deficiency. As far as arson is concerned, which in the material under investigation amounted to 3.3 per cent of the total number of offences, percentages higher than average ones are to be met with in cases of involutional psychosis, senile dementia, schizophrenia and mental deficiency. Out of a total number of 146 cases of arson, 53.4 per cent were accounted for by schizophrenia (40) and mental deficiency (38). With psychopaths and alcoholics comprised by the material under investigation cases of arson are extremely rare. Examining the delinquency of 158 epileptics, we establish that both the percentage of manslaughter and the number of cases of arson are small. What is worth while noting beside that is the fact that only in 24 cases the offence was perpetrated in a twilight state. The data concerning the delinquency of 510 schizophrenics bear witness to the fact that it was only a mere 8 per cent of the investigated that committed the offence during the first year of their illness, while the majority of cases the latter has been going on for above three years. When we analyze the 67 cases of manslaughter we find that it was only in two cases that the manslaughter was committed in the initial stage of the disease and constituted, as it were, the first visible sign of the schizophrenic process. In delusional psychoses cases of manslaughter were frequent, differently from cases of paranoia. In the few (29) cases of manic-depressive psychosis only one offence was committed in the depressive phase, white all the others were committed in the maniac phase or else in the hypomanic state. Deserving our attention is the lack of any more serious offences against life and health in this group. In the 30 cases of involutional psychosis more than one half of the offences consisted of those against life and health. Among the offences committed by the 49 persons with symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis, one-third consisted of offences of a serious character, while with the 25 patients suffering from senile dementia as many as one-half of the offences belonged to the category of serious offences. The delinquency of the 62 sufferers from general paralysis is almost exclusively reduced to offences of small importance of similar character as were the offences committed by the 20 sufferers from cerebral syphilis. In the 44 cases of twilight states (pathological drunkenness, pathological affect, and others) still 50 per cent of the offences consist of offences against life and health; 18 people fell victim to manslaughter. 3. The Polish Criminal Code, in force since 1932, contains provisions concerning, both in cases with mentally abnormal states, a state of irresponsibility and of diminished responsibility. A state of irresponsibility occurs when, at the time of committing the offence, the accused did not understand the significance of the deed he was perpetrating, or else was unable to direct his conduct because of psychosis, mental deficiency or other psychical disorders. A diminished responsibility occurs when, because of one of the reasons mentioned above, the ability of the accused to grasp the significance of the offence committed by him, and to direct his conduct was considerably limited. With regard to such and offender the Court may apply an extraordinarily mitigated penalty, while with regard to an offender who has been declared irresponsible, of course, no penalty at all may be applied. The offenders declared irresponsible are, by virtue of the Court's decision, transferred to a general mental hospital, if their staying at large could be dangerous for the legal order. They cannot be released from the hospital by the Court earlier than after the lapse of one year. An offender with regard to whom a diminished responsibility has been decreed and who is dangerous to the legal order may also be placed in a mental hospital (he, too, can be released from there by the Court not earlier than after the lapse of one year at the least). If the Court has sentenced such an offender to serve a term of imprisonment, the question of whether or not the penalty decreed is to be served is decided by the Court after the offender's release from the mental hospital. In cases of psychosis, forensic psychiatrists always decree irresponsibility. In cases of mental deficiency their decree depends on the degree of such deficiency, while in the cases, most frequent in judicial practice, of mild subnormality (morons, debils) – also on the, category of the offence which has been committed. Psychopaths are, in principle, considered to be fully responsible. Altogether, out of a total of 3900 delinquents examined 24.7 per cent of the cases have been pronounced by experts to be irresponsible, 23.1 per cent of the cases – to have a diminished responsibility, while 50.7 per cent of the offenders have been declared to be fully responsible. 4. As far as experts' opinions are concerned with regard to the application of internment in mental hospitals of offenders pronounced to be dangerous for the legal order, as well as irresponsible, out of a total number of 946 offenders declared irresponsible, a mere 34 per cent have been pronounced to be dangerous. Moreover, in 31 per cent of the cases, experts have pronounced for the necessity of hospital treatment under ordinary circumstances. Finally, 35 per cent of the offenders pronounced to be irresponsible have been described as not standing in need of any hospital treatment. A diminished responsibility has been decreed by the experts in a total of 855 cases, but only 6.4 per cent of the latter number have been pronounced to be dangerous to the legal order and to stand in need of internment in a mental hospital. Apart from the above, only in 10 per cent of the cases, experts have pronounced in favor of the need for hospital treatment. In the remaining 83.5 per cent of the cases the experts have confined themselves to stating that the responsibility of the offenders in question was diminished which, in result, comes merely to a possibility of an extraordinary mitigation of the penalty being decreed by the law-court. It is evident from the analysis of the judicial sentences which we have just carried out that experts a[ too unfrequently declare in favor of the need of applying security measures. The result is an irrational punitive policy with regard to such offenders who ought to be approached first and foremost, from a psychiatric point of view. The Criminal Code provisions concerning security measures are obsolete and demand essential alterations, which can only be done by means of codification. Quite independently of the need for extending the network of ordinary mental hospitals, there also exists a necessity of creating a special type of establishments, of a psychiatric-cum-penitentiary character, for a certain category of offenders who exhibit abnormal mental peculiarities and tendencies to recidivism. Equally needed is the establishing of treatment homes for offenders who are alcohol addicts. As it ensues clearly from experiments made in various countries, the application of ordinary penalties to delinquents who require a special treatment from a psychiatric point of view is altogether inefficacious.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 297-359
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Programy komputerowe wspomagające ekspertyzę pismoznawczą i ich praktyczne wykorzystanie
Computer programmes to aid handwriting identification. Practical application
Autorzy:: Goc-Ryszawa, Beata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/499905.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013-12
Wydawca:: Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistyczne Policji
Tematy:: badania pisma ręcznego
CEDAR FOX
ekspertyza dokumentów
ekspertyza pismoznawcza
FISH
GLOBALGRAF
GRAFOTYP
GRAPHLOG
KINEGRAF
MAGRAS
metody badań pisma ręcznego
programy komputerowe w badaniach pisma ręcznego
Polskie Towarzystwo Kryminalistyczne
RAYGRAF
SCANGRAF
handwriting examination
document examination
Fish FISH
handwriting examination methods
computer software used in handwriting examinations
Polish Forensic Association
Opis:: Artykuł zawiera przegląd programów komputerowych używanych w ekspertyzach pismoznawczych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono programom wchodzącym w skład pakietu pn. GLOBALGRAF, opracowanych wspólnie przez Polskie Towarzystwo Kryminalistyczne i Uniwersytet Warszawski. Do pakietu tego wchodzą cztery programy do analizy cech strukturalnych, grafometrycznych i grafomotorycznych pisma (Kinegraf, Grafotyp, Raygraf i Scangraf). W artykule przedstawiono, na podstawie analizy spraw, w których zastosowano te programy, wyniki ekspertyz pismoznawczych, z uwzględnieniem poziomu kategoryczności rozstrzygnięć identyfikacyjnych. Zwrócono także uwagę na znaczenie programów komputerowych dla rozszerzenia zakresu analizowanych cech pisma ręcznego oraz zastosowanie programów komputerowych dla obiektywizacji i wizualizacji wyników badań pismoznawczych. Zastosowanie komputerowych metod w badaniach identyfikacyjnych pisma stwarza możliwości wykorzystania nowych parametrów grafometrycznych w ekspertyzie pismoznawczej oraz użycia parametrów już znanych, lecz ze względów praktycznych nie stosowanych lub stosowanych incydentalnie. Przyczynia się również do lepszego i pełniejszego odbioru ekspertyzy pismoznawczej w Sądach. Programy komputerowe mogą stać się bardzo przydatnym narzędziem w pracy ekspertów pisma ręcznego oraz dokumentów.
The paper aims at presentation of computer programmes used in handwriting examinations. The authors pay special attention to software included in GLOBALGRAF programme package developed by Polish Forensic Association in close cooperation with the University of Warsaw. The Globalgraf package consists of four programmes designed for analysis of structural, graphometric and graphomotoric features of writing. These include: KINEGRAF, GRAFOTYP, RAYGRAF and SCANGRAF. The paper presents results of forensic handwriting examinations performed using GLOBALGRAF programme, taking into account categorical character of the opinions. In addition, the authors pay attention to significance of computer programmes in extending the scope of analysed handwriting features and application of computer based programmes in order to achieve better objectivity and visualization of the results of handwriting examinations. Application of computer based methods in handwriting examinations allows to use new graphometric parameters while performing relevant casework. It also allows to use already known parameters which, for practical reasons are hardly used or even ignored. The computer based methods also stand for a better and more comprehensive presentation of handwriting expert opinions in courts. Computer software can become a useful tool in the work of handwriting and document experts.
Źródło:: Problemy Kryminalistyki; 2013, 282; 57-67
0552-2153
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Kryminalistyki
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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