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    Tytuł:
    WSPÓŁCZESNE KIERUNKI ZMIAN W ZAKRESIE KRYMINALIZACJI ZACHOWAŃ CZŁONKÓW ORGANIZACJI TERRORYSTYCZNYCH
    Contemporary Trends of Change in the Criminalization of the Conduct of Members of Terrorist Organizations
    Autorzy:
    Filipkowski, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096547.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-07-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    terroryzm, prawo karne; polityka kryminalna; zagraniczni bojownicy-terroryści.
    terrorism; criminal law; criminal policy; foreign terrorist fighters.
    Opis:
    Opracowanie zawiera analizy kryminalistyczne i kryminologiczne oraz prawne w kontekście zachowań członków organizacji terrorystycznych. Pierwszy z obszarów badań dotyczy współczesnych zagrożeń terrorystycznych, przed którymi stoi wspólnota międzynarodowa oraz ustawodawcy w poszczególnych krajach. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na problem struktur organizacji terrorystycznych w ujęciu kryminologicznym i kryminalistycznym. Przybierają one postać układu powiązanych ze sobą: jednej komórki wsparcia oraz wielu komórek wykonawczych. Zwrócono także uwagę na pojawienie się nowej kategorii sprawców – zagranicznych bojowników-terrorystów. Drugi z poddanych analizie obszarów to kwestie rozszerzenia zakresu kryminalizacji zachowań będących wynikiem prac organizacji międzynarodowych oraz jego implementacji do prawa polskiego. W ostatniej części opracowania skonfrontowano obraz współczesnych postaci zachowań członków organizacji terrorystycznych z zakresem ich kryminalizacji w prawie karnym. Na koniec przedstawiono wnioski i postulaty dotyczące rodzajów typów czynów zabronionych i ich miejsca w systematyce części szczególnej polskiego kodeksu karnego.
    This paper presents a series of forensic, criminological, and legal analyses of the conduct of members of terrorist organizations. My first research area concerns the contemporary terrorist threats facing the international community and legislators in individual countries. An examination of the structure of terrorist organizations from the forensic and criminological point of view shows that they make up an integrated system, with a single directing entity and numerous executive cells. I also consider the emergence of a new category of offenders, foreign terrorist fighters. My second area of research is the growing scope of criminalization in outcome of the work of international organizations and its implementation in Polish law. In the last part of my study I compare the current patterns of behaviour of members of terrorist organizations with the regulations of criminal law now in force. Finally, I present my conclusions and suggestions relating to the diverse types of terrorist offences and their place in the structure of the special part of the Polish Penal Code.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2020, 20, 2; 77-100
    2353-8139
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wykorzystanie zagranicznego wyroku karnego w polskim postępowaniu cywilnym
    Usage of foreign criminal judgement in Polish civil proceedings
    Autorzy:
    Wasylkowska-Michór, Magdalena Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991311.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-11-18
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Opolski
    Tematy:
    artykuł 11 k.p.c.
    wyrok karny w procedurze cywilnej
    skazujący wyrok
    granice związania wyrokiem karnym
    zagraniczny wyrok karny
    article of the Polish Cod of Civil Procedure
    criminal judgment in civil proceedings
    convivtiong judgment
    limits of bounding by a criminal judgment in civil proceedings
    foreign criminal
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie najważniejszych problemów, które pojawiają się przy interpretacji art. 11 Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego, który stanowi o warunkach zastosowania wyroku sądu karnego w postępowaniu cywilnym, w sytuacji kiedy zastosowany ma być zagraniczny wyrok karny. W związku z tym na wstępie artykułu,jako punkt wyjścia do dalszych rozważań, przedstawiony został wyrok Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 27 marca 2013 r. w sprawie o sygnaturze akt V CSK 185/12, który przesądził,że art. 11 k.p.c. stosuje się również w odniesieniu do prawomocnego wyroku wydanego w postępowaniu karnym przez sąd państwa Unii Europejskiej. W dalszej części artykułu autorka przedstawia wątpliwości interpretacyjne związane z zastosowaniem art. 11 k.p.c,które mogą się również nasunąć, kiedy w grę wchodzi zagraniczny wyrok karny, związane przede wszystkim z pojęciem wyroku skazującego oraz charakterem i granicami związania sądu cywilnego wyrokiem karnym.
    The main aim of this paper is to identify the most important problems that arise when interpreting Article 11 of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure, which provides, in civil proceedings, the conditions of application of a criminal judgment, including a foreign criminal one. Therefore, at the very beginning of the paper, the judgment of the SupremeCourt of 27 March 2013 in the case ref. V CSK 185/12 is presented, as the starting pointfor further considerations. This judgment states that the above-mentioned Article 11 also applies to a final judgment issued in criminal proceedings by a court of a European Union country. Further in the paper, the author presents doubts concerning the interpretation of Article 11, which may also arise when a foreign criminal judgement is involved. They relatemainly to the notion of a conviction and the nature, and limits of binding a civil court with a criminal judgement.
    Źródło:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2021, 19, 3; 101-117
    2658-1922
    Pojawia się w:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Foreign Terrorist Fighters from the Perspective of Polish and European Criminal Law
    Autorzy:
    Patryk, Gacka,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902912.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-11-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    foreign terrorist fighters
    foreign fighters
    EU directive
    Polish Criminal Code
    Opis:
    Foreign terrorist fighters represent one of the powerful threats to the security of states and humanity in the 21st century. Besides participating in the actions of the Islamic State, they also pose a significant danger when they return to their countries of origin to recruit new volunteers, radicalize local communities and actively partake in terrorist attacks. So as to increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism, states and international organizations (the EU, Council of Europe, UN) have been moving in the direction of criminalizing all manifestations of terrorist activity. The paper strives to achieve the following: providing a definition of foreign terrorist fighters; proffering a legal qualification of travel abroad undertaken by Polish citizens for terrorist purposes by reference to selected provisions of the Polish Criminal Code; conducting an analysis of the provisions of EU Directive of 15 March 2017 on combating terrorism against the backdrop of the criminalization of the activity of foreign terrorist fighters; comparing the Polish and European criminal legislations within the pertinent scope. De lege ferenda comments will be offered by means of a summary.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2017, 71; 25-49
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zapobieganie przestępczości cudzoziemców w Polsce
    Preventing the Perpetration of Criminal Offences by Foreign Nationals Residing in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Rzeplińska, Irena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698660.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    zapobieganie przestępczości
    cudzoziemcy
    kryminologia
    preventing
    delinquency
    crime
    criminal offences
    foreign nationals
    prevention
    Opis:
    It has been for several decades now that criminological literature has addressed the issue of crime prevention in societies. Helena Kołakowska-Przełomiec argued in 1984: “While trying to formulate a definition of crime prevention, on no account should we disregard the fact that a criminal offence may be committed only by an individual who lives in a certain specific setting, in a society. Crime prevention can therefore be associated with the conditions of the external world in which a person lives, the constraints of social interactions, interpersonal relations, as well as with the person’s own identity, selfdevelopment, lifetime experience, attitudes, aspirations, and the scope of individual activities. Accordingly, crime prevention may be associated with all that effectively makes up the fabric of an outside world in which the person lives, with the overall diversity of human activity, groups of people, and individuals. Indeed, such activity may be closely linked to crime prevention, or only indirectly related to it, or it may also be very far removed from crime prevention. Crime prevention may also exist objectively, without any human activity linked to it whatsoever (e.g. in a mountainous area devoid of roads it is effectively impossible to commit traffic offences).” The author formulated the following definition: “crime prevention is construed as any and all actions which might lead, be that directly or indirectly, to inhibiting the incidence of criminality at large, of criminal offences, and the development of criminal phenomena all over the world.” Ten years later, another definition of crime prevention was proposed by Janina Czapska: “crime prevention should to be construed as all measures aimed at reducing the overall crime incidence and load, either by limiting the circumstances conducive to committing criminal offences, or by exerting an impact on a potential perpetrator, as well as on all members of a society.” In a document of 2002 promulgated by the UN Economic and Social Council, crime prevention is construed as a set of policies and measures that “seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including the fear of crime.” Modern Europe is a world of people who keep migrating, moving between countries. The presence of foreign nationals (i.e. those who are not the nationals of a particular country) in each of the EU Member States is a natural phenomenon, as they are the EU citizens and the third-country nationals. Criminal offences committed by foreign nationals are also natural enough, from random offences to fully premeditated ones, from minor offences to serious crimes, from common offences to criminal offences specific to foreign nationals in a particular country and during a specific period, committed under certain social, economic and political conditions. In Poland, police crime statistics have taken due note of foreign nationals as suspects since 1984. The proportion of foreign nationals to suspects in total in the period spanning 1984–1988 ranged from 0.1% to 0.5%. This proportion increased throughout the 1990s, from 0.8 in 1991 to 1.8% in 1996, and then to 2.02% in 1997. A decrease in this proportion was noted – 1.6% in 1998, 1.3% in 2000, 0.67% in 2004, and 0.43% in 2012. Foreign nationals suspected of committing criminal offences in Poland in the first decade of the 21st century come from 61 countries. 30% of them are EU citizens. The most numerous are citizens of Germany, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. Foreign nationals from non-EU countries constitute 70% of all foreign national suspects, among which the most numerous come from the neighbouring countries: Ukraine, Belarus, the Russian Federation and Armenia. In short, foreign nationals suspected of committing criminal offences in Poland originate from the neighbouring countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Lithuania, and Russia. The overall picture of criminal offences committed by foreign nationals in Poland in the first decade of the 21st century is as follows: a negligible share of foreign suspects in the human crime category, a high proportion in the specific offences category, i.e. driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, whereupon, in the absence of a natural person victim, the only ‘aggrieved’ party is public order, i.e. road traffic safety. The high share of foreign suspects in the offences against the credibility of documents means that foreign nationals who hold residence in Poland, or who enter Poland, make use of forged IDs or travel documents. The overall picture that emerges from the police crime statistics still needs to be supplemented by such rare events as terrorist crime, crime committed in organized groups, or hard to detect crimes, e.g. illegal cigarette or illicit drug manufacturing. In line with the definitions cited above, with regard to each particular type of criminal offence committed by foreign nationals, an appropriate strategy needs to be determined. In each individual case and for each type of crime a separate listing of crime risk factors should be compiled. Smuggling (duly registered by the Customs Service) seems one of the ‘favourite’ types of a criminal offence committed by foreign nationals in Poland (even though Polish nationals also perpetrate this kind of crime). Smuggling takes place both at border crossings and elsewhere, along usually rather desolate, woodland areas straddling a state border, not subject to heavy patrolling by border guard troops. Moving contraband across the border stands to bring substantial profits to all parties involved. In 96% of cases, the contraband commodity of choice are the tobacco products. Foreign nationals are also registered in Poland as the perpetrators of business-related crimes: criminal offences aimed at obtaining material benefits at the expense of other parties involved in business activity. Judicial statistics indicate that foreign nationals are convicted for breaching the Industrial Property Act, including its provisions pertaining to trademark protection, followed by offences under the Copyright and Related Rights Act; here, for the most part, crimes involve illicitly replicated software, music, and movies on the market. The perpetrators of these offences are mostly Bulgarian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Belarussian, Armenian, Slovakian, and Georgian citizens. In the area of business crime, organized criminal groups appear to dominate. As may be gleaned from the case records, most groups dealt with violations of the trademark protection provisions, copyright, money counterfeiting, capital fraud, including bank loan fraud, offences related to ATM cards and Internet accounts, followed by insurance fraud and the offences related to trading in liquid fuels. The groups comprised criminals from nearly 20 nationalities, mostly from Bulgaria, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, and Armenia, and less frequently the citizens of the UK, Vietnam, China, Moldova, and Georgia. In the period spanning 2015–2016, a brand-new type of crime was uncovered, i.e. professionally organized illicit manufacture of cigarettes in Poland. The report on the status of national security in Poland for 2014 draws attention to the involvement of foreign nationals in criminal activities. Tax fraud committed by foreign nationals from EU countries appears to be on the rise. Foreigners register business ventures in Poland and then proceed to abuse the Polish tax system with a view to benefiting from undue VAT refunds. Combating business crime, as referenced in the Report, requires fostering closer cooperation between various departments, authorities, and statutory bodies involved in preventing and combating crime. This approach has already spawned a government programme for the prevention and combating business crime for 2015–2020, in which the key principles of the actual action plan have been laid down. Research on organized crime groups, including those involving foreign nationals, reveals that all groups intended to profit from criminal activities, were managed by strong leaders, with ethnicity being of much lesser importance in their operations. They are mobile, moving both across the territory of Poland and beyond its borders. Organized crime groups involving foreign nationals are multi-disciplinary; they are involved in drug-related offences, business crime, and other types of criminal pursuits. Variability in the actual type of criminal activity pursued is always dictated by the principal objective – the achievement of material gain. Prevention and combating terrorist threats in Poland is provided for in the National Counter-Terrorism Programme for 2015–2019. There is no single system for preventing and combating crimes committed by foreign nationals, and hence we are not going to formulate its objectives here. Prevention, i.e. the identification of risk factors for criminal offences committed by foreigners, may be pursued in relation to a particular type of crime committed at any one time (types of criminal offences vary over time). Combating or controlling the criminal behaviours of foreign nationals, to express it in modern lingo, may be pursued through obtaining adequate insight into the actual aetiology of various kinds of criminal offences committed by foreign nationals, and an appropriate penal policy.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 5-13
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Orzeczenia zbieżne (concurrent sentences) i orzeczenia konsekutywne (consecutive sentences) w angielskim prawie karnym
    Autorzy:
    Błachnio-Parzych, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788176.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-09-15
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    orzeczenia zbieżne
    orzeczenia konsekutywne
    angielskie prawo karne
    zbieg przepisów
    kwalifikacja prawna czynu
    wymiar kary
    kara łączna
    zbieg przestępstw
    państwa obce
    Wielka Brytania
    concurrent sentences
    consecutive sentences
    English criminal law
    concurrence of legal rules
    legal qualification
    assessment of penal sanctions
    aggregate penalty
    concurrence of offences
    foreign country
    Great Britain
    Opis:
    The purpose of this article is to analyze the institution of the concurrent and the consecutive sentences in the English criminal law. The differences between them are based on the way they are executed and on the premises which courts take into consideration. Generally, the concurrent sentences are imposed for offences which arose out of a single act and therefore the terms of imprisonment shall run at the same time (concurrently). However, a deeper analysis of the literature and the case law of the English courts leads to the conclusion that the differences between them are not so important, because the main role plays the totality principle. It changes the way the institution of the concurrent and the consecutive sentences shall be perceived.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2016, 2 (206); 157-170
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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