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Tytuł:
Refining the Methodology for Investigating the Relationship Between Fluency and the Use of Formulaic Language in Learner Speech
Autorzy:
Guz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620701.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
learner speech
formulaic sequences
phrasemes
n-grams
temporal fluency
speed fluency
breakdown fluency
Opis:
This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between productive fluency and the use of formulaic sequences in the speech of highly proficient L2 learners. Two samples of learner speech were randomly drawn and analysed. Formulaic sequences were identified on the basis of two distinct procedures: a frequency-based, distributional approach which returned a set of recurrent sequences (n-grams) and an intuition and criterion-based, linguistic procedure which returned a set of phrasemes. Formulaic material was then removed from the data. Breakdown and speed fluency measures were obtained for the following types of speech: baseline (pre-removal), formulaic, non-formulaic (post-removal). The results show significant differences between baseline and post-removal fluency scores for both learners. Also, formulaic speech is produced more fluently than non-formulaic speech. However, the comparison of the fluency scores of n-grams and phrasemes returned inconsistent results with significant differences reported only for one of the samples.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2016, 14, 2; 95-122
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Establishing the Fluency Gap Between Native and Non-Native-Speech
Autorzy:
Guz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620841.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
L1/ L2 speech fluency
speed fluency
breakdown fluency
temporal measures of fluency
hesitation phenomena
pausing
speech rate
Opis:
Although various dimensions of speech fluency have so far generated a great deal of research interest, very few accounts have tackled the issue of the relationship between L1 and L2 fluency. Also, little empirical evidence has been provided to support the claim that language users are more fluent in their mother tongue than in a foreign/second language. This study examines the fluency gap between L1 and L2 fluency using a battery of objectively quantifiable temporal measures of speed and breakdown fluency. It also attempts to identify those temporal fluency variables which are affected by the individual way of speaking rather than the degree of automatisation of speech processing and which underlie oral performance both in L1 and L2. The analysis draws on transcriptions of elicited speech samples in L1 (Polish) and L2 (English).
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2015, 13, 3; 230-247
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formulaic Sequences as Fluency Devices in the Oral Production of Native Speakers of Polish
Autorzy:
Guz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620584.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
formulaic sequences
speed fluency
breakdown fluency
temporal speech measures
Opis:
In this paper we attempt to determine the nature and strength of the relationship between the use of formulaic sequences and productive fluency of native speakers of Polish. In particular, we seek to validate the claim that speech characterized by a higher incidence of formulaic sequences is produced more rapidly and with fewer hesitation phenomena. The analysis is based on monologic speeches delivered by 45 speakers of L1 Polish. The data include both the recordings and their transcriptions annotated for a number of objective fluency measures. In the first part of the study the total of formulaic sequences is established for each sample. This is followed by determining a set of temporal measures of the speakers’ output (speech rate, articulation rate, mean length of runs, mean length of pauses, phonation time ratio). The study provides some preliminary evidence of the fluency-enhancing role of formulaic language. Our results show that the use of formulaic sequences is positively and significantly correlated with speech rate, mean length of runs and phonation time ratio. This suggests that a higher concentration of formulaic material in output is associated with faster speed of speech, longer stretches of speech between pauses and an increased amount of time filled with speech.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2014, 12, 2; 113-129
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A PILOT STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF TOMATIS METHOD TO IMPROVE L2 READING FLUENCY
Autorzy:
Chou, Peter Tze-Ming
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/941296.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
Tomatis method
reading
fluency
Opis:
This was a pilot study that used the Tomatis Method to see the effects it had on L2 reading fluency in a group of Taiwanese learners. Eight volunteers participated in this study undertaking 40-hours of before-and-after-experimental treatments. The results from the analysis showed that the participants had significant improvements in the areas of fluency, tone, stress, and intelligibility. However, there was not a significant improvement in pronunciation. This study concludes that the Tomatis Method seemed to help participants improve their reading fluency as well as increase the levels of confidence and motivation when learning the target language.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2012, 12, 1; 20-37
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Increasing fluency in L2 writing with singing
Autorzy:
Heikkola, Leena Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
fluency
L2 writing
singing
Opis:
Fluency is an essential part of a language learner’s skills. Despite various studies on fluency, little is known about the effects of different pedagogical methods on the development of written fluency. In this paper, we examine how different pedagogical methods affect the development of second language learners’ written fluency. Participants in this study were 51 language learners enrolled in two intensive Finnish courses. The pedagogical methods investigated in the study were singing, listening to songs, and reciting lyrics of songs. Written stories based on cartoon strips were used as a pretest and a posttest. The fluency of written stories was analyzed based on the number of words used in the texts. Differences between the groups taught by different pedagogical methods were analyzed. The results seem to indicate that fluency increased the most in the singing groups compared to the other groups. There was also a statistically significant difference between the singing group and the group reciting lyrics, as well as between the group listening to songs and the group reciting lyrics.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2016, 6, 2; 271-292
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oral translation as a way of fostering accuracy. Evidence from teaching Russian
Устный перевод как способ развития грамматической точности. Доказательства из обучения русскому языку
Autorzy:
Laskova, Vesselina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2224112.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-25
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
oral translation
memorization
fluency
accuracy
complexity
Opis:
This paper presents the results from two different experiments carried out independently with two different groups of students using the same materials and the same methodology, with the aim to check whether oral translation, if applied as a main teaching technique, can foster the development of the accuracy component of language proficiency. The experiments were carried out at the International Centre for Plurilingualism at the University of Udine with two experimental groups over a period of three years. Apart from providing a positive answer to the research question, the results show that the whole training can be carried out as part of the in-class activities and is independent of factors of personal character like the amount of time a student dedicates to the L2 learning at home, his or her willingness to put him/herself to work and even, to a large extent, independent of the student’s mother tongue or previous contacts with the foreign language. Since the main goal is the rapid memorization of the lexical and grammar material inside a context, the present technique suggests itself as a promising teaching tool in any lexically specialized field of L2 study.
Źródło:
Studia Rossica Posnaniensia; 2022, 47, 2; 205-222
0081-6884
Pojawia się w:
Studia Rossica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An investigation into extraverts’ and introverts’ speaking anxiety in English classes
Autorzy:
Hamedi, Seyyedeh Maryam
Akbari, Omid
Hamedi, Seyyedeh Mina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2011747.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
extraversion
public speaking anxiety
speech fluency
speech accuracy
Opis:
The presented study aimed at investigating the relationship between the extraversion level and speaking anxiety in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context on the one hand, and testifying the relationship between the extraversion degree and speech fluency and speech accuracy, on the other hand. To this end, 60 advanced university students, including 12 males and 48 females, participated in the study at the quantitative phase, and 28 of them, including 14 from the extraversion levels, and 14 from the introversion levels, were observed on their oral performance at the qualitative phase. Based on Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation using SPSS in the quantitative section, the findings revealed a strong negative correlation between the extraversion level and public speaking anxiety, on the one hand, and a strong positive correlation between the extraversion degree and speech fluency in the qualitative phase, on the other hand. Speech accuracy revealed having no significant correlation with the extraversion degree. Indeed, extraversion and introversion seem to be the major personality differences that have attracted the attention of psycholinguists, in particular Dornyei (2005); henceforth, it would be worth clarifying the underlying characteristics of this construct to gain a more comprehensive view of these personality type indicators, respectively.
Źródło:
The New Educational Review; 2015, 41; 146-157
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:
The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fluency in second language writing: A developmental perspective
Autorzy:
Kowal, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/634503.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
writing fluency, second language development, Dynamic Systems Theory
Opis:
The paper presents a longitudinal study of writing fluency in second language students. The aim was to follow the development of the students’ fluency during a three-year period in which they studied Swedish as a second language. Fifteen Polish university students participated in the study. The analysis shows that fluency develops non-linearly with some peaks in the average developmental curve. Furthermore, we observed both between- and within-individual variability in fluency in text production. The development of fluency is unpredictable and no one subject mirrors in their development the average curve. Individual differences were observed at every step of second language development. The analysis shows that writers who are slow at typing are not automatically less fluent and that subjects who develop more slowly can achieve a high level of fluency in writing. In general, writers who were slower and less fluent at the beginning made the greatest progress in fluency during the three-year period, compared with those who were more skilled with regard to both language and typing, who achieved a certain level of fluency faster than their fellow students.
Źródło:
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis; 2014, 131, 3
2083-4624
Pojawia się w:
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fluencja słowna w wybranej kategorii nazw własnych w otępieniu lekkim w przebiegu choroby Parkinsona
Verbal Fluency in a Selected Category of Proper Nouns in Mild Dementia in Parkinson’s disease
Autorzy:
Gliwa-Patyńska, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1954930.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-09
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Logopedyczne
Tematy:
fluencja słowna
test fluencji słownej
nomina propria
kategoria semantyczna
choroba Parkinsona
verbal fluency
verbal fluency test
semantic category
Parkinson’s disease
Opis:
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny fluencji słownej u osób ze zdiagnozowanym otępieniem w stopniu lekkim w przebiegu choroby Parkinsona, w zakresie wybranej kategorii toponimów – nazw miast. Do osiągnięcia celu badawczego wykorzystano metodę eksperymentu klinicznego. Wyniki uzyskanych badań poddano analizie jakościowej oraz ilościowej. Ocena ilościowa obejmowała wynik tzw. produkcji słownej oraz wskazanie wybranych parametrów czasowych. Ocena jakościowa miała na celu: analizę popełnianych błędów; charakterystykę zjawisk, które sugerują obecność dysfunkcji słownika semantycznego; opis strategii generowania klastrów. Wyniki połączono z prawdopodobnymi przyczynami ubożenia fluencji słownej, wskazano specyfikę tego procesu. Niniejszy artykuł jest wstępem do szerszych badań porównawczych, dotyczących fluencji semantycznej w zakresie nazw pospolitych i nazw własnych w przebiegu choroby Parkinsona.
The article described verbal fluency in people diagnosed with mild dementia in the Parkinson’s disease. The possibility of generating city names was investigated. The method of clinical experiment was used to achieve the research goal. The results of the obtained research were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The quantitative assessment included the result of the so-called word production. Assessment of time parameters. The qualitative assessment was aimed at: analyzing the mistakes; characteristics of phenomena that suggest dysfunctions of semantic dictionary; description of the cluster generation strategy. The results were combined with the probable causes of the impaired verbal fluency. The specificity of this process was indicated. This article is an introduction to a broader comparative study of semantic fluency in terms of common names and proper names in Parkinson’s disease.
Źródło:
Logopedia; 2021, 50, 2; 53-68
0459-6935
Pojawia się w:
Logopedia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Catalan Law and Business Students in Italy
Autorzy:
Martin-Rubió, Xavier
Diert-Boté, Irati
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2053530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-28
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
fluency
accuracy
stay abroad
additional language learning
englishisation
ELF
Opis:
The growing number of EMI courses offered across Europe is increasing the opportunities for student exchanges. This study follows the progress of three students from Universitat de Lleida after their Erasmus experience at three different European universities, two in Milano and one in Macerata. The students took a monological English oral test before and after their stay abroad, and fluency and accuracy measures have been calculated from it. The students were also interviewed and participated in FG discussions. The measures from the two students who went to Milano show an improvement in their English level, whereas the student who went to Macerata performs even worse on his return. However, the experience from the two students in Milano was substantially different from the one who went to Macerata. Using the ethnographic information and the qualitative data available, we bring forward arguments that can help to account for these different outcomes.
Źródło:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition; 2022, 8, 1; 35-52
2450-5455
2451-2125
Pojawia się w:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
VERBAL FLUENCY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INHIBITORY CONTROL IN CHILDREN GRADES 1-3
Autorzy:
Memisevic, Haris
Soce, Sanja
Kuralic Cisic, Lejla
Biscevic, Inga
Pasalic, Arnela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-14
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
verbal fluency
elementary school children
inhibitory control
academic success
Opis:
Verbal fluency (VF) is a good indicator of a child’s academic prowess and later academic success. The goal of the present study was to examine the association between VF and inhibitory control. An additional goal was to examine the developmental trajectories of VF in relation to the grade and gender of the children. The sample for this study consisted of 210 children attending grades 1 to 3. Children’s performance was measured on two VF tasks: semantic fluency and phonological fluency. As a measure of inhibitory control we used a number of commission errors committed on the Multiple Choice Reaction Test. The results of this study indicate the lack of association between VF and inhibitory control. Children improved significantly in VF from grade 1 to grade 3. In relation to gender, girls outperformed boys on the test of phonological fluency but not on the test of semantic fluency. Given the importance of VF, these skills need to be tackled during the elementary school period and even earlier in preschool.
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2018, 16(4); 343-352
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adaptacja i wykorzystanie testu fluencji słownej na świecie
Adaptation and usage of the verbal fluency test in the world
Autorzy:
Ponichtera-Kasprzykowska, Monika
Sobów, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/944289.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
normalizacja
fluencja literowa
test FAS
fas test
letter fluency
normalization
Opis:
Aim: The verbal fluency test is one of the best known and useful neuropsychological tools based on the language functions diagnosis. The study was aimed at analysis and evaluation of adaptation and use of this test in the world, with a special emphasis on the situation in Poland. Material and methods: The research material was completed due to a survey of electronic databases. Some of the studies were singled out manually. Among other, the following key words were used: verbal fluency, adaptation of verbal fluency test, FAS, COWAT (Controlled Oral Word Association Test). Finally, included into the basic analysis were 33 research articles from 23 countries. Additionally, the detailed evaluation included 18 Polish tests, using the verbal fluency test. Results: The greatest group among the analysed studies was that of standardization studies. Far less frequently included is complete linguistic adaptation. A high freedom is observed within selection of the phonetic variant letters, even among researchers from one country. Conclusions: Basically, the use of the verbal fluency test in Poland does not diverge from international tendencies. There is a considerable diversity as regards the way of adaptation of the tool for the demand of a given population and within it. Because of too few comparative data within the applied phonetic variants of the test, we cannot explicitly indicate a predominance of original version of the tool or simultaneously applied lists of letters.
Cel: Test fluencji słownej to jedno z najbardziej znanych i użytecznych narzędzi neuropsychologicznych opierających się na diagnozie funkcji językowych. Celami pracy były analiza i ewaluacja adaptacji i wykorzystania tego testu na świecie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji w Polsce. Materiał i metody: Materiał badawczy skompletowano w wyniku przeglądu elektronicznych baz danych. Część prac wyodrębniono w sposób manualny. Używano m.in. następujących słów kluczowych: verbal fluency, adaptation of verbal fluency test, FAS, COWAT (Controlled Oral Word Association Test). Ostatecznie do podstawowej analizy włączono 33 prace badawcze z 23 krajów. Dodatkowo szczegółowej ewaluacji poddano 18 polskich prac wykorzystujących test fluencji słownej. Wyniki: Wśród analizowanych prac najliczniejszą grupę stanowią badania normalizacyjne. Znacznie rzadziej uwzględnia się pełną adaptację lingwistyczną. Obserwuje się dużą dowolność pod względem wyboru liter wariantu fonetycznego, nawet wśród badaczy z jednego kraju. Wnioski: Wykorzystanie testu fluencji słownej w Polsce nie odbiega zasadniczo od tendencji międzynarodowych. Występuje znaczna różnorodność, jeśli chodzi o sposób zaadaptowania narzędzia do potrzeb danej populacji i w jej obrębie. Ze względu na małą ilość danych porównawczych w zakresie stosowanych wariantów fonetycznych testu nie można jednoznacznie wykazać przewagi oryginalnej wersji narzędzia bądź równolegle wykorzystywanych zestawów liter.
Źródło:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna; 2014, 14, 3; 178-187
1644-6313
2451-0645
Pojawia się w:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relationship between the verbal fluency and academic achievement in second and third grade students: the effects of gender and parents’ educational level
Autorzy:
Aksamovic, Armina
Djordjevic, Mirjana
Malec, Daniel
Memisevic, Haris
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106162.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-20
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
verbal fluency
academic success
clustering and switching
school-aged children
Opis:
Verbal fluency is an important skill related to academic success. Many studies have indicated a strong link between verbal fluency and cognitive processes. The exact nature and size of the relationship between verbal fluency and academic success has not been extensively explored. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between verbal fluency, including its components clustering and switching, with academic success in a sample of second and third grade elementary school students. In addition to this, we examined the effects of gender and the parents’ level of education on verbal fluency. The sample for this study consisted of 61 second and third grade students (39 boys and 22 girls) attending two regular schools in the Mostar region, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Children were given tests of both semantic fluency and phonetic fluency. Teachers’ ratings were used as a measure of the children’s academic success. The results of this study indicated the strong link between verbal fluency and academic success. Components of verbal fluency, clustering and switching had a small effect on academic achievement. There was no effect of gender on verbal fluency and academic success. On the other hand, the parents’ level of education had a strong effect on both, verbal fluency and academic success. Verbal fluency, defined as the total number of words retrieved, is strongly related to academic success. Clustering and switching, as two components of verbal fluency, have a limited value in predicting academic achievement. However, the parents’ educational level is strongly related to academic success.
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2019, 17(2); 139-150
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Plädoyer für Förderung der Vorlesekompetenz im DaF-Bereich – potenzielle Verfahren zur Stärkung der Leseflüssigkei
Plea for Promotion of Reading Competence in German as a Foreign Language – Potential Methods to Strengthen Reading Fluency
Autorzy:
Żytyńska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2233697.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-19
Wydawca:
Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Oddział we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
reading competence
reading training
reading fluency
reading speed
prosodic parsing
Opis:
This article deals with methods of oral-reading, which aim to improve reading competence and reading fluency. Important when reading aloud are the following components: decoding, accuracy, automaticity, fluency, reading speed and text comprehension. All these components should be practised with the following oral-reading methods: repeated reading, assisted reading or paired repeated reading. All of these reading-aloud methods contribute to the increase in reading competence. Therefore, they should be applied also in the teaching of German as a foreign language.
Źródło:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology; 2022, Special Issue, 16; 277-287
2299-7164
2353-3218
Pojawia się w:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
DOES WEB 2.0-SUPPORTED PROJECT-BASED INSTRUCTION IMPROVE JORDANIAN EFL LEARNERS SPEAKING PERFORMANCE?
Autorzy:
Bataineh, Ruba Fahmi
Migdadi, Anwar Solaiman
Al-Alawneh, Muhammad Khalid
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955374.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
accuracy
EFL
fluency
Jordan
project-based learning
speaking
Web 2
0
Opis:
This study examines the potential effectiveness of Web 2.0-supported project-based learning in Jordanian EFL eleventh-grade students’ speaking fluency and accuracy of grammar and vocabulary. The participants of the study were 43 female students who were purposefully selected from two schools at Al-Koura Directorate of Education (Jordan) in the first semester of the academic year 2018/2019. Using a quasi- experimental, pre-/post-test design, the participants were divided into the experimental group (n=21) who was instructed using computerized project-based instruction and the control group (n= 22) who was taught per the guidelines of the prescribed Teacher Book, Action Pack 11. Descriptive statistics and One-Way ANCOVA were used to analyze the students’ scores on the speaking pre-/post-tests. The results showed that the participants instructed through the computerized project-based treatment outperformed those who were conventionally instructed in both speaking fluency and accuracy of vocabulary and grammar. A number of pedagogical implications and recommendations are put forth.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2020, 20, 3; 25-39
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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