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Tytuł:
Computer modelling as a tool for the exposure assessment of operators using faulty agricultural pesticide spraying equipment
Autorzy:
Bankowski, R.
Wiadrowska, B.
Beresinska, M.
Ludwicki, J.K.
Noworyta-Glowacka, J.
Godyn, A.
Doruchowski, G.
Holownicki, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/877036.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:
exposure modelling
computer modelling
exposure assessment
pesticide
pesticide exposure
spraying technique
sprayer
occupational exposure
Opis:
Background. Faulty but still operating agricultural pesticide sprayers may pose an unacceptable health risk for operators. The computerized models designed to calculate exposure and risk for pesticide sprayers used as an aid in the evaluation and further authorisation of plant protection products may be applied also to assess a health risk for operators when faulty sprayers are used. Obj ective. To evaluate the impact of different exposure scenarios on the health risk for the operators using faulty agricultural spraying equipment by means of computer modelling. Material and methods. The exposure modelling was performed for 15 pesticides (5 insecticides, 7 fungicides and 3 herbicides). The critical parameter, i.e. toxicological end-point, on which the risk assessment was based was the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL). This enabled risk to be estimated under various exposure conditions such as pesticide concentration in the plant protection product and type of the sprayed crop as well as the number of treatments. Computer modelling was based on the UK POEM model including determination of the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL). Thus the degree of operator exposure could be defined during pesticide treatment whether or not personal protection equipment had been employed by individuals. Data used for computer modelling was obtained from simulated, pesticide substitute treatments using variously damaged knapsack sprayers. These substitute preparations consisted of markers that allowed computer simulations to be made, analogous to real-life exposure situations, in a dose dependent fashion. Exposures were estimated according to operator dosimetry exposure under ‘field’ conditions for low level, medium and high target field crops. Results. The exposure modelling in the high target field crops demonstrated exceedance of the AOEL in all simulated treatment cases (100%) using damaged sprayers irrespective of the type of damage or if individual protective measures had been adopted or not. For low level and medium field crops exceedances ranged between 40 - 80% cases. Conclusions. The computer modelling may be considered as an practical tool for the hazard assessment when the faulty agricultural sprayers are used. It also may be applied for programming the quality checks and maintenance systems of this equipment.
Wprowadzenie. Stosowanie uszkodzonych ale funkcjonujących opryskiwaczy środków ochrony roślin może powodować nieakceptowalne ryzyko zdrowotne dla ich operatorów. Do oceny ryzyka związanego ze stosowaniem uszkodzonych opryskiwaczy można wykorzystać komputerowe modele matematyczne wykorzystywane do oceny narażenia operatorów opryskiwaczy w procesie rejestracji środków ochrony roślin. Cel. Wykorzystanie modelowania komputerowego do oceny wpływu różnych scenariuszy narażenia na ryzyko dla operatorów stosujących uszkodzone opryskiwacze. Materiał i metody. Modelowanie narażenia przeprowadzono w odniesieniu do 15 pestycydów (5 insektycydów, 7 fungicydów i 3 herbicydów). Krytycznym efektem działania, na którym oparto ocenę ryzyka, był poziom nie wywołujący dających się zaobserwować szkodliwych skutków (NOAEL). Umożliwiło to szacowanie ryzyka w warunkach różnego narażenia, takich jak stężenie pestycydu w środku ochrony roślin, rodzaj opryskiwanej uprawy i liczba zabiegów. Modelowanie komputerowe przeprowadzano stosując model UK POEM i wyznaczając dopuszczalny poziom narażenia operatora (AOEL), co umożliwiło oszacowanie narażenia operatora w zależności od zastosowania środków ochrony osobistej. Dane stosowane w modelowaniu komputerowym uzyskano na podstawie symulowanych zabiegów, w których stosowano płyny modelowe symulujące środki ochrony roślin i celowo uszkodzone opryskiwacze. Płyny modelowe zawierały markery umożliwiające odzwierciedlenie rzeczywistego ilościowego narażenia. Narażenie szacowano zgodnie ze schematem dozymetrycznego badania narażenia operatora w warunkach polowych dla upraw wysokich, średnio-wysokich i niskich. Wyniki. Wyniki modelowania narażenia wskazują, że ochrona upraw wysokich uszkodzonymi opryskiwaczami powodowała przekroczenie akceptowanego poziomu narażenia operatora (AOEL) niemal w 100% przypadków środków ochrony roślin wykorzystanych do modelowania, niezależnie od stosowania środków ochrony osobistej. W przypadku upraw niskich i średniej wysokości przekroczenia AOEL wahały się od 40 do 80%. Wnioski. Modelowanie komputerowe narażenia na pestycydy może stanowić praktyczne narzędzie do oceny zagrożeń dla zdrowia wynikających ze stosowania uszkodzonych opryskiwaczy rolniczych. Może także znaleźć zastosowanie przy opracowywaniu programów kontroli i systemów obsługi tego typu sprzętu.
Źródło:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 2013, 64, 4
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dietary acrylamide exposure in chosen population of South Poland
Autorzy:
Zajac, J.
Bojar, I.
Helbin, J.
Kolarzyk, E.
Potocki, A.
Strzemecka, J.
Owoc, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50788.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
dietary exposure
acrylamide exposure
population exposure
human exposure
food
heating process
acrylamide concentration
Polska
acrylamide
health risk
Opis:
Introduction: Acrylamide is used for wide range of industry purposes and it is produced in food during heating process. Foods with high acrylamide concentration include French fries, chips, bread crust, cereal, different baked goods. The electrophilic nature of acrylamide allows to interact with biological molecules. It is easily absorbed via the ingestion, inhalation or through the skin. Objective: Evaluation of dietary exposure to acrylamide in chosen population with respect to different age groups in South Poland and assessment of health risk. Material and Methods: Food consumption survey was conducted among 3 southern provinces in Poland. Studies involved 1470 participants. A semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Consumption data of individuals were calculated into μg/kgbw/day. Statistics was calculated for both whole group and different age groups. MOE values were calculated. Results: Average acrylamide intake was 0.85 ± 0.82 μgacrylamide/kgbw per day and calculated 95th percentile was 1.70 μgacrylamide/kgbw/day. In general total dietary exposure decreased with age from 1.51 μgacrylamide/kgbw/day for the youngest group (6–12 years old) to 0.67 μgacrylamide/kgbw/day for the oldest one (42–60 years old). The main contributor of acrylamide in diet in all age groups are bakery products. The MOE values calculated for average acrylamide exposure in diet was 212 and 365 for BMDL10 0.18 and 0.31 mg/kgbw/day. Conclusions: Young population consume the highest amount of acrylamide thus any efforts should be done to rise their nutritional knowledge and to decrease intake of high acrylamide products (crisps and French fries). The need for promotion of knowledge how to decrease acrylamide level especially in home-made food regardless of age is necessary.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2013, 20, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of exposure to electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation in the indoor workplace accessible to the public by the use of frequency-selective exposimeters
Autorzy:
Gryz, Krzysztof
Karpowicz, Jolanta
Leszko, Wiesław
Zradziński, Patryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2179019.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
occupational exposure
measurements
electromagnetic fields
exposure pattern
Opis:
Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify and assess electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation (EMRR) exposure in a workplace located in a publicly accessible environment, and represented by offices (where exposure is caused by various transmitters of local fixed indoor and outdoor wireless communication systems). Material and Methods: The investigations were performed in 45 buildings (in urban and rural areas in various regions of Poland), using frequency-selective electric field strength (E-field) exposimeters sensitive to the EMRR with a frequency range of 88–2500 MHz, split into 12 subbands corresponding to the operating frequencies of typical EMRR sources. The variability of the E-field was analyzed for each frequency range and the total level of exposure by statistical parameters of recorded exposimetric profiles: minimum, maximum, median values and 25–75th – percentiles. Results: The main sources of exposure to EMRR are mobile phone base transceiver stations (BTS) and radio-television transmitters (RTV). The frequency composition in a particular office depends on the building’s location. The E-field recorded in buildings in urban and rural areas from the outdoor BTS did not exceed respectively: medians – 0.19 and 0.05 V/m, 75th percentiles – 0.25 and 0.09 V/m. In buildings equipped with the indoor BTS antennas the E-field did not exceed: medians – 1 V/m, 75th percentiles – 1.8 V/m. Whereas in urban and rural areas, the median and 75th percentile values of the E-field recorded in buildings located near the RTV (within 1 km) did not exceed: 1.5 and 3.8 V/m or 0.4 and 0.8 V/m, for radio FM band or for TV bands, respectively. Conclusions: Investigations confirmed the practical applicability of the exposimetric measurements technique for evaluating parameters of worker’s exposure in both frequency- and time-domain. The presented results show EMRR exposure of workers or general public in locations comparable to offices to be well below international limits.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2014, 27, 6; 1043-1054
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Occupational exposure to nanoparticles originating from welding – case studies from the Czech Republic
Autorzy:
Berger, Filip
Bernatíková, Šárka
Kocůrková, Lucie
Přichystalová, Radka
Schreiberová, Lenka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2081915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
aerosol
nanomaterials
nanoparticles
occupational exposure
occupational exposure limit
welding
Opis:
BackgroundNanomaterials are virtually ubiquitous as they are created by both natural processes and human activities. The amount of occupational exposure to unintentionally released nanoparticles can, therefore, be substantial. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of incidental nanoparticles that workers can be exposed to during welding operations and to assess related health risks. The specific focus on welding operations was determined based on the fact that other case studies on the manufacturing industry confirm significant exposure to incidental nanoparticles during welding. In the Czech Republic, 92% of all industrial workers are employed in the manufacturing industry, where welding operations are amply represented.Material and MethodsThe particle number concentrations of particles in the size range of 20–1000 nm and particle mass concentrations of inhalable and PM1 fractions were determined via measurements carried out at 15-minute intervals for each welding operation by static sampling in close proximity to the worker. Measurements were obtained using the following instruments: NanoScan SMPS 3910, Optical Particle Sizer OPS 3330, P-TRAK 8525 and DustTrak DRX 8534. The assessed operations were manual arc welding and automatic welding.ResultsThe observed average particle number concentrations for electric arc welders ranged 84×103–176×103 #/cm3, for welding machine operators 96×103–147×103 #/cm3, and for a welding locksmith the obtained average concentration was 179×103 #/cm3. The determined average mass concentration of PM1 particles ranged 0.45–1.4 mg/m3.ConclusionsBased on the conducted measurements, it was confirmed that there is a significant number of incidental nanoparticles released during welding operations in the manufacturing industry as a part of production and processing of metal products. The recommended occupational exposure limits for nanoparticle number concentrations were exceeded approximately 4–8 times for all assessed welding operations. The use of local exhaust ventilation in conjunction with personal protective equipment, including FFP2 or FFP3 particle filters, for welding is, therefore, recommended. Med Pr. 2021;72(3):219–30
Źródło:
Medycyna Pracy; 2021, 72, 3; 219-230
0465-5893
2353-1339
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Pracy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Children’s residential exposure to selected allergens and microbial indicators: endotoxins and (1→3)-β-D-glucans
Autorzy:
Kozajda, Anna
Bródka, Karolina
Sowiak, Małgorzata
Sobala, Wojciech
Polańska, Kinga
Jurewicz, Joanna
Hanke, Wojciech
Szadkowska-Stańczyk, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2179063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
children exposure
residential exposure
allergens
settled dust
endotoxins
glucans
Opis:
Objectives: The study was aimed at assessment of exposure to endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans and mite, cockroach, cat, dog allergens present in settled dust in premises of children as agents which may be significantly correlated with the occurrence of allergic symptoms and diseases in children. Materials and Methods: The study covered 50 homes of one- or two-year-old children in Poland. Samples of settled dust were taken from the floor and the child's bed. The levels of (1→3)-β-D-glucans (floor), endotoxins (floor) and allergens of mite, cat, dog and cockroach (floor and bed) were analyzed. Results: Average geometric concentrations (geometric standard deviation) of endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans, Der p1, Fel d1, Can f1 and Bla g1 in children homes were on the floor 42 166.0 EU/g (3.2), 20 478.4 ng/g (2.38), 93.9 ng/g (6.58), 119.8 ng/g (13.0), 288.9 ng/g (3.4), 0.72 U/g (4.4) and in their beds (only allergens) 597.8 ng/g (14.2), 54.1 ng/g (4.4), 158.6 ng/g (3.1) 0.6 U/g (2.9), respectively. When the floor was covered with the carpet, higher concentrations of endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucans and allergens (each type) were found in the settled dust (p < 0.05). The trend was opposite in case of allergens (except dog) analyzed from bed dust and significantly higher concentrations were found in the rooms with smooth floor (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Among the analyzed factors only the type of floor significantly modified both the level of biological indicators and allergens. The results of this study could be the base for verifying a hypothesis that carpeting may have a protective role against high levels of cockroach, dog and cat allergens.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2013, 26, 6; 870-889
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formalin safety in anatomic pathology workflow and integrated air monitoring systems for the formaldehyde occupational exposure assessment
Autorzy:
Dugheri, Stefano
Massi, Daniela
Mucci, Nicola
Berti, Nicola
Cappelli, Giovanni
Arcangeli, Giulio
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-28
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
formaldehyde
mitigation
formalin
exposure monitoring
anatomic pathology
occupational exposure
Opis:
The potential carcinogenicity of formaldehyde (FA) has prompted increasing preventive measures in anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories and new strategies aimed at innovating airborne FA monitoring systems. This review provides an updated overview of the most recent improvements in preventive measures, safe practices, and exposure monitoring tools in the FA usage and handling. A computer-based search of scientific and non-scientific sources was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Google and Google Patents databases, querying the main topics of real-time, in-continuous FA monitoring instruments for sale, and commercially available tools for improving preventive measures in formalin management. In order to simplify the sampling process and to choose a better analytic solution to FA assessment, the main characteristics of each FA monitoring instrument were described. The novel technical tools recently introduced on the global market, aimed at reducing FA emissions in AP laboratories, were summarized. This review is directed at anatomic pathologists to draw their attention to the rapidly growing field of safe formalin practices. A repeated exposure assessment is recommended to evaluate technical changes in air monitoring programs to keep FA emissions low, in compliance with the limit value; thus, evolved monitoring devices are needed.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2021, 34, 3; 319-338
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bisphenol A – Application, sources of exposure and potential risks in infants, children and pregnant women
Autorzy:
Mikołajewska, Karolina
Stragierowicz, Joanna
Gromadzińska, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2177413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-04-07
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
Bisphenol A
exposure
children
pregnant women
dietary exposure
neurodevelopment
Opis:
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the chemical industry as a monomer in the production of plastics. It belongs to a group of compounds that disturb some of the functions of human body, the endocrine system in particular. Extensive use of BPA in manufacturing products that come in contact with food increases the risk of exposure to this compound, mainly through the digestive tract. Literature data indicate that exposure to bisphenol A even at low doses may result in adverse health effects. The greatest exposure to BPA is estimated among infants, children and pregnant women. The aim of this review is to show potential sources of exposure to bisphenol A and the adverse health effects caused by exposure to this compound in the group of particular risk.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2015, 28, 2; 209-241
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryteria oceny narażenia zawodowego na niebezpieczne substancje farmaceutyczne
Autorzy:
Galwas, M.
Pośniak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/958183.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
substancje farmaceutyczne
narażenie dermalne
narażenie inhalacyjne
narażenie zawodowe
pharmaceutical substances
dermal exposure
inhalation exposure
occupational exposure
Opis:
Pracownicy zatrudnieni w przemyśle farmaceutycznym mogą być narażeni na substancje wykazujące działanie lecznicze. Narażenie zawodowe na substancje farmaceutyczne może być jednak niebezpieczne dla zdrowia pracowników. Problem stanowi brak odpowiednich wartości progowych oraz metod oznaczania, które są niezbędne do oceny narażenia inhalacyjnego i dermalnego na substancje farmaceutyczne. W artykule przedstawiono kryteria oceny narażania na substancje farmaceutyczne. Klasyfikacja została zaproponowana na podstawie analizy danych toksykologicznych, a także klasyfikacji proponowanych przez NIOSH, IACP i IPCS. Przedstawiono również zalecenia dotyczące warunków pracy mające na celu minimalizację lub eliminację narażenia pracowników na substancje farmaceutyczne.
Workers in the pharmaceutical industry are exposed to active substances designed to produce therapeutic effects. Even so, occupational exposure to pharmaceutical substances can be associated with a risk of an adverse health effect. The main problem is the absence of adequate exposure control limits and methods of measuring assessment of dermal and inhalation hazards caused by pharmaceutical ingredients. This article provides a review of the classification criteria for exposure assessment related to an analysis of toxicological data and to existing classifications of active pharmaceuticals proposed by NIOSH, IACP and IPCS. The recommendations for minimizing or eliminating occupational exposure to pharmaceutical substances are presented.
Źródło:
Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy; 2007, 2 (52); 5-16
1231-868X
Pojawia się w:
Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assessment of the state of knowledge of bloodborne infections, occupational exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and study of exposure to potentially infectious materials among students of selected medical faculties in Poland
Autorzy:
Pleśniak, Robert
Kocór, Sylwia
Kuźniar, Katarzyna
Oboz-Adaś, Antonina
Ziojła, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2038145.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
knowledge
materials
occupational exposure
post-exposure prophylaxis
potentially infectious
students
Opis:
Introduction. Occupational exposure to potentially infectious material (PIM) is a serious problem for healthcare workers, including medical students. Aim. We assessed the state of knowledge about occupational exposure and frequency of exposure among students of selected medical faculties in Poland. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis with proprietary questionnaires. Results. Only 34.5% from 753 respondents correctly indicated bloodborne pathogens and 9.3% PIM. There were 84 reports of exposure, mostly during intravenous injections. 10.4% students claimed probable occupational exposure which was not reported. Most common reason for not reporting was fear of negative supervisor reaction. Conclusion. Student’s knowledge of this matter is poor. Significant percentage of students has never participated in occupational exposure training. Occupational exposure was experienced by surprisingly large number of students. Students are afraid to report the incidents. Additional education would be useful in reducing exposure risk.
Źródło:
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 2021, 2; 153-161
2544-2406
2544-1361
Pojawia się w:
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of the TRA ECETOC model for inhalation workplace exposure to different organic solvents for selected process categories
Autorzy:
Kupczewska-Dobecka, Małgorzata
Czerczak, Sławomir
Jakubowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2185359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-06-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
inhalation exposure assessment
TRA ECETOC estimation
organic solvents occupational exposure
Opis:
Objective: The aim of this work is to describe the operation principle of the TRA ECETOC model developed using the descriptor system, and the utilization of that model for assessment of inhalation exposures to different organic solvents for selected process categories identifying a given application. Method: Measurement results were available for toluene, ethyl acetate and acetone in workplace atmosphere in Poland. The following process categories have been postulated: (1) Paints and lacquers factory: use in closed, continuous process with occasional controlled exposure; (2) Shoe factory: roller or brush application of glues; (3) Refinery: use in closed process, no likelihood of exposure. The next step was to calculate the workplace concentration at chosen process categories by applying the TRA ECETOC model. Results: The selected categories do not precisely describe the studied applications. Very high concentration values of acetone were measured in the shoe factory, mean 443 ppm. The concentration obtained with the aid of the model is underestimated, ranging from 25.47 to 254.7 ppm, for the case with and without activation of the local exhaust ventilation (LEV), respectively. Estimated concentration at a level corresponding to that of the measured concentration would be possible if the process category involving spraying, e.g., PROC 7 was considered. For toluene and ethyl acetate, the measured concentrations are within the predicted ranges determined with the use of the model when we assume the concentration predicted with active ventilation for the beginning, and the concentration predicted with inactive ventilation for the end of the range. Conclusions: Model TRA ECETOC can be easily used to assess inhalation exposure at workplace. It has numerous advantages, its structure is clear, requires few data, is available free of charge. Selection of appropriate process categories related to the uses identified is guarantee of successful exposure assessment.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2011, 24, 2; 208-217
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simultaneous Occupational Exposure to FM and UHF Transmitters
Autorzy:
Valic, B.
Kos, B.
Gajsek, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90025.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
occupational exposure
simultaneous exposure
measurements
numerical calculation
SAR
FM
UHF
FDTD
Opis:
Occupational exposure caused by large broadcasting transmitters exceeds current reference levels. As it is common for different radio and TV transmitters to share the location, we analysed combined exposure on a 40-m high mast. The frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, located between the 10th and 30th metre, had the power of 25 kW, whereas an ultra-high frequency (UHF) transmitter of 5 kW occupied the top 8 m of the mast. Measured and calculated values of the electric field strength exceeded the reference levels up to 10 times; however, the results for the specific absorption rate (SAR) values show that the reference levels are very conservative for FM exposure, i.e., basic restrictions are not exceeded even when the reference levels are exceeded 10 times. However, for UHF exposure the reference levels are not conservative; they give a good prediction of real exposure.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2012, 18, 2; 161-170
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Human exposure assessment to different arsenic species in tea
Autorzy:
Mania, M.
Szynal, T.
Rebeniak, M.
Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M.
Starska, K.
Strzelecka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/873885.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:
human exposure
exposure assessment
total arsenic
arsenic
tea
consumption
human nutrition
Opis:
Background. Inorganic forms of arsenic are much more highly toxic to humans than organic species. Their effects include being carcinogenic, genotoxic and neurotoxic, where in the latter case, above all, they affect nervous system development in the foetus, infants and children. The main foodstuffs contributing significantly to its total dietary intake are drinking water, rice (and its products), fish, seafood, cereals, seaweed, root vegetables, food supplements, mushrooms and tea. After water, tea is the second most popular beverage drunk in Poland with average consumption annually indicating that statistically every Polish inhabitant drinks at least one cup of tea daily. Objectives. The aim of the study was to determine the total and inorganic content of arsenic in various black and green teas available on the market and thus to estimate consumer exposure to inorganic arsenic from this foodstuff. Materials and Methods. Analyses of total and inorganic arsenic were performed on 23 samples of black and green teas that consisted of tea leaves, teas in bags and granules, from various sources. The analytical method was hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), after dry ashing of samples and reduction of arsenic to arsenic hydride using sodium borohydride. In order to isolate only the inorganic forms of arsenic prior to mineralisation, samples were subjected to concentrated HCl hydrolysis, followed by reduction with hydrobromic acid and hydrazine sulphate after which triple chloroform extractions and triple 1M HCl re-extractions were performed. Exposure of adults was estimated in relation to the Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL05) as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) that resulted in a 0.5% increase in lung cancer (3.0 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day). Results. Green teas were found to be more highly contaminated with both total and inorganic arsenic than black teas. Contamination of black teas total and inorganic arsenic was mean: 0.058 mg/kg (median: 0.042 mg/kg, 90th percentile: 0.114 mg/kg), and 0.030 mg/kg, (median: 0.025 mg/kg, 90th percentile: 0.030 mg/kg) respectively. Whilst for the green teas, these were correspondingly mean total arsenic content: 0.134 mg/kg (median: 0.114 mg/kg, 90th percentile: 0.234 mg/kg) and inorganic arsenic, mean: 0.100 mg/kg (median: 0.098 mg/kg, 90th percentile: 0.150 mg/kg). The estimated average adult exposures to inorganic arsenic in black and green tea were less than 1% of the BMDL05. Green tea samples, with the highest measured inorganic arsenic, were found to cause an intake exceeding 0.5% of the BMDL05 value. However when the drinking water is also accounted for when teas are prepared, then the exposure from black and green tea becomes exceeding 0.7% and 1.3% of the BMDL05 value respectively. Conclusions. Findings thus demonstrate that drinking black or green teas does not pose a significant health threat to consumers, even though contaminations in some individual samples were significant.
Wprowadzenie. Nieorganiczne związki arsenu charakteryzują się znacznie większą toksycznością w porównaniu z organicznymi połączeniami tego pierwiastka. Wykazują one działanie rakotwórcze, genotoksyczne oraz neurotoksyczne, przede wszystkim na rozwijający się ośrodkowy układ nerwowy płodu, niemowląt i małych dzieci. Do środków spożywczych mających istotny udział w całkowitym pobrania arsenu nieorganicznego z dietą należą: woda do picia, ryż i produkty na bazie ryżu, ryby, owoce morza, zboża, wodorosty morskie, warzywa korzeniowe, suplementy diety, grzyby, a także herbata. W Polsce herbata, po wodzie, jest drugim napojem, jeśli chodzi o wielkość spożycia. Średnie roczne spożycie herbaty na jednego mieszkańca w Polsce wskazuje, że statystyczny Polak wypija dziennie co najmniej jedną szklankę herbaty. Cel. Celem badań było oznaczenie zawartości arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego w próbkach różnych rodzajów herbat czarnych i zielonych dostępnych w obrocie handlowym oraz ocena narażenia konsumentów na pobranie arsenu nieorganicznego z tym środkiem spożywczym. Materiał i metody. Analizie na zawartość arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego poddano 23 próbki herbat czarnych i zielonych - liściastych, ekspresowych i granulowanych, różnego pochodzenia. Zawartości arsenu całkowitego i nieorganicznego oznaczono po suchej mineralizacji próbek metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej z wykorzystaniem generacji wodorków (HGAAS), po uprzedniej redukcji arsenu do arsenowodoru za pomocą borowodorku sodu. W celu wydzielenia nieorganicznych form arsenu próbki przed mineralizacją poddano hydrolizie w środowisku stężonego HCl, a następnie redukcji w obecności kwasu bromowodorowego i siarczanu hydrazyny oraz 3-krotnej ekstrakcji chloroformem i reekstrakcji 1M HCl. Oszacowane narażenie w odniesieniu do osób dorosłych porównano z wartością najniższej dawki wyznaczającej (Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit) BMDL05 ustaloną przez the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) powodującą 0,5% wzrost zachorowań na raka płuc (3,0 μg/kg m.c./dzień). Wyniki. Zanieczyszczenie badanych herbat zielonych zarówno arsenem całkowitym jak i nieorganicznym było wyższe w porównaniu z zanieczyszczeniem herbat czarnych. W herbatach czarnych średnia zawartość arsenu całkowitego wyniosła 0,058 mg/kg (mediana: 0,042 mg/kg, 90-ty percentyl: 0,114 mg/kg), natomiast arsenu nieorganicznego 0,030 mg/kg, (mediana: 0,025 mg/kg, 90. percentyl: 0,030 mg/kg). W herbatach zielonych średnie zanieczyszczenie arsenem całkowitym wynosiło 0,134 mg/kg (mediana: 0,114 mg/kg, 90. parcentyl: 0,234 mg/kg) i arsenem nieorganicznym wynosiło 0,100 mg/kg (mediana: 0,098 mg/kg, 90. percentyl: 0,150 mg/kg). Oszacowane średnie narażenie na arsen nieorganiczny w odniesieniu do osób dorosłych wyniosło dla herbat czarnych i zielonych poniżej 1% wartości najniższej dawki wyznaczającej BMDL05. Przy najwyższych stwierdzanych zawartościach arsenu nieorganicznego w przypadku herbaty zielonej przekroczyło 0,5% wartości BMDL05. Natomiast uwzględniając dodatkowo wodę użytą do przygotowania napoju łączne narażenie dla herbat czarnych wyniosło 0,7%, a dla herbat zielonych 1,3% wartości BMDL05. Wnioski. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że spożycie herbat zarówno czarnych jak i zielonych nie stanowi istotnego zagrożenia dla zdrowia konsumentów, pomimo iż zanieczyszczenie pojedynczych próbek było istotne.
Źródło:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 2014, 65, 4
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Health risk in road transport workers. Part I. Occupational exposure to chemicals, biomarkers of effect
Autorzy:
Gromadzińska, Jolanta
Wąsowicz, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2161975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-14
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
drivers
occupational exposure
markers of occupational exposure
inflammation
Oxidative stress
chemicals
Opis:
Motor vehicle emissions constitute a mixture of different chemicals: volatile organic solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, isocyanates, etc. Drivers working in car cabins are exposed to chemicals deriving from incomplete combustion of fuels, exhaust emissions from working engines and fuel evaporation. Concentrations of these substances are rather low and do not exceed the applicable hygiene standards, but some of them pose, or are suspected to pose, carcinogenic risk. The interaction of chemical substances with human cells and tissues can lead to a number of modifications of metabolic pathways at a cellular level. The first biological mechanism of metabolic modulation is an inflammatory state and oxidative stress generation. The aim of this review is to analyze biomarkers of effect and to assess the hazard of occupational exposure of drivers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(3):267–80
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2019, 32, 3; 267-280
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Minimum exposure path in an enclosure of randomly placed radioactive sources
Autorzy:
Aljohani, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148350.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
radiation protection
exposure minimization
Opis:
In this paper, two models to establish the minimum exposure path in a randomly placed radioactive sources enclosure are developed. The first model establishes the minimum exposure rate path and the second establishes the normal, to the inlet and outlet surfaces, path that gives a minimum exposure. The path that gives the least exposure is chosen. Although the point kernel technique is utilized and the enclosure is assumed rectangular with randomly placed radioactive point sources, the two models are independent techniques and can be easily incorporated with deterministic and statistical methods as well as other types of enclosures and source geometries.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2003, 48, 4; 201-205
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Simultaneous Exposure to Benzene and Ethanol on Urinary Thioether Excretion
Autorzy:
Mikov, I.
Stankov, K.
Vasovic, V.
Mikov, A.
Golocorbin-Kon, S.
Mikov, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90193.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
benzene
ethanol
exposure
thioethers
Opis:
The toxicity of benzene is not an issue of the past, especially in developing countries. Bone marrow toxicity is demonstrated among workers. In this study, the effect of simultaneous exposure to benzene and ethanol on benzene metabolism in mice was investigated by measuring the excretion of thioethers in urine. Urinary thioether excretion significantly decreased in the mice receiving both benzene and ethanol compared with the animals receiving benzene only. The assay of determining thioethers in urine samples in this study is a simple and low-cost method, thus suitable for routine use, especially in developing countries, not only for benzene,but also for other alkilating agents, which can be found during occupational exposure. Our results suggest that further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of decreased urinary excretion of thioether after simultaneous exposure to benzene and ethanol.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2012, 18, 1; 107-111
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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