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    Tytuł:
    Wykorzystanie peletu jako paliwa dla pieców średniej i dużej mocy
    Use of pellet as a fuel for a medium and high power furnace
    Autorzy:
    Kaszkowiak, E.
    Kaszkowiak, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/95498.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich. Wydawnictwo PB
    Tematy:
    pelet
    skład spalin
    olej opałowy
    pellets
    exhaust gas composition
    fuel oil
    Opis:
    W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badania składu spalin powstających przy spalaniu peletu w piecach średniej i dużej mocy. Badania prowadzono na będących w stałej eksploatacji piecach, przy zasilaniu peletem drzewnym. Stwierdzono, iż w piecach poddanych modyfikacji polegającej na wymianie palnika na olej opałowy na palnik na pelet można uzyskać zadowalające efekty pod względem składu spalin. Zawartość zarówno dwutlenku węgla, tlenku węgla, jak i tlenków azotu nie odbiegała od wartości uzyskiwanych przy zasilaniu pieców olejem opałowym. Stwierdzono w analizowanych rozwiązaniach zależność zawartości ww. związków z mocą maksymalną pieców.
    The paper presents the results of testing the composition of exhaust fumes generated during the combustion of pellets in medium and high-power furnaces. The tests were carried out on furnaces in permanent operation, with the supply of wood pellets. It has been found that in furnaces subjected to modification consisting in the replacement of a fuel oil fireplace with a pallet pellet, satisfactory effects in terms of exhaust gas composition can be obtained. The content of both carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides did not differ from the values obtained when furnishing the furnace with fuel oil. In the solutions analyzed, the dependence of the content of the above compounds on the maximum power of the furnace was found.
    Źródło:
    Postępy w Inżynierii Mechanicznej; 2017, 10(5); 27-32
    2300-3383
    Pojawia się w:
    Postępy w Inżynierii Mechanicznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine in case of cylinder Valves leakage
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259195.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
    Tematy:
    marine diesel engine
    exhaust gas composition
    emission
    exhaust gas valve leakage
    inlet valve leakage
    Opis:
    Presented paper shows the results of the laboratory tests on the relationship between throttling of both air intake duct and exhaust gas duct and a gaseous emission from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory, four-stroke, DI diesel engine, operated at loads from 50 kW to 250 kW at a constant speed equal to 750 rpm. During the laboratory tests over 50 parameters of the engine were measured with its technical condition recognized as a „working properly” and with simulated leakage of both air intake valve and exhaust gas valve on the second cylinder. The results of this laboratory research confirm that the leakage of cylinder valves causes no significant changes of the thermodynamic parameters of the engine. Simulated leakages through the inlet and exhaust valve caused a significant increase in fuel consumption of the engine. Valve leakages cause an increase of the exhaust gas temperature behind the cylinder with leakage and behind other cylinders. The exhaust gas temperature increase is relatively small and clearly visible only at low loads of the engine. The increase of the temperature and pressure of the charging air behind the intercooler were observed too. Charging air temperature is significantly higher during the engine operation with inlet valve leakage. The study results show significant increases of the CO, NOx and CO2 emission for all the mentioned malfunctions. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of the exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air intake duct and the exhaust gas duct of the marine engine.
    Źródło:
    Polish Maritime Research; 2015, 3; 90-98
    1233-2585
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Maritime Research
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Assessment of the technical condition of a marine diesel engine based on the analysis of the exhaust gases chemical composition
    Autorzy:
    Krakowski, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133857.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    technical diagnostics
    exhaust composition
    engine indication
    exhaust gas analysis
    marine diesel engine
    diagnostyka techniczna
    skład spalin
    indykowanie silnika
    analiza spalin
    okrętowy silnik wysokoprężny
    Opis:
    In the article, the concept of technical diagnostics in relation to marine engines was characterized. The compression ignition piston engine was presented as a diagnostic object. The next part of the article discusses the composition of exhaust gases with particular emphasis on compounds harmful to the environment. The available test methods for exhaust composition are also briefly described by means indication of the engine and exhaust gas analyzer. The reduction of emission of harmful compounds in the exhaust gases is also described in the article. The main part of the article presents the research object, i.e. the marine diesel engine piston and the exhaust gases analyzer, as well as tests carried out. The tests were performed for the engine in working order and inefficient condition in order to compare them with the simulated damages of injection pump and turbocharger. The article was completed conclusions.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 2; 122-126
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Laboratory study on influence of air duct throttling on exhaust gas composition in marine four - stroke diesel engine
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/248050.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    marine diesel engine
    exhaust gas composition
    toxic emission
    laboratory investigation
    air duct throttling
    Opis:
    Presented paper shows results of laboratory tests on the relationship between the throttling of a cross area of an air intake duct and the composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory four-stroke diesel engine, worked with a load from 50kW to 250kW at a constant speed. During the laboratory, tests over 50 parameters were measured of the engine with technical condition recognized as a “working properly” and with a simulated the air intake duct throttling. The simulation consisted of inserting the throttling flanges to the air intake duct before compressor, limiting duct cross-sectional area by 20% and 60% respectively. The results of laboratory research confirm that the effect of the air intake duct throttling on the engine thermodynamic parameters is clearly visible only at considerable throttling. In the case of measuring the composition of exhaust gas, both mole fractions and emissions of gaseous components markedly affected even at low throttling. For example, 20% throttling of the cross section of the air intake duct increase the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in exhaust gas almost 44% during working the engine with load equal to 250kW, and only 10% of the temperature after air cooler. Keep in mind that the temperature after air cooler was an engine parameter, which undergoes the greatest change during the simulation of that malfunction. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air delivery to the engine system.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 1; 191-198
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine with fuel injector malfunctions
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260092.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
    Tematy:
    marine diesel engine
    exhaust gas composition
    toxic emission
    laboratory investigation
    fuel injector malfunctions
    Opis:
    The presented paper shows the results of the laboratory study on the relation between chosen malfunctions of a fuel injector and composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a marine 3-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine with an intercooler system. The engine was loaded with a generator and supercharged. The generator was electrically connected to the water resistance. The engine operated with a load between 50 kW and 250 kW at a constant speed. The engine load and speed, parameters of the turbocharger, systems of cooling, fuelling, lubricating and air exchange, were measured. Fuel injection and combustion pressures in all cylinders of the engine were also recorded. Exhaust gas composition was recorded by using a electrochemical gas analyzer. Air pressure, temperature and humidity were also recorded. Emission characteristics of the engine were calculated according to ISO 8178 standard regulations. During the study the engine operated at the technical condition recognized as „working properly” and with simulated fuel injector malfunctions. Simulation of malfunctions consisted in the increasing and decreasing of fuel injector static opening pressure, decalibration of fuel injector holes and clogging 2 neighboring of 9 fuel injector holes on one of 3 engine cylinders.
    Źródło:
    Polish Maritime Research; 2016, 1; 77-84
    1233-2585
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Maritime Research
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effect of nitrON® cetane-detergent additive to B7 fuel on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a 6Dg locomotive with a Caterpillar C27 engine
    Autorzy:
    Cisek, Jerzy
    Borowski, Andrzej
    Całkowska, Joanna
    Wichary, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097555.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    diesel engine
    biofuels
    fuel additive
    exhaust gas composition
    silnik Diesla
    biopaliwa
    dodatek do paliwa
    skład spalin
    Opis:
    In order to avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the fuel, the nitrON® package was used, containing 3 different additives: stabilizing, washing and increasing the cetane number of the fuel. The tests were carried out with the use of the Caterpillar C27 engine of the 6Dg locomotive connected to a water resistor. The hourly engine fuel consumption (FC), NOx concentration and exhaust opacity were measured for 3 points of the F test, in accordance with UIC 624. The concentration of the nitrON® additive in the test fuel was 1500 ppm (v/v). For idling, the reduction in FC value was only 1.5% (in relation to the base fuel), but for a very high engine load and nominal rotational speed, the percentage reduction in FC was as high as 5%. The reduction of NOx concentration for idling (as a result of using nitrON®) was approx. 10%, while for high engine load, the percentage reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gas exceeded 15%.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2021, 60, 3; 51--58
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The influence of cetane-detergent additives into diesel fuel increased to 10% (V/V) of RME content on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a diesel engine
    Autorzy:
    Stanik, Winicjusz
    Cisek, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134023.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    cetane-detergent additives
    RME
    exhaust gas composition
    diesel engine
    dodatki cetanowo-detergentowe
    składniki spalin
    silnik spalinowy
    Opis:
    To avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the diesel fuel (to 10%), three different additive packages were used: stabilising, cleaning, and increasing the cetane number with different concentrations. The tests were carried out using a 4-cylinder, turbocharged 1.9 TDI engine from VW. The tests were carried out for 4 fuels (comparative fuel with a content of 7% RME and 3 test fuels with a content of 10% RME, differing in the content of the additive package. It was found that each of the 3 additive packages used does not have a significant impact on fuel consumption. However, a different effect of the tested additives on the composition of exhaust gases was observed. The first package had a slight effect on reducing the NOx concentration in the exhaust, but only for small engine loads. On the other hand, the second additive pack worked more effectively only at higher engine loads (in relation to the reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gases). In the third packet, the amount of the cetane additive was doubled (compared to the second packet). Then, the reduction in the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas by 3-8% was obtained with reference to the comparative fuel.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 4; 204-209
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The detection of selected marine engine malfunctions on the basis of the exhaust gas composition
    Wykrywanie wybranych niesprawności silnika okrętowego w oparciu o skład emitowanych spalin
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/327520.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
    Tematy:
    marine engine
    malfunctions detection
    exhaust gas composition
    data classification
    silnik okrętowy
    wykrywanie niesprawności
    skład spalin
    klasyfikacja danych
    Opis:
    Marine diesel engines are generators of mechanical energy, but also are generators of toxic compounds into the atmosphere. The composition of the exhaust gas may be a carrier of diagnostic information about the condition of functional systems of the engine. Results of the classification and selection of diagnostic signals for selected marine engine malfunctions are presented. The analysis was based on results of laboratory tests. Mentioned classification was able to isolate symptoms of malfunctions of marine 4-stroke diesel engine in the composition of the exhaust gas. Complementary detection signals are exhaust gas temperature behind each cylinder. The conclusion of this work is the ability to detect by this method such engine malfunctions as the throttling the air intake duct, the throttling of the exhaust gas duct, the decreasing and the increasing of fuel injection pressure on the selected cylinder, chocked or discalibrated fuel injector, the leakage of the fuel pump, changing of the fuel injection timing and exhaust and inlet valves malfunctions.
    Silniki tłokowe generatorami energii mechanicznej, ale również generatorami emisji związków toksycznych do atmosfery. Skład emitowanych spalin może być nośnikiem informacji diagnostycznej o stanie technicznym układów funkcjonalnych silnika. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki klasyfikacji i wyboru sygnałów diagnostycznych dla wybranych niesprawności silnika okrętowego. Analiza została oparta na wynikach badań laboratoryjnych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych działań udało się wyodrębnić symptomy niesprawności 4-suwowego silnika okrętowego w składzie emitowanych spalin. Sygnałami uzupełniającymi detekcję są temperatury gazów spalinowych za poszczególnymi cylindrami. Wnioskiem z prezentowanej pracy jest możliwość wykrycia tą metodą takich niesprawności silnika jak dławienie kanału dolotowego powietrza i wylotowego spalin, obniżenie i zwiększenie ciśnienia wtrysku paliwa do wybranego cylindra, zakoksowanie lub rozkalibrowanie wtryskiwacza, przecieki w pompie paliwowej, zmiana rozpoczęcia wtrysku paliwa oraz wypalenie gniazd zaworów dolotowych i wylotowych.
    Źródło:
    Diagnostyka; 2014, 15, 3; 39-44
    1641-6414
    2449-5220
    Pojawia się w:
    Diagnostyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The influence of the fuel spray nozzle geometry on the exhaust gas composition from the marine 4-stroke diesel engine
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133373.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    marine Diesel engine
    fuel injector geometry
    combustion process
    exhaust gas composition
    emission
    silnik okrętowy
    proces spalania
    skład spalin
    emisja
    Opis:
    The paper presents experimental research on a 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, turbocharged AL25/30 Diesel engine. Research consisted in investigating the effect of the geometry of the fuel injectors on the exhaust gas composition from the engine. During measurements, the engine was operated with a regulator characteristic of a load range from 40 kW to 280 kW, made by electric water resistance. The engine was mechanically coupled to the electric power generator. Three observations were made for each engine load, operating with fuel injectors of varying geometry. All considered types of injectors were installed on all engine cylinders. Mentioned injectors differed in the size of the nozzle holes diameters, holes numbers and angles measured between the holes axis. Engine performance data were recorded with a sampling time of 1 s. Cylinder pressure and fuel injection pressure on the front of each injector were collected also. The composition of the exhaust gas was measured using an electrochemical analyzer. According to the results, the change of fuel nozzle geometry results in a change in fuel spraying and evaporation and consequently changes in the course of the combustion process. The effect of this is the change of the composition of the exhaust gas.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2018, 57, 1; 59-63
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The model of combustion process in the marine 4-stroke engine for exhaust gas composition assessment
    Model procesu spalania w 4-suwowym silniku okrętowym do oceny składu spalin
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132837.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    marine diesel engine
    model
    combustion process
    exhaust gas composition
    computational fluid dynamics
    okrętowy silnik spalinowy
    proces spalania
    skład spalin
    komputerowa dynamika płynów
    Opis:
    The paper presents the model of combustion process in the marine, turbocharged, 4-stroke and Diesel engine. The main target of modeling is the assessment of the exhaust gas composition. Presented multi-zone, 3-D model of combustion process consists of the following sub-models of processes: the fuel injection, the brake-up and the evaporation of fuel and the turbulence flow and the heat transfer phenomena. Presented model basis on the 3Z-ECFM mechanism of combustion and the initial and boundary conditions collected during direct measurements. The positive validation of the calculation results are obtained for mean and maximum value of the combustion pressure and values of oxygen and nitric oxides fractions in the exhaust gas. Unfortunately, fractions of carbon compounds in the exhaust gas are not properly calculated.
    Praca prezentuje model procesu spalania 4-suwowego, turbodoładowanego, okrętowego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym. Celem modelowania była ocena składu emitowanych spalin. Model ten to wielostrefowy, trójwymiarowy model spalania, obejmujący proces wtrysku, rozpylania i parowania paliwa wraz z towarzyszącymi im zjawiskami turbulentnego przepływu i wymiany ciepła. Model oparty jest na mechanizmie procesu spalania 3Z-ECFM oraz warunkach początkowych i brzegowych, zebranych podczas pomiarów bezpośrednich. Uzyskano pozytywne wyniki walidacji w stosunku do średniego i maksymalnego ciśnienia spalania oraz zawartości tlenu i tlenków azotu w spalinach. Nie uzyskano poprawnych wyników modelowania dla udziałów związków węgla w spalinach.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2016, 55, 2; 60-69
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane aspekty analizy składu spalin autobusów zasilanych CNG
    Chosen aspects of exhaust gases composition analysis of buses propulsed by CNG
    Autorzy:
    Szczęsny, P.
    Orlicz-Szczęsna, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/312065.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
    Tematy:
    spaliny
    analiza składu spalin
    autobus
    komunikacja miejska
    CNG
    zasilanie CNG
    exhaust
    fumes
    public transport
    city transport
    power CNG
    analysis of composition exhaust of buses
    Opis:
    W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analiz składu spalin autobusów komunikacji miejskiej, przystosowanych do zasilania gazem ziemnym CNG. W skład grupy badawczej weszły trzy marki autobusów: Jelcz 120M, Solaris Urbino 12 i MAN Lion’s City A21. Wyniki pomiarów emisji CO2 poddano weryfikacji obliczeniowej, co pozwoliło na pogłębioną analizę własności ekologicznych i eksploatacyjnych badanych autobusów. W części wstępnej pracy przedstawiono aktualną charakterystykę stosowania napędów CNG w autobusowej komunikacji miejskiej w Polsce.
    The results of exhaust gases composition analysis in the city buses, adapted to be supplied by natural gas - CNG were presented. The investigated vehicles group contained three models: Jelcz 120M, Solaris Urbino 12 and MAN Lion’s City A21. The results of CO2 measurements were calculative verified, which allowed to conduct deepened analysis of ecological and operational characteristics of investigated buses. In the introductory part of the paper the characteristics of current CNG propulsion usage in public transport buses in Poland were shown.
    Źródło:
    Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 6; 429-433
    1509-5878
    2450-7725
    Pojawia się w:
    Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Badania stanowiskowe instalacji HHO w układzie z silnikiem spalinowym Volvo Penta D5A T
    Stand tests of HHO installation in the system with Volvo Penta D5A T diesel engine
    Autorzy:
    Dobrzaniecki, P.
    Kaczmarczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/198973.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniki Górniczej KOMAG
    Tematy:
    silniki spalinowe
    generator HHO
    skład chemiczny spalin
    badania
    diesel engines
    HHO generator
    chemical composition of exhaust gases
    tests
    Opis:
    W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań układu, składającego się z generatora HHO współpracującego z silnikiem spalinowym, wyposażonym w górniczy układ dolotowo-wylotowy. Celem badań była identyfikacja parametrów użytkowych silnika, takich jak moc i moment obrotowy oraz określenie zawartości substancji szkodliwych w spalinach. Na podstawie wyników badań dokonano analizy wpływu generatora na pracę silnika spalinowego.
    Results of tests of the system consisting of HHO generator cooperating with diesel engine, equipped with special inlet-outlet system, are presented. Identification of engine operational parameters, such as power and torque, as well as determination of concentration of hazardous substances in exhaust gases were the tests objectives. Impact of generator on operation of diesel engine was analyzed on the basis of test results.
    Źródło:
    Maszyny Górnicze; 2016, 34, 1; 11-21
    0209-3693
    2450-9442
    Pojawia się w:
    Maszyny Górnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ emisji komunikacyjnej na stężenie dwóch form węgla i rozkład ich masy względem wielkości cząstek w aerozolu atmosferycznym obszaru miejskiego
    Influence of Vehicular Traffic on Ambient Concentration and Mass Size Distribution of Two Fractions of Carbon in an Urban Area Atmospheric Aerosol
    Autorzy:
    Rogula-Kozłowska, W.
    Rogula-Kopiec, P.
    Klejnowski, K.
    Błaszczyk, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819029.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    obszar miejski
    emisja komunikacyjna
    particulate air-pollution
    diesel exhaust particles
    chemical composition
    elemental carbon
    organic carbon
    road
    vehicles
    matter
    Opis:
    Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a component of the natural environment and a certain number of particles that varies with time, having many different properties which also change over time, is constantly present in the air. It can be assumed that the scope of environmental effects of PM is the broadest among all air pollutants: it affects the human health, climate, ecological conditions and visibility. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are the two most important components of suspended dust. The continuously increasing road traffic intensity is highly correlated with increasing concentrations of both of these components in the air of urbanized areas all over the world. In spite of this, the amount of data on OC and EC concentrations in Poland is still insufficient, especially in the case of areas located close to busy roads. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of vehicular traffic on ambient concentrations of PM-related OC and EC, and their mass size distribution in a typical urban area of the Upper Silesia. PM samples were collected simultaneously at two sites located in the Katowice city. One of the selected measurement points was situated in the city centre and characterized so-called urban background. The second measurement point, located near the A4 motorway, was in the area directly exposed to the influence of traffic emission. Dust was sampled during two measurement periods (2–10 August and 15–22 September 2011) using thirteen-stage impactors – DEKATI Ltd. (DLPI, Dekati Low Pressure Impactor). Analysis for the content of OC and EC in the collected dust samples was carried out by means of a thermo-optical method with the use of a Sunset Laboratory OC/EC carbon analyzer. During the entire measurement program strict adherence to the rigorous requirements for quality control of the obtained results was ensured. Concentrations of PM1-, PM2.5- and PM10-related OC and EC in Katowice, near the A4 motorway, were close to values obtained in other parts of the world in different measurement periods, at traffic sites of similar characteristics. Also values of the concentration ratio of OC bound to PM10 and PM2,5 (or PM2,5) were similar to quantities determined in different locations. In Katowice, due to municipal emission and poor quality of vehicles travelling the roads, also the coarse fraction of dust was enriched in EC. This situation is unusual in comparison to other regions. The effect of emission from engines of the cars travelling the motorway manifested itself mainly by elevated EC concentrations compared to the urban background site. For TSP the EC concentration was higher, five times in the beginning of August and two times in the second half of September. The largest differences between EC concentrations in the location near the motorway and in the urban background area were observed for the PM0.06–0.108, PM0.108–0.17 and PM0.17–0.26 fractions. In both measurement periods, at the traffic site in Katowice, the maxima of mass size distribution of EC were in the diameter range characteristic for soot emitted from Diesel engines (0.108–0.26µm). The fact that the influence of exhaust emission from vehicles travelling the motorway on EC concentrations was more pronounced in the second half of September than in the first half of August, was caused by larger EC emission from various sources in Katowice during the period following summer holidays. Concentrations of organic carbon bound to TSP in both measurement periods in Katowice was only 10% higher in the urban traffic site than in the urban background site. The largest differences between OC concentrations near the motorway and in the urban background are observed in the ranges 0.06–0.17 and 1.0–2.5 µm. Maxima of the mass size distribution of PM-related OC, both at the urban traffic site and at the background site, were similar in both measurement periods. It was inferred that the small differences between OC concentrations in the traffic and the background site are caused by the process of secondary aerosol formation, less intensive near the motorway than in the urban site.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2013, Tom 15, cz. 2; 1623-1644
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Suszenie paliw alternatywnych w warstwie fluidalnej
    Drying of alternative fuels in fluid bed
    Autorzy:
    Kalinowski, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/392229.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych
    Tematy:
    paliwo alternatywne
    odpad stały
    skład
    zawartość wilgoci
    suszenie fluidalne
    badanie modelowe
    gaz odlotowy
    emisja zanieczyszczeń
    alternative fuel
    solid waste
    composition
    fluid bed drying
    model survey
    exhaust gas
    pollutant emission
    Opis:
    Jedną z niekorzystnych cech paliw alternatywnych jest wysoka zawartość wilgoci, co wpływa na istotne obniżenie wartości opałowej oraz jest przyczyną zwiększonych strat cieplnych w procesach technologicznych. W ramach działalności statutowej wykonano badania suszenia lekkich frakcji materiałów kawałkowych na stanowisku doświadczalnym suszarni fluidalnej. Na podstawie pomiarów parametrów strumieni gazów i materiału suszonego dla różnych wydajności suszarni określono wartości współczynników wymiany ciepła i masy w złożu fluidalnym. Analiza składu gazów odlotowych pozwoliła na ustalenie koncentracji zanieczyszczeń wydzielonych w procesie suszenia paliw alternatywnych. Zaobserwowano podwyższone poziomy emisji składników organicznych, w tym zwłaszcza heksanu.
    One of the unfavorable features of alternative fuels is high moisture content, resulting in a significant decrease in the calorific value and increase of heat loss in technological process. Tests of drying of light fractions of lump materials were performed at experimental fluid bed unit. Based on measurements of the gas stream and the material to be dried for various drying capacity coefficients of heat transfer and mass transfer in a fluidized bed were determined. Analysis of the composition of the exhaust gases allowed to determine the concentration of impurities released from the process of drying of alternative fuels. Increased levels of emissions of organic compounds, in particular hexane, was observed.
    Źródło:
    Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych; 2013, R. 6, nr 15, 15; 18-29
    1899-3230
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Chemical composition and mass closure of ambient particulate matter at a crossroads and a highway in Katowice, Poland
    Autorzy:
    Rogula-Kozłowska, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/207973.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    soil pollution
    carbon
    chemical analysis
    organic carbon
    trace elements
    transportation
    chemical composition
    exhaust emission
    photochemical transformations
    secondary aerosols
    traffic emission
    zanieczyszczenie gleby
    węgiel
    analiza chemiczna
    węgiel organiczny
    mikroelementy
    transport
    skład chemiczny
    emisja spalin
    prekursory gazowe
    przemiany fotochemiczne
    aerozole wtórne
    Opis:
    The concentration, chemical composition, and mass closure of various fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM) were analyzed at crossroads and at a highway in Katowice (Poland). It was shown that at both sites organic carbon can constitute even 57% of the fine PM mass, about 20% of the fine PM mass can originate from the photochemical transformations of inorganic gaseous precursors, and that the coarse PM was mainly the organic matter (up to 39%) and crustal matter (up to 24%). Traffic emissions in Katowice can affect the formation of secondary aerosol (organic and inorganic), the contributions to PM and ambient concentrations of soil matter, NaCl, and trace elements. At the highway, the greatest impact on the concentrations and chemical composition of fine particles was probably due to exhaust emissions. At the crossroads, in the center of the city, the non-exhaust traffic emissions probably affected the coarse PM.
    Źródło:
    Environment Protection Engineering; 2015, 41, 2; 15-29
    0324-8828
    Pojawia się w:
    Environment Protection Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15

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