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Tytuł:
Advanced laboratory for testing plasma thrusters and Hall thruster measurement campaign
Autorzy:
Szelecka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146143.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
electric propulsion
Hall thruster
Opis:
Plasma engines are used for space propulsion as an alternative to chemical thrusters. Due to the high exhaust velocity of the propellant, they are more effi cient for long-distance interplanetary space missions than their conventional counterparts. An advanced laboratory of plasma space propulsion (PlaNS) at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) specializes in designing and testing various electric propulsion devices. Inside of a special vacuum chamber with three performance pumps, an environment similar to the one that prevails in space is created. An innovative Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (LPPT) with liquid propellant was built at the laboratory. Now it is used to test the second prototype of Hall effect thruster (HET) operating on krypton propellant. Meantime, an improved prototype of krypton Hall thruster is constructed.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 2; 213-218
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Application possibilities of electric driven propulsion of multi-mode ships
Autorzy:
Herdzik, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246217.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ships propulsion
electric propulsion
multi-mode ships
propulsion systems
Opis:
The ship propulsion solution based on unconventional thrusters driven by electric motors is most often applied for the multi-mode ships. These ships ought to have dynamic positioning system. It forces an application of a few thrusters (most often four, seldom more up to eight). Records from a number of multi-mode ships show amean load of less than 40% of maximum load on the propulsion system. In other side the demand for electric energy of ship industrial part is large, more often than for the propulsion part. In that case the diesel-electric propulsion system application may be economical, because the electric energy generation for all ship's purposes makes possible the main engines work on the optimum loads on lowest specific fuel consumption and allows them a long-term work on heavy fuels. For multi-mode ships like cable ships, suppliers, drilling vessels are convenient an application of unconventional thrusters with direct electric propulsion as well, especially for dynamic positioning systems. The efficiency of the thrusters is a predominant factor for the successful and economical operation. Forecasted development and rise of quantity of diesel-electric propulsion (it means with electrical transmission) would cause increased interest of unconventional thrusters. Ultimately they may revolutionize ship propulsion systems.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 1; 163-168
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Application possibilities of electric driven propulsion of multi-mode ships
Autorzy:
Herdzik, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247580.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ships propulsion
electric propulsion
multi-mode ships
propulsion systems
Opis:
The ship propulsion solution based on unconventional thrusters driven by electric motor s is most often applied for the multi-mode ships. These ships ought to have dynamic positioning system. It forces an application of a few thrusters (most often four, seldom more up to eight). Records from a number of multi-mode ships show a mean load of less than 40% of maximum load on the propulsion system. In other side the demand for electric energy of ship industrial part is large, more often than for the propulsion part. In that case the diesel-electric propulsion system application may be economical, because the electric energy generation for all ship 's purposes makes possible the main engines work on the optimum loads on lowest specific fuel consumption and allows them a long-term work on heavy fuels. For multi-mode ships like cable ships, suppliers, drilling vessels are convenient an application of unconventional thrusters with direct electric propulsion as well, especially for dynamic positioning systems. The efficiency of the thrusters is a predominant factor for the successful and economical operation. Forecasted development and rise of quantity of diesel-electric propulsion (it means with electrical transmission) would cause increased interest of unconventional thrusters. Ultimately they may revolutionize ship propulsion systems.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 177-183
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary study of an airplane for electric propulsion testing at high altitudes
Autorzy:
Galinski, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246733.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
electric propulsion
flight testing
unmanned aerial vehicle
Opis:
Technology of photovoltaic cells and lithium batteries is being developed rapidly. As a result, attempts to build solar High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) airplanes are more and more frequent. In the future, such airplanes may appear very useful for the economy because they may replace geostationary satellites in several applications. Unfortunately, data on altitude effect on photovoltaic cells and batteries performance are not easily available. Moreover, acquisition cost of cells is very high. Therefore, a tool for inexpensive testing of cells is needed. This article shows a study of very light unmanned airplane that could be used as a testbed for this purpose. Weight assumptions are presented together with concept of geometry and aerodynamic characteristics. Propulsion system is proposed, so also airplane performance is estimated. Finally, results are discussed leading to the conclusion. It appears that unmanned airplane with maximum take-off weight of 1.3 kg can climb to the altitude of 10 km within 4 hours during sunny summer day about the noon. However, only 30% of such days can be used because of strong winds blowing at high altitudes, quite small optimal airspeed of the airplane and constraints due to Air Traffic Management. Moreover, application of variable pitch propeller is recommended as well as some kind of take-off assist. For example, towing or take-off from the hill is desirable to avoid threats resulting from small climb rate.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 167-174
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza możliwości odzyskiwania energii przez elektryczny układ napędowy pojazdu do przewozu osób na potrzeby autobusowego transportu zbiorowego komunikacji miejskiej
Analysis of the possibility of energy recovery by the vehicle electric drive system for the carriage of persons for the bus of collective urban communication
Autorzy:
Biernacki, Marcin
Majewski, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056432.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
autobus elektryczny
napęd elektryczny
electric bus
electric propulsion
Opis:
W pracy omówiono sposoby odzyskiwania oraz magazynowania energii wytworzonej podczas hamowania pojazdu przeznaczonego do zbiorowego transportu pasażerskiego na terenach miejskich. Przeanalizowano pracę elektromechanicznego układu napędowego z pojedynczym oraz z dwoma współpracującymi zasobnikami (magazynami) energii. Badano układ napędowy zasilany ze źródła bądź źródeł energii o różnych pojemnościach przewidzianych odpowiednio do wariantów przejazdu trasą testową, będącą odpowiednikiem jednej z rzeczywistych tras obsługiwanych przez zakłady komunikacji miejskiej. Przeanalizowano trwałość głównego i współpracującego z nim pomocniczego źródła zasilania oraz magazynowania energii odzyskanej podczas hamowania pojazdu. Przeanalizowano wybrane warunki opłacalności odzyskiwania energii.
The document describes methods of recovering and storing energy generated during breaking a vehicle intended for collective passenger transport in urban areas. The work of the electromechanical drive system with single and with two cooperating energy storage (storages) units was analyzed. A propulsion system powered from a source or sources of energy with different capacities provided for the test route variants, that are the equivalent of one of the real routes served by public transport plants, was tested. The durability of the main and cooperated auxiliary power source, operated as the storage of energy recovered during vehicle braking, was analyzed. Selected profitability conditions for energy recovery were analyzed.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2021, 1, 125; 53--59
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Liquid micro pulsed plasma thruster
Autorzy:
Szelecka, A.
Kurzyna, J.
Daniłko, D.
Barral, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
electric propulsion
pulsed plasma thruster
liquid propellant
Opis:
A new type of pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) for small satellite propulsion is investigated, of which the most innovative aspect is the use of a non-volatile liquid propellant. The thruster is based on an open capillary design. The thruster achieved a thrust-to-power ratio above 45 μN/W, which constitutes a 5-fold improvement over the water-propelled pulsed plasma thruster, and which is also slightly above the performance of a similarly sized PPT with a solid propellant.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 257-261
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Propulsion module for unmannned vehicle
Autorzy:
Polak, F.
Szczęch, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244495.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
unmanned vehicle
hybrid propulsion system
UGV
electric generator
electric propulsion motor
Opis:
Solution of the propulsion system of the unmanned vehicle elaborated and built in the Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines Military University of Technology is shown in the paper. Unmanned vehicles are about to play key role in modern warfare. There are many types of unmanned vehicles. Those which can operate in urban areas, especially inside buildings are considered as a most useful for modern army. Most unmanned vehicles are battery operated, causing low range or low speed of the vehicle. Internal combustion engines are not proper for operation inside buildings, due to exhaust gases produced by engine. Connecting two types of propulsion system, defect of range in battery and gases in combustion engines are eliminated, because we can program vehicle to not turning on engine inside buildings. Using a module for those types of vehicles, we can design entire gamut of unmanned and even manned vehicles, decreasing design costs and repair time due to parts repeatability. Using a prepared propulsion module, design engineer can freely determine length, width and wheel track of designed vehicle. Designed modules enable vehicle fast return to combat ability, due to parts repeatability. One module, used as a host, can reconstruct damage vehicle. There is possibility of using different engines, enlarging list of available modules. Economic factor has also big meaning, due to parts repeatability.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 479-482
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of the Possibility of Using Hybrid Electric-Propulsion Systems for Inland Barges
Autorzy:
Łebkowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
inland shipping
inland barges
main propulsion
hybrid electric-propolsion
hybrid electric-propulsion system
electric propulsion system
self-propelled barges
inland water transport
Opis:
The paper presents issues related to the possibility of using an electric propulsion system for inland craft, in this particular case self-propelled barges. Perspectives for development of inland water transport in Poland are presented. Historical engineering designs used in water transport at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are shown. The current status of stock used in inland navigation along with the condition of waterways available in Poland is presented. Energy consumption by inland craft using various configurations of propulsion systems is discussed, along with comparison of energy consumption during transport of goods using road transport, rail transport and inland waterway transport. In addition to the hybrid electric and diesel propulsion systems, the alternative is to use the electric rail mules for moving the barges.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 261-269
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reliability evaluation of electrochemical energy storage systems supplying the ships main propulsion system
Autorzy:
Szewczyk, P.
Łebkowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201455.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
reliability assessment
electric propulsion system
energy storage systems
electric ship
reliability block diagram
probability of failure occurrence
hybrid electric-propulsion system
Opis:
The paper presents the structure of hybrid and electric modern ship propulsion systems. Types and configuration of electrochemical cells for selected electric energy storage facilities on the ship were presented. The method and results of reliability analyses, such as failure mode effect analysis (FMEA), reliability block diagram (RBD) and fault tree analysis (FTA), used to estimate the probability of failure of the energy storage systems supplying the ship's main propulsion, are presented. Methods of evaluation and verification of the proposed reliability model using a laboratory model and available operational and service data are discussed. A proposal for a quantitative risk analysis of potential damage during the operation of the energy storage has been presented.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 1; 87--94
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of a hybrid manual - electric wheelchair propulsion system on the users muscular effort
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Bartosz
Warguła, Łukasz
Kukla, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2204666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
assistive technology
wheelchair
electromyogram
EMG
electric propulsion
control
Opis:
Self-propelled wheelchairs favour the rehabilitation process, forcing the user to be physically active. Unfortunately, in most cases, the manual propulsion is not adapted to the individual needs and physical capabilities of the user. This paper presents the results of operational tests of a wheelchair equipped with a hybrid propulsion system in which the muscle strength generated by the user is assisted by two independent electric motors. The research aimed to investigate the influence of the applied control algorithm and the assistance factor (W) on the value of the muscular effort (MA) while propelling the wheelchair with the use of push rims. A modified ARmedical AR-405 wheelchair equipped with two MagicPie 5 electric motors built into the wheelchair’s hubs with a power of 500 W was used in this research. The tests were carried out on a wheelchair test bench simulating the moment of resistance within the range of 8–11 Nm. Surface electromyography was employed for the measurement of MA, specifically, a four-channel Noraxon Mini DTS apparatus. The research was carried out on five patients from the group of C50 anthropometric dimensions. The effort was measured for four muscles: deltoid–anterior part, deltoid–posteriori part, and triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis longus. The effectiveness of the hybrid propulsion system was observed based on the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle. In this case, for the standard wheelchair, the MA ranged from 93% to 123%. In contrast, for a wheelchair equipped with the hybrid propulsion system, at W = 70%, the MA was within the range of 43%–75%.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2023, 17, 1; 28--34
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimal control strategy for marine SSP podded propulsion motor based on strong tracking-EPF
Autorzy:
Yao, W.
Liu, Y.
Sun, H.
Zhang, G.
Zhang, J.
Zhou, M.
Sun, M.
Jiang, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258784.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
marine electric propulsion
EPF
ST-EPF
SSP podded propulsion
propulsion motor
Opis:
Aiming at the non-linearity of state equation and observation equation of SSP (Siemen Schottel Propulsor) propulsion motor, an improved particle filter algorithm based on strong tracking extent Kalman filter (ST-EKF) was presented, and it was imported into the marine SSP propulsion motor control system. The strong tracking filter was used to update particles in the new algorithm and produce importance densities. As a result, the problems of particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment were ameliorated, the propulsion motor states and the rotor resistance were estimated simultaneously using strong track filter (STF), and the tracking ability of marine SSP propulsion motor control system was improved. Simulation result shown that the improved EPF algorithm was not only improving the prediction accuracy of the motor states and the rotor resistance, but also it can satisfy the requirement of navigation in harbor. It had the better accuracy than EPF algorithm.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2015, S 1; 4-9
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thermal stability of the krypton Hall effect thruster
Autorzy:
Szelecka, A.
Kurzyna, J.
Bourdain, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148243.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
thermal stability
electric propulsion
Hall thruster
xenon
krypton propellants
Opis:
The Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster (KLIMT) ESA/PECS project, which has been implemented in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) and now is approaching its final phase, was aimed at incremental development of a ~500 W class Hall effect thruster (HET). Xenon, predominantly used as a propellant in the state-of-the-art HETs, is extremely expensive. Krypton has been considered as a cheaper alternative since more than fifteen years; however, to the best knowledge of the authors, there has not been a HET model especially designed for this noble gas. To address this issue, KLIMT has been geared towards operation primarily with krypton. During the project, three subsequent prototype versions of the thruster were designed, manufactured and tested, aimed at gradual improvement of each next exemplar. In the current paper, the heat loads in new engine have been discussed. It has been shown that thermal equilibrium of the thruster is gained within the safety limits of the materials used. Extensive testing with both gases was performed to compare KLIMT’s thermal behaviour when supplied with krypton and xenon propellants.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2017, 62, 1; 9-15
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical investigations of the engine cooling system in a small power vessel pod propulsion system
Autorzy:
Dymarski, C.
Leśniewski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258590.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
azimuthing electric propulsion
pod propeller
heat transfer
cooling system
Opis:
The development of electronics and electrotechnology enabled to put electric motors of the alternating current in the pod and to use them for the main drive of ships. A lot of heat which must be picked up from the system is a problem which is turning up at applying the system of this type. Many big ships lately contended with these problems. Building the small propeller for the boat powered with solar power we decided to check the influence of the chilling middle on the temperature of the work of an engine. In the article we are presenting a built propeller and a way, into which an issue of the exchange of the heat was analysed using the Fluent software.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2008, 4; 59-65
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
UAV Propulsion Analysis System with Reconfigurable Controller Feature
Autorzy:
Aszkowski, P.
Błoszyk, K.
Bondyra, A.
Gąsior, P.
Giernacki, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114456.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
dynamometer
BLDC motor
electric propulsion
coaxial multi-rotor
STM32 bootloader
Opis:
In this paper, a custom measuring system for propulsion units of multi-rotor UAV is presented. Designed solution provides measurements of thrust, rotational speed and power consumption of popular electric propulsion systems consisting of BLDC motor, electronic speed controller (ESC) and various propellers. The method is applicable to both single and twin (coaxial) configurations of rotors. Thanks to the use of a precision 6-axis force/torque sensor and sensorless method of speed measurement it is possible to record performance of propulsion with convenient PC software. The system is equipped with complete galvanic isolation between power and sensory circuits. A unique feature of presented solution is the possibility of remote reconfiguration of various controllers, governing speed or thrust of the propeller. Possible applications of the presented test rig are: estimating the performance of UAV design (flight time, power consumption, payload capabilities), mathematical modelling of electric propulsion and analysis of faulty states of rotor operation.
Źródło:
Measurement Automation Monitoring; 2017, 63, 5; 171-173
2450-2855
Pojawia się w:
Measurement Automation Monitoring
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perspektywy obsługi miast autobusami elektrycznymi na przykładzie Sopotu
Perspectives for the use of electric buses in the public transport in the chosen city : Sopot
Autorzy:
Grzelec, K.
Okrój, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310528.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
elektrobus
emisja zanieczyszczeń
napęd elektryczny
analiza DGC
electric buses
emission
electric propulsion
DGC analysis
Opis:
W obliczu zaostrzających się wymagań dotyczących ochrony środowiska władze miast poszukują rozwiązań mających na celu ograniczenie emisji zanieczyszczeń. W sektorze transportu innowacyjnym rozwiązaniem, umożliwiającym zmniejszenie emisji spalin, jest zastosowanie „czystszych” środków transportu miejskiego - elektrobusów. Pojazdy o napędzie elektrycznym stanowią jeden z filarów realizacji polityki zrównoważonej mobilności w miastach i aglomeracjach. Aspekty ekologiczne, ekonomiczne (niskie koszty eksploatacji) i większa elastyczność obsługi - w porównaniu z tramwajami i trolejbusami - są najczęściej wymienianymi determinantami wprowadzenia tego nowego rodzaju pojazdów elektrycznych do eksploatacji. Sopot jako miasto uzdrowiskowe jest w szczególnym stopniu predestynowany do obsługi pojazdami elektrycznymi. Jednocześnie funkcjonująca na obszarze tego miasta komunikacja trolejbusowa stwarza określone warunki dla funkcjonowania i rozwoju elektrobusów. Celem niniejszego referatu jest analiza możliwości oraz uwarunkowań wprowadzenia elektrobusów do obsługi miast oraz analiza wariantów obsługi elektrobusami wybranego miasta – Sopotu. Do oceny wariantów wykorzystano analizę DGC, która przedstawia techniczny koszt uzyskania jednostki efektu ekologicznego (zł/km) oraz umożliwia uszeregowanie wariantów obsługi od najtańszego do najdroższego.
Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, municipalities seek solutions aimed at reducing emissions. In the transport sector, an innovative solution for reducing emissions is the use of „cleaner" means of transport - electric buses. Electric vehicles are one of the pillars of the policy of sustainable mobility in cities and agglomerations. Ecological aspects, economic (lower operating costs) and a greater flexibility of use in comparison with trams and trolleybuses are the most frequently cited determinants of the introduction of this new type of electric vehicles into operation. Sopot as a spa town in a special degree predestined to support electric vehicles. At the same time functioning in the area of the city trolleybus communication creates certain conditions for the functioning and development of electric buses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibilities and conditions of entry electric buses to support cities and the analysis of variants of service electric buses in the chosen city - Sopot. To evaluate the alternatives analysis was used DGC, which shows the technical cost of obtaining a unit environmental effect (zl/km) and allows alignment variants operating from the cheapest to the most expensive.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 11; 26-32
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 41

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