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    Tytuł:
    Przestępczosć na warszawskiej Pradze z perspektywy współczesnych teorii ekologicznych w kryminologii
    Crime in the Warsaw Praga district from the enviromental criminology perspective
    Autorzy:
    Goldschneider, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699019.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    przestępczość w Warszawie
    geografia przestępczości
    ekologia przestępczości
    przestrzenne uwarunkowania przestępczości
    crime
    criminology
    enviromental criminology perspective
    Opis:
    The article presents research constituting an attempt at verification of theories historically originating from the Chicago School of Sociology and the ecological approach within criminology, the supporters of which focus on the criminal offence itself and on its environmental conditions. This group of theories belongs to the environmental criminology. Criminological deliberations on the crime, carried out in the spirit of the contemporary environmental trend, are based on the assumption that the occurrence of a criminal offence is determined by four necessary elements: the legal norm that is breached, the offender, the object of the crime (victim or target) as well as the time and space in which the crime is committed. The object of interest of the environmental criminology is in the first place the space and time dimension of the act, in which the remaining elements meet. The discussed research was based on the rou-tine activity theory, the rational choice perspective and the crime pattern theory. The basic theoretical assumption is that the volume of crime is influenced by the number of crime opportunities. According to the routine activity theory, a crime opportunity occurs at the moment of convergence of a likely offender and a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. The first hypothesis assumes that the crime opportunity is a necessary condition for occurrence of a criminal offence, including that related to violence. The second hypothesis was based on the assumption that crime opportunities are not evenly distributed in time and space. We should therefore assume that not every object (person or thing) is a suitable target in the event of a concrete criminal act. Not every environment constitutes scenery conducive to commitment of a given crime. In other words, there are areas with higher concentration of crime. The third hypothesis was related to an assumption of the crime patterns concept relating to the offenders’ daily life patterns. It says that perpetrators search for suitable targets in areas that are well-known to them – in the vicinity of their workplace, school or place of their leisure activities. The offender’s journey to crime covers relatively small distances, avoiding only the area closest to their place of residence (the so-called buffer zone). The spatial and social characteristics were examined in chosen territorial units being three districts of a large city – Warsaw. The research area covered the jurisdiction of the Dis-trict Court for the city of Warsaw Praga-Północ, i.e. the administrative boundary precincts of the following districts: Praga Północ, Białołęka and Targówek. The verification of the afore-mentioned hypotheses took place based on an analysis of court records concerning 694 offenders, convicted in 2006 in criminal procedures of acts belonging to the jurisdiction of the said court.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 207-251
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Środowiskowo–przestrzenne uwarunkowania przestępczości. Wybrane zagadnienia współczesnej ekologii przestępczości
    Environmental and Spatial Conditions of Crime. Selected Problems of Modern Ecology of Crime
    Autorzy:
    Kossowska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698528.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1993
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    środowisko przestępczości
    uwarunkowania przestępczości
    ekologia przestępczości
    badania kryminologiczne
    kryminologia środowiskowa
    conditions of crime
    ecology of crime
    criminological research
    environmental criminology
    Opis:
    The modern criminologists who deal with environmental aspects of crime stress the fact that for an offence – a definite criminal act – to occur, four elements must necessarily coincide: law, perpetrator, object, and place of crime. The modern environmental criminologists are interested in the fourth of these elements, that is the spatial aspect of crime. Discussed in the paper have been the main trends of the modern study of spatial conditions of crime. Unlike the former ecologists of crime, the modern researchers are interested not only in the actual place where the offence was committed or the perpetrator resides, but also – to a much grester extent – in the social and physical features of the place of crime, in the actions that should be undertaken to reduce the “susceptibility to crime” of a given ecological unit, and in the course and consequences of the process of ecological stigmatization of a given region. On of the main trends of modern ecology of crime is analysis of the relations between functions and features of the of the separate fragments of urban space on the one hand, and the extent of crime in that area  on the other hand. The basic difference between the discussed trend and the former traditional ecological thought born in the Chicago school of criminolology consists in the  latter’s attempts at finding the causes of spatial differentiation of the extent of crime in  the combination of sociodemographic factors, architecture, and town-planning. Thus also the factors related to a town’s physical structure are taken into consideration. As has been found in many recent studies, the different crime indices found in the separate urban neighbourhoods are related to those areas’ different functions, social features, and architecture. Another interesting trend is analysis of the process of change within clearly delimited neighbourhoods. The term generally used in this connection is a neighbourhood’s “career in crime”; its sense is identical to that of “career in crime” of an individual which can be found in criminological works. According to British and American authors, changes, in a neighbourhood’s nature can be related e.g. to changing housing policy which obviously influences the shaping of definite human communities in given areas. The social situation in neighbourhoods submitted to formal housing policy is thought to be particularly entangled. This results from the nature of that policy: applied to the population characterized by pent up social problems, it usually consisted in placing large numbers of similar families in one rather small area. Thus individual problem families added up to form  agglomerations of problem groups of the population. The problem of careers in crime of housing districts is related to another important trend in the modern study of environmental conditions of urban crime: the functioning of informal social control which many consider to be as important a factor of urban crime prevention as the official control. Informal control is also thought to influence the oscial  perception of disorder in housing districts. Concerned here is accumulation in a given neighbourhood of external symptoms of social disorganization, that is all the events that might be found – by the locals and strangers alike – to manifest the breakdown of the accepted norms of behavior in urban environment. Analysed is the process of transition from such external symptoms of disorder to crime in a given neighbourhood. Two direct effects are distinguished of occurrence in a neighbourhood of noticeable symptoms of disorder, perceived by the locals as well as strangers. On such effect is the offenders’ conviction as to inefficient (formal and informal) control, in the neighbourhood, which makes criminal activity relatively safe. The other effect consists in some inhabitants’ reluctance to participate in the local life. Their withdrawal from such life results in a distinct breakdown of informal social control, and sometimes in noticeable decline of the neighbourhood which often proves irreversible. Another trend – relatively novel and no doubt characteristic of modern ecology of crime – investigates the impact of architecture of a town or district on crime found in that neighbourhood. On of the currents here, derived from the tradition of situational crime prevention, argues that the actual architecture of the housing districts and other elements of urban space can influence crime, that is facilitate or hamper offences. According to the other current, definite architecture can release deviant and criminal conduct as tenants of the popular large apartment houses feel anonymous and uncontrolled by others. Study of the ways offenders perceive towns, and of their related decisions as to commission of definite acts, is the last of the discussed trends of modern ecology of crime. The related problem here is offenders’ mobility and the distance between their place of residence and locus delicti. Offenders have been found to choose definite objects guided by their belief as to the value, visibility and accessibility of those objects, by transport facilities, and by the apparent presence or absence of supervision on part of the police or other users of the urban space.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1993, XIX; 7-16
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Atrakcyjność inwestycyjna i płatnicza kryptowalut – ocena z perspektywy analizy SWOT
    Investment and Payment Attractiveness of Cryptocurrencies – Assessment from the Perspective of SWOT Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Żółtaszek, Agata
    Matera, Aleksandra
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/33580427.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    cryptocurrencies
    virtual currencies
    finance
    economics of crime
    ecology
    kryptowaluty
    waluty wirtualne
    finanse
    ekonomika przestępczości
    ekologia
    Opis:
    Kryptowaluty, jako nowy środek płatniczy i przedmiot inwestycji, stały się powszechnym tematem dyskusji na rynkach finansowych. Ewolucja pieniądza dowodzi, że jego forma przez tysiąclecia dostosowywana była do potrzeb ludzi i rynku, a kryptowaluty są bez wątpienia kolejnym etapem w tej długiej historii. Na chwilę obecną trudno stwierdzić, czy waluty wirtualne wejdą w przyszłości do mainstreamu finansów, czy pozostaną niszową formą pieniądza. Dołączenie do grona użytkowników kryptowalut, czy też unikanie tej metody płatności i formy inwestycji, powinno być podyktowane rzetelną oceną realnych szans zysków, jakie dają waluty wirtualne, oraz zagrożeń z nimi związanych.Głównym powodem atrakcyjności płatniczej i inwestycyjnej kryptowalut jest brak centralnego emitenta, czyli funkcjonowanie na zasadzie zdecentralizowanego systemu. Głównym czynnikiem do obaw są duże zmiany cen poszczególnych coinów w krótkim i ultrakrótkim okresie. Ponadto anonimowość transakcji sprzyja ich wykorzystywaniu w działalności przestępczej, co budzi niepokój wielu potencjalnych użytkowników. Ryzykiem, którego nieświadomych jest wielu posiadaczy, jest ich negatywny wpływ na środowisko wynikający z ogromnego zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną podczas „wydobywania” coinów i powiązany z tym ślad węglowy.Poszerzenie wiedzy o funkcjonowaniu rynku kryptowalut powinno wpłynąć pozytywnie na racjonalność zachowań inwestorów, zwłaszcza indywidualnych, stabilizację długookresową popytu i cen, jak również na zapewnienie wyższego poziomu bezpieczeństwa na zdecentralizowanych rynkach finansowych.
    The cryptocurrency market is still in the development phase, both technologically and organizationally, but it has undoubtedly revolutionized the functioning and perception of the financial sector. As the results of a global survey suggest, as many as 92% of respondents have heard of cryptocurrencies, but only 50% declare that they know what they are. Since their introduction into circulation, they have invariably aroused interest, but also concerns. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the investment attractiveness of cryptocurrencies using the SWOT method. The article presents the characteristics of virtual currencies (advantages and disadvantages, i.e. anonymity, decentralization, transfer module), as well as selected opportunities (i.e. increased availability, incorporation into payment systems and transaction facilitation) and threats (in particular financial, ecological and criminal risks). The results of the analysis should prove helpful in the process of making investment and financial decisions regarding the use of cryptocurrencies.The discrepancy in the goals and priorities regarding the regulation and evaluation of cryptocurrencies between various entities (individual and collective users, states, public institutions, criminal groups) makes the future of virtual currencies difficult to predict. It can be expected that in the long term, the popularization or marginalization of cryptocurrencies will be determined by the extent to which it will be possible to take advantage of opportunities and minimize threats at subsequent stages of development, as well as the consistency and effectiveness of policies relating to investing in cryptocurrencies.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny; 2023, 4; 179-199
    1898-2166
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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