Temat: development; - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Ewolucja pojęcia higieny szkolnej
Ehvoljucija ponjatijj otnositel'no shkol'nojj gigieny
The evolution of the meaning of the term "school hygiene"
Autorzy:: Kacprzak, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/874121.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1957
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: higiena szkolna
dzieci szkolne
mlodziez szkolna
rozwoj fizyczny
opieka zdrowotna
budynki szkolne
leczenie uzdrowiskowe
nauka zawodu
konferencje
Berlin konferencja
school hygiene
school child
youth
physical development
health care
school building
sanatorium
treatment
conference
Berlin conference
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1957, 08, 5
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Rozwój i stan zdrowia uczniów zasadniczej szkoły metalowej
Razvitie i sostojanie zdorovja uchenikov metalloobrabatjushhejj osnovnojj shkoly
The development and the state of health of pupils in a metal school
Autorzy:: Serejski, J.
Cydzik, H.
Podlaska, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/871393.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1957
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: szkoly zawodowe
Zasadnicza Szkola Metalowa
Warszawa
uczniowie
stan zdrowotny
rozwoj fizyczny
budowa ciala
postawa ciala
vocational school
Basic Metal School in Warsaw
student
health condition
physical development
body structure
body posture
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1957, 08, 3
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Wyniki badań nad wpływem upośledzenia słuchu u dzieci szkolnych na ich rozwój społeczny i postępy w nauce
Rezul'taty issledovanijj vlijanija nedorazvitija slukha u shkol'nikov v ikh obshhestvennom razvitii i dostizhenijakh v nauke
The results of studies concerning the influence of defective hearing in school-children on their social development
Autorzy:: Radziminski, A.
Piotrowski, W.
Majcherska-Matuchnik, B.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/876980.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1957
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: dzieci szkolne
badanie sluchu
zaburzenia sluchu
wady sluchu
badania audiometryczne
rozwoj spoleczny
odchylenia od normy
badania kontrolne
school child
hearing
disorder
healing impairment effect
audiometric test
social development
standard deviation
research
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1957, 08, 4
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Zanieczyszczenie powietrza atmosferycznego jako problem higieniczny zagospodarowania przestrzennego Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego
Zagrjaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha kak gigienicheskaja problema prostranstvennogo osvoenija bezkhnesilezskogo promyshlennogo centra
The contamination of atmospheric air as a hygiene problem of space improvement of the Higher Silesian Industrial District
Autorzy:: Kepski, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/874942.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1957
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: Gornoslaski Okreg Przemyslowy
powietrze atmosferyczne
zanieczyszczenia powietrza
zagospodarowanie przestrzenne
zaklady przemyslowe
warunki zdrowotne
zapylenie atmosfery
alergie
zrodla zanieczyszczen
prog szkodliwosci
zadymienie
dzialania zapobiegawcze
industrial district
Lower Silesian Industrial District
atmospheric air
spatial development
industrial plant
health condition
atmospheric dust
allergy
pollution source
harmfulness
smokiness
prevention
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1957, 08, 2
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Wysokość i waga ciała chłopców w okresie dojrzewania
Rost i ves tela malchikov v period sozrevanija
Height and body weight of boys during puberty
Autorzy:: Brzezinski, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/876440.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1959
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: chlopcy
okres dojrzewania
rozwoj organizmu
wiek rozwojowy
wysokosc ciala
masa ciala
rozwoj zewnetrzny
narzady plciowe
boy
adolescence period
human development
developmental age
body height
body weight
sex organ
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1959, 10, 5
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Zastosowanie metody chromatograficznej i spektrometrycznej do ilościowego określania substancji smolistych w pyłach powietrza atmosferycznego. Cz. I.
Primenenie khromatograficheskogo i spektrometricheskogo metoda dlja kolichestvennogo opredelenija smolistykh ehlementov v pyli atmosfernogo vozdukha
Application of chromatography and spectrometry for determination of tar substances in air pollutions
Autorzy:: Wyszynska, H.
Zwolinski, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/877172.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1962
Wydawca:: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:: powietrze atmosferyczne
substancje smoliste
oznaczanie
oznaczanie ilosciowe
analiza chromatograficzna
badania spektrometryczne
pyl zawieszony
benzopiren
atmospheric air
tarry substance
determination
quantitative development
chromatographic analysis
spectrometric analysis
suspended dust
benzopyrene
Źródło:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1962, 13, 5
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: On generation and regeneration of cladia in some Upper Silurian monograptids
O rozwoju i regeneracji gałązek w koloniach pewnych górno-sylurskich Monograptidae
O razvitii i regenereracii vetok v kolonijakh verkhne-silurijjskikh Monograptidae
Autorzy:: Urbanek, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23490.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1963
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
Tematy:: generation
regeneration
Upper Silurian
monograptid
Linograptinae
structure
development
paleontology
Źródło:: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 1963, 08, 2
0567-7920
Pojawia się w:: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: La législation de la protection du travail en Pologne populaire
Autorzy:: Szubert, Wacław
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44943792.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1965-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: legislation
labor protection
Polska
development of labor law
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1965, 4; 23-34
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: La méthode délaboration et les principes du code civil
Autorzy:: Wasilkowski, Jan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44944256.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1965-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: principles of the Civil Code
development method
national economy
social property
civil society
socio-economic
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1965, 4; 5-15
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Les organes de l’état chargés du développement de la science et de la technique
Autorzy:: Jaroszyński, Maurycy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45237910.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1967-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: state bodies
development of science and technology
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1967, 7-8; 5-24
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: La science du droit et le programme de perfectionnement du droit en République Populaire de Pologne
Autorzy:: Łopatka, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43852441.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1979-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: law science
Law Development Program
Polish People's Republic
polish law
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1979, 1-2(41-42); 23-33
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Nouvelle étape du développement de linstitution de contrôle social
Autorzy:: Łętowski, Janusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43665811.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1979-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: social control institution
development
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1979, 3 (43); 33-41
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Nouvelle réglementation juridique de la planification du territoire en Pologne
Autorzy:: Pańko, Walerian
Podgórski, Karol
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43469335.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: spatial planning
spatial development
investments
Opis:: The article analysis the Law of the 19th July 1985 on Spatial Planning which introduced changes necessary after the reform of administrative division of the state and the introduction of the communes. Furthermore, more and more intensive industrialisation resulted in adjusting the local plans to the planned localisation of new investments. Also, the growing society needed more residential space what was not possible to achieve without the changing of the existing spatial plans. It is highlighted that the aim underlying the introduction of new law was to guarantee the coordination of general and local interest, by introducing the measures allowing to take into account social, natural and economic conditions of each region. The plans are adopted on several levels (national, regional and local). The national one covers the general provisions that takes into consideration the aims of the country development, the environmental protection concerns, protection of natural resources and the cultural heritage, the need for constant development of social and technical facilities for residential needs, sustainable development (taking into account both industrial and agricultural needs) and security and defence issues. There are some imprecisions with defining the regional level. Accordingly to new administrative division of the country, it should mean the voivodeships, what is highlighted in the article. Nevertheless, the plans on this level should emphasis the development of voivodeship, without neglecting its influence on the neighbouring voivoideships. The local plans should take into consideration the needs of the local community. The law predicts also the spatial plans for the special functionality terrains (mines, agglomerations, national natural parks). In the further part of the article, there is a brief review over the process of adoption of the abovementioned plans. They are prepared by the Planning Commission within the Council of Ministers and broadly consulted. The representatives of the administration bodies, the social element and the representatives of the councils of people are also engaged in the process. The further obligations linked to the adoption of these plans are analysed in the latter part of the article. The specific procedure for the localisation of investments is analysed in the last part of the article, it should have the form of the administrative act and is litigable before the Administrative Court. What’s more, it cannot change the provisions of the existing plans. What is more, in order to obtain consolidation with these plans, it need to be consulted with Planning Commission within the Council of Ministers if it regards the investment of national importance, and with local or regional authorities if the investment is of local importance. Moreover, it should be also consulted with the Environment and Water Resources Protection Office and the General Sanitary Inspection. The transition period provisions are of great practical value and regulate that all of the ongoing processes are conducted due to the old procedures. The new plans should be elaborated till the 31st December 1986 (it can be prolonged till the 31st December 1988).
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1985, 1-4(65-68); 79-93
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Metodologiczne problemy badań typu self-report
Self-report study: methodological problems
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699246.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1988
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: nauczyciel
raport własny
problemy metodologiczne
zachowanie
rozwój
dzieci
własność
ankieta
młodzi ludzie
przestępczość
teacher
self-report
methodological problems
behaviour
development
children
property
questionnaire
young persons
delinquency
Opis:: Self-report studies are gradually becoming the predominating current of empirical research in criminology. This is particularly the case with etiological studies of deviant behaviour in young persons. However, the present popularity of self-report studies is not accompanied by improvement of their methodological aspect. No important development of the methodology of these studies has occured since the pioneer works of Short and Nye. It is the fundamental aim of the present paper to point to these of the methodological questions on which the further development of self-report studies will depend most. In Chapter I, the first works have been discussed in which the self-report methods were applied. The works anaiyzed are those of Murphy at al. Porterfield, as well as Wallerstein and Wy1e. Particular attention has been given to the methodological and substantive aspects of the series of studies carried out by Short and Nye. Chapter II contains the presentation of findings of the Polish self-report studies. The first attempt at a self-report study was made in the early 1960s by Malewska and Muszyński. A national random sample of pupils of the sixth grade of primary school n =2,222) was examined by means of an anonymous questionnaire. The basic aim of the study was to define the children's attitude towards the ownership rights and the situations in which violation of these rights is admissible. Besides, the authors were interested in how children perceived given situations to be thefts. Thus the question whether the respondents ever happened to take another person’s property was but a fragment of the questionnaire which served another purpose in its essence. To the question: "How often do you happen to take another person's property?", 0.8 per cent of the children answered ,,very often," 4.2 pet cent - "often," 26.6 per cent - "sometimes," and. 34.5 per cent-,,seldom’’ Like Malewska and Muszyński, also Szemińska and Gołąb aimed at defining the moral sense of young persons: pupils of primary schools (n=61) and inmates of educational institutions (n= 64), asking also about the extent and structure of deviant behaviour. The respondents answered anonymously in writing. The two compared groups of boys differed from each other considerably as far as both the frequency and the seriousness of thefts commited was concerned. While the majority of "delinquents" admitted a large number of thefts, the "nondelinquents" 'in their vast majority owned up to 1-2 thefts at most, mostly of small objects they stole from their classmates or next of kin with the intention to use these objects themselves." The study of Szemińska and Gołąb raises doubts, both as regards its merits and methodology. Among other things, in spite of the fact that various offences were committed by both of the discussed groups, the authors use a dichotomic pair of notions: delinquent and non-delinquent, failing to put these words in quotation marks which are necessary in this situation. In the years 1976-1977, Ostrihanska and Wójcik conducted a large self-report study of a random sample of pupils of grades 3-8 of Warsaw primary schools. 50 schools were selected at random, in which the study was carried out by means of a questionnaire in 120 classes, also randomly selected (n=3,177, of which there were 1,631 boys and 1,546 girls). The self-report study was part of a broader research programme aimed at estimating the extent of social maladjustment in the youth and defining its causes. Among other things, the questions concerned the following phenomena: school failures, truancy, running away from home, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, free riding, destroying another person’s property, other acts against property (including thefts, frauds, robbery-,,taking something from a younger child by constraint"). The possible answers were as follows: ,,never", ,,once'’, ,,2-3 times’’, ,,4-10 times’’, ,,more frequently’’ . As expected, both the extent and intensity (frequency of perpetration) of deviant behaviour were higher in the group of boys as compared with girls. For instance, as few as 15.3 per cent of the eldest boys (aged 15) stated that they never took another person's property while the percentage of non-stealing girls among the eldest group was over two times higher (38.0 per cent) In this age group 16.3 per cent of boys stole a dozen or more times, while percentage of girls who committed multiple thefts amounted to as few as 1.4 Instead, no greater differences were found between boys and girls who admitted having stolen once. In boys, the most frequent were thefts from allotments and gardens (35.2 per cent), thefts from parents (22.8 per cent) and thefts in self-service shops 18.1 per cent). On the other hand the most seldom were thefts from cellars (5.8 per cent), and thefts of wine in shops (9.7 per cent). Taking another person’s property ranked fourth among the types of deviant acts included IN the study The first position was taken by lies (88.8 per cent of answers in the affirmative). Near1y 90 per cent of boys admitted having chribbed anothe child’s exercise, 25.2 per cent- having destroyed property 2.8 per cent ran away from home, and 2.4 per cent tock drugs. There was an upward tendency with age: elder boys admitted a greater number of deviant acts, and actuallv commited these acts more frequently. The next self-report study was conducted by Ostrowska and Siemaszko in 1979. It included 2,991 pupils of Warsaw secondary schools (1,197 boys and 1,795 girls). Non-random selection was applied. Young persons of the first and last grades were examined by means of anonymous questionnaire. Among other variables, it contained a list of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour, acts of infringement of disciplinary regulations, transgressions and offences, from most trivial (like stealing a ride or failing to return change from shopping) to comparatively serious like house-breaking or robbery. All questions had the same set of possible answers: "never," "once of twice," several times," "a dozen or more-times," ,,more frequently." The examined young persons were characterized by rather a high level of deviance. In the group of boys for instance,539 persons (30.9 per cent) admitted having perpetrated a half of the 42 acts included in the questionnaire at least once, 2.8 per cent of them having committed 27 to 31 acts, and 2.3 per cent-32 to 42 acts. Thus together, 6 per cent of the examined boys were highly deviant. Since the study also revealed a close relationship between the number of acts committed and the frequency of their perpetration, the abovementioned 6 per cent of the examined persons (about 300 boys) are "multiple recidivists" in the interpretation used in self-report studies. Considerable differences in the level of deviant behaviour were found in respect of age and sex. For instance, the level of deviance in the group of elder boys was four times higher on average as compared with younger girls. Among the most widespread acts there were free riding (94,6 per cent of girls and 96. 1 per cent of boys), failure to return change from shopping (79.6 and 84.1 per cent respectively), petty frauds in shops (67.6 and 84.0 per cent respectively), and failure to return a found object to its owner (69.9 per cent of girls and 83.8 per cent of boys). Aggressive acts were relatively frequent, particularly among boys. Battery "without an explicit causes” was comitted by 20.2 per cent of boys and 6.5 per cent of girls.11.6 per cent of boys and 2.8 per cent of girls participated in affrays in which dangerous weapons were used. Among thefts, comparatively less serious acts predominated. 16.9 per cent of girls and 31.6 per cent of boys admitted having perpetrated petty thefts. 8.2 per cent of girls and 14.6 per cent of boys stole change from call-boxes. Serious thefts were committed by 1.6 per cent of girls and 4.6 per cent of boys. Ostrowska and Siemaszko repeated their study in 1981 on a random sample of students of secondary schools in five typically agricultural provinces. 2,144 persons (1,702 boys and 420 girls) aged 14-19, students of 29 schools, were examined. They young persons who participated in the study went to :89 classes that were selected at random. The extent and structure of deviant behaviour were examined by means of a questionnaire identical to the one applied in the previous study Also the way in which the study was carried out in the classes was the same. In the group of acts termed insubordination, the most widespread one was smoking at under: 14:78,2 per cent of boys and 44,8 per cent of girls admitted it. Somewhat less than 10per cent of the examined persons admitted having run away from home, 2 per cent of them having run away several times. Over 20 per cent of the respondents admitted having had their identity papers checked by the police (30 per cent of boys) and somewhat less than 7 per cent took drugs. Among various types of dishonest behaviour the most widespread one was free riding- over 80 per cent. Nearly a half of the examined persons admitted having failed to return a borrowed object; 7 per cent of them did it repeatedly Also nearly 50 per cent of the respondents stole money from their parents:15 per cent of them did it several times, and 5.6 per cent-more frequently. In the group of offences, thefts predominated. 24.9 per cent of girls and 32.4 per cent of boys admitted having stolen an object or money to the value of under 100 złotys (the percentage amounting to 38.6 in the group of eldest boys); nearly 20 per cent of them repeatedly stole money from their parents. About 25 per cent of the examined persons committed shop- lifting, the percentage of shop-lifters in the group of eldest boys exceeding 40. The acts of breaking into cellars, recesses, attics etc., were committed by 15 per cent of the respondents 6.1 per cent of girls and 17.2 per cent of boys. The most seldom offences against property were: robbery (2.4 per cent of girls, 10.1 per cent of boys), stealing from call-boxes (6.6 per cent of girls, 7.8 per cent of boys), thefts of money to the amount of 500-1000 złotys (6 .2 per cent of girls, 7.0 per cent of boys), failure to pay the bill in a restaurant (3.3 per cent of girls, 5.6 per cent of boys) and thefts of over 1 000 zlotys (2.8 per cent of girls and 5.6 per cent of boys). Among aggressive behavior, brawls and beatings prevailed (25 per cent of girls and 50 per cent of' boys). In Chapter III the most important methodological problems related to self-report studies are discussed. In self-report studies, both direct (e. g. ,,have you stolen), and indirect and euphemistic questions (e, g. ,,have you ever happened to take and not to give back. ") can be found. The indirect questions undoubtedly less threatening. Yet on the other hand, those asked directly are probably easier to interpret explicitly. There is no proof as to the superiority of any of these ways of asking. However indirect and euphemistic questions prevail in self-report studies. The degree of abstractness of questions varies. The good point of clearcut questions (e.g. ''have you ever taken and failed to give back some article in a supermarket") is that the highly detailed formulation may help the respondent to recall an event which the researcher is interested in. On the other hand, their weak point is that the respondent cannot be relied upon to admit having acted in another, very similar yet not identical way. Unfortunately, the majority of self-report questionnaires contain questions about inseparate classes of phenomena. Hence the danger of one and the same act being counted several times. In self-report studies, the number of questions about deviant behavior is an important problem. One should bean it in mind that the deviant acts taken into account by the researcher are always nothing but a certain sample of the totality of such acts, the parameters of which are usually unknown (e.g. Christie et al.). The greater the number of acts taken into account, the more standard the "sample of acts" seems to be with respect to the "totality of acts." There are great differences as regards the number of acts included: from several (e.g. Hirschi, Dentler and Monroe) up to several dozen (e.g. Gibson). Today time limits are usually introducted as regards the period between the act and the moment of examination one year as a rule), though Short and Nye introducted no limits as regards the period during which the respondents committed the admitted acts. Shorter periods can also be found. (e.g. Simone et al, - 2 months, Lipton and Smith - 18 months). The limits are among the most important problems in self-report studies, since it is on them that the estimation depends on the level of deviance of the entire examined group, as well as the precise estimation of the separate respondents levels of deviance. The views on the optimum time limits are not uniform. Different sets of possible answers to the questions about deviant behaviour can be found: from most precise (e.g. "once," "twice," etc.) to most general and ambigous (e.g. "seldom," ,,frequently"). A strictly enumerative set of answers may be methodologically correct only in the case of a short period (one year or less). In the remaining cases, this set may be misleading as one hardly expects the examined persons to remember past events with such accuracy. The questions about deviant behaviour may constitute a separate block (nay a separate questionnaire), or they may be put among other questions. There are no studies showing the good and weak points of each of these two solutions. It seems more proper however, to "mask" the aim of the study by interlarding the questions about deviant behaviour with those neutral or concerning "acts of kindness." When the level or "depth" of the examined person's deviant involvement is defined, an important problem emerges: acts with different "charges of deviance are taken into account here. Therefore, one can either try and attach different weights to them, or treat all of them as equally serious. Christie et al. ranked acts according to the judges opinion. Morash weighted them with the use of Selling and Wolfgang's scale of seriousness of offences. In Hindelang's study, the weight of acts was defined by specialists by means of a fivepoint scale. Hepburn weighted deviant acts basing on appraisals done by the examined persons themselves. However in the vast majority of self-report studies, no weigh ting procedure is applled. As shown by Farrington, weighting procedures fail to contribute substantially to the increase in accuracy of measurement. An anonymous questionnaire, though most frequentlv applied, is not the only method of gathering information about unrecorded deviant behaviour. E, g. Gold (and other researchers who applied Gold’s scale) employed a questionnaire interview In Belson's study a card sorting procedure was applied. This method of gathering information is particularly popular in England (see also Gibson, Farrington, West, Morash, Shapland). Hirschi examined his respondents with a signed questionnaire. Should the differences in veracity of answeers of a signed and anonymous questionnaire prove to be inessential (and there is much to be said for it, e.g. Krohn, Waldo and Chiracos), it would be advisable to use the signed version (because of the possibility of comparing the separate sociometric choices or comparing the findings with external sources of information). The main objection raised to self-report studies concerns the doubtful veracity of the data gathered this way (Dentler, Liska). A relatively small number of studies concerned the reliability of self-report studies, e.g. the stability of findings in time. This is the most difficult problem in the case of a strictly anonymous questionnaire as the separate respondents cannot be retest. Only global distributions are compared then (e.g the scores of respondents in a given class) Siemaszko finds no valid differences between the distributions answers about deviant acts between a test and a retest which took place there months later. Dentler and Monroe found that 92 per cent of answers to a test and a retest two weeks 1ater were consistent, yet the respondents could still have remembered their previous answers in this case. Belson conducted a retest after a shorter period still: one week. The percentage of consistent answers amounted to 88. Also Farrington’s study revealed rarther a high degree of consistency in spite of the two year's interval. The percentage of mistakes in the test or retest was 3.2 The tendency to inconsistent answers was less explicit if the general scores of the examined persons on the deviance scales were analyzed and not the proportion of their affirmative and negative answers to the separate questions (11.5 per cent of the, examined persons found themselves in another quartile than Before). The results obtained by Shapland were parallel. The results seem to point to a high stability of self-report questionnaires in time. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt distinguish the following methods of defining the validity of self-report questionnaires: comparing with external sources of information, comparing with a known group, lie scales, and defining face validity. The most frequent method of defining the validity of questionnaires used in examination of unrecorded deviant behaviour is the comparison of the respondents' answers with other reliable sources of information. Erickson and Empey found that none of their respondents concealed their contact with the police or an offence with which they were charged. According to Gold, the probability of contacts with the police diminishes monotonically together with decrease of frequency of offences admitted during the examination. Gibson, Morrison and West found a high consistency between offences revealed by means of the self-report method and the contents of the police files. Hindelang found a distinct positive interdependence between high scores in the deviance scale and having a record in the police files. Farrington, as well as Farrington and West, examined the so-called predictive validity of self-report questionnaires. It appeared that those of the examined persons who score highest in deviance scales at the moment. A, have records in the police files much more frequently at the moment B. Gould compared the scores in the Short,/Nye scale with those in the recorded crime scale, finding a high, positive and valid interdependence. Results of self-report tests were also compared with other sources of information (teachers, colleagues, social workers, etc.). As shown by Jessor, Graves, Hanson and Jessor, results of the self-report tests tally with appraisals of the degree of deviant involvement made by teachers and colleagues of the examined persons. Also Gould compared the respondents' statements with appraisals of their behaviour made by their colleagues and teachers. The interdependence proved to be as expected. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt compared statements in which the examined persons admitted having robbed parkometers with the official data concerning the extent of these thefts. The respondents appeared to have answered truthfully. In many studies scores of school children and of institutionalized youth were compared. As demonstrated already by Short and Nye, although the inmates of reformatories scored somewhat higher than students of normal schools, nevertheless the profiles of distributions and their structure were analogous. Voss found the correlates of deviance in groups of school children and institutionalized youth to be parallel. This finding was confirmed in many other studies. The only exception here is the parents socio-economic status. Uniformity of views could not have been reached as yet as to whether the positive interdependence between the socio-economic status and deviant behaviour found in the majority of self-report studies is artificial or real (see i.a. Tribble, Axenroth, Hindelang Hirschi and Waise). Much can be said about the validity of a self-report questionnaire only on the grounds of the distributions of answers to the separate questions, Siemaszko found the percentage of affirmative answers to decrease monotonically with the increase of seriousness of the act and its scarcity in the general population. In the same study the percentage of affirmative answers to the question about being checked by the police was found to be higher than that concerning detention: also the level of deviance of elder as compared with younger and boys as compared with girls proved higher, These results agree with theoretical expectations, Hardt and Peterson-Hardt found the percentage of affirmative answers to the questions about acts commited during the last year to be generally lower than it is the case with questions that concerned also acts commited longer before. Not all of self-report questionnaires contain lie scales. Moreover, the researchers are not in agreeement as to the usefulness of such scales this type of studies (i.a. Farrington, Smart, Hardt, Peterson- Hardt). I seems that lie scales should be employed Questions should however be avoided which might be correlated with deviant behaviour, as in such case there is the danger of the lie scale becoming the reverse of that of deviance. The popularity of self-report studies was determined by the effectiveness of this method (relatively low cost 1ittle time consuming, promptitude and the possibility of examining large samples) Today, self-report studies have become popular in spite of the fact that many important methodological problems have not been solved yet.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 33-93
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Changes of the red blood picture during nesting development of Wilsons storm petrel (Oceanites oceanicus Kühl)
Autorzy:: Kostelecka-Myrcha, Alina
Myrcha, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2053136.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1989
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: Antarctic
Wilson's storm petrel
development
red blood picture
respiratory function
Źródło:: Polish Polar Research; 1989, 10, 2; 151-162
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:: Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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