Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "dentists" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
Tytuł:
A study on job postures and musculoskeletal illnesses in dentists
Autorzy:
Rafeemanesh, Ehsan
Jafari, Zahra
Kashani, Farzad O.
Rahimpour, Farzaneh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2179134.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-08-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
musculoskeletal disorders
dentists
REBA
Opis:
Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) compose a large part of occupational diseases in dental professionals, prevention of which is dependent on assessment and improvement of job postures by means of ergonomic interventions. This study was aimed at evaluation of ergonomic conditions of the profession of dentists and also at assessing the relationship between MSDs and conditions of work. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 65 dentists using the method of Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). The prevalence of MSDs was obtained by the use of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Results: In this investigation, the prevalence of MSDs for different body parts was: 75.9% for the neck, 58.6% for the shoulders, 56.9% for the upper back, 48.3% for the lower back and 44.8% for the wrist. Job analysis by the use of REBA showed that 89.6% of limbs in group A and 79.3% of limbs in group B had a score > 4. Only neck and lower back pain have significant relationship with the risk levels obtained using the REBA method. Conclusions: It can be concluded that work postures of dentists need to be improved. In addition to education, work station design, rest period during work and regular physical activities should be taken into account.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2013, 26, 4; 615-620
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Predictors of job satisfaction among practicing dentists at hospitals in Suez Canal Area, Egypt
Autorzy:
Fahim, Ayman E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2179790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-03-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
dentists
work environment factors
job satisfaction
Opis:
Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the level of job satisfaction and the work factors associated with it among practicing dentists in Suez Canal governorates hospitals. Materials and Methods: Four hundred forty nine dentists were contacted, and 277 agreed to participate (response rate 61.7%). They were surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire based on items from the Dentist Satisfaction Survey (DSS) questionnaire, which included 29 questions covering items related to the overall satisfaction level and work environment factors; answers were reported on 5 point Likert scale. Results: The mean score of overall job satisfaction among studied dentists was 3.24 out of 5. As regards work environment factors, the most satisfying aspect was patient relations (3.71) and the least was personal time (2.71). Multiple regression analysis model verifi ed that patient relations, value of income, personal time, staff, and training opportunities accounted for 36% of variation in overall job satisfaction score. The majority of the variance was explained by patient relations. Conclusions: This study suggests that patient relations, perception of income, personal time, staff, and specialty training are important work environment factors for job satisfaction among the dentists. These fi ndings might help policy makers to design plans to increase the level of job satisfaction among dentists at their workplaces.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2013, 26, 1; 49-57
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The incidence of lidocaine allergy in dentists: an evaluation of 100 general dental practitioners
Autorzy:
Janas-Naze, Anna
Osica, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2161981.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-14
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
allergy
dentists
anaphylaxis
lidocaine
hypersensitivity
local anaesthetics
Opis:
Objectives Local anesthetics are some of the most common drugs used in dentistry and about 6 million people daily around the world are subjected to their effect in procedures performed by a similar number of dentists who, in turn, are usually not aware of the fact of being allergic to this group of medications. Assuming that dentists are also patients, and that in their daily practice the contact with the allergen is very frequent, it is essential to assess the incidence of allergy to lidocaine in general dental practitioners. Material and Methods The authors evaluated a group of 100 general dental practitioners in whom adverse reactions similar to anaphylaxis occurred after local anesthesia. The study included individuals who, in their thorough medical history, had experienced episodes of such reactions regarding the skin, airways, gastrointestinal tract and other areas. Results The relations between type I hypersensitivity and certain symptoms, time from exposure to their appearance, as well as time from the last episode were investigated. Allergy to lidocaine was detected in 17 subjects – type I hypersensitivity was diagnosed in 13 cases (skin prick test – 7; intradermic test – 6) and 4 subjects had IgE-independent allergy (patch test). In the group where type I hypersensitivity was detected, urticaria, angioedema and rhinitis were indicated as inclusion criteria more often than among other subjects. According to the results, the occurrence of angioedema increased the risk of detection of type I hypersensitivity 68.8 times, and 1 year longer period from the last episode decreased this risk by circa 55%. Conclusions The most important, from the clinical practice point of view, was to show the relation between the medical history indicating the anaphylactic nature of the lidocaine intolerance, and an allergy confirmed by skin tests. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(3):333–9
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2019, 32, 3; 333-339
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
COVID-19 – current clinical data and review of recommendations for otolaryngologists and dentists
Autorzy:
Niemczyk, Kazimierz
Jasińska, Agnieszka
Krawczyk, Przemysław
Bilińska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1399175.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Index Copernicus International
Tematy:
Covid-19
Dentists
diagnosis
Otorynolaryngologists
prevention
SARS CoV-19
symptoms
Opis:
Despite multidirectional activities in the sphere of politics, health care and limiting direct interpersonal contacts to a minimum, the Covid-19 pandemic has covered the whole world and the number of new cases is rising exponentially. This demonstrates the considerable severity of the situation. The doctors and other health professionals are and will be at the forefront of the fight against the pandemic, being at the same time the group most at risk of infection. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection applies to patients of all ages, with a median age of 49–59 years. The most common complaints in patients with Covid-19 include fever, caught, dyspnea, general malaise and muscle aches. In the course of Covid-19 may occur pneumonia, which in about 20% of cases is moderately to severe and associated with respiratory distress. Important for otorhinolaryngologists are reports of smell and taste disorders. Post-infective loss of smell can make up about 30% of all patients with Covid-19. The confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with symptomatic or epidemiological suspicion of Covid-19 are genetic tests RT-PCR. Biological material is usually taken from the nose or nasopharynx. The management of Covid-19 is symptomatic because there is currently no specific cure drug. There is a particularly high risk of transmitting infection from a patient to the physicians, who are treating diseases of the respiratory tract or perform any interventions on the upper and lower respiratory tract. Low-symptomatic first stages of the disease with high viral load mean that during a pandemic, scheduled examinations and procedures should be limited. During the examination of patients or their treatment, adequate full PPE protection is indicated, reducing the risk of accidental infection of the treatment team. For the treatment of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or requiring immediate treatment without the possibility of determining epidemiological factors Covid-19, full protection in PPE is obligatory.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny; 2020, 9, 1; 19-27
2084-5308
2300-7338
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Musculoskeletal disorders and perception of working conditions: A survey of Brazilian dentists in São Paulo
Autorzy:
Ísper Garbin, Artênio J.
Barreto Soares, Gabriella
Moreira Arcieri, Renato
Adas Saliba Garbin, Cléa
Siqueira, Carlos E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2161867.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-05-08
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
Disability
occupational health
dentists
musculoskeletal disorders
risk factors
cumulative trauma disorders
Opis:
Objectives To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders amongst dentists who work in public clinics in São Paulo, Brazil, to investigate their awareness of the presence of risk factors in the workplace, disability due to pain, and the influence of pain on this awareness and disability. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 204 dentists who work in public health clinics in the northwest of São Paulo, Brazil. The data was collected through interviews, using the Nordic Questionnaire and the Work-Related Activities that May Contribute to Job-Related Pain Questionnaire. In the case of workers who reported pain, the Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ) and the Numeric Pain Scale were also administered. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0. Results Most dentists (81.4%) had musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the neck, shoulders and lower back. We found that the presence of symptoms in the neck (15.7%), shoulders (12.7%) and lower back (15.7%) were the major causes of absenteeism over the past 12 months. Occupational risk factors perceived as the most problematic ones were: bending or twisting the back in an awkward way, continuing to work when injured or hurt and working in the same position for long periods. Comparison between the symptomatic and asymptomatic dentists showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the perception of occupational risk factors. The analysis of the intensity of pain and disability with PDQ in the symptomatic dentists showed an average pain intensity of 3.8. Mean scores of the PDQ total (11.46) and its dimensions – functional condition (7.1) and psychosocial condition (4.4) – suggest a moderate disability in the dental surgeons. There was a strong t correlation (r = 0.697) between pain intensity and the total score of disability caused by pain. Conclusions Pain and work-related musculoskeletal disorders interfere significantly with the dentists’ lives. In the case of dental surgeons there is a significant correlation between pain intensity and disability. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):367–377
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2017, 30, 3; 367-377
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prevalence of blood-borne viruses among Iranian dentists: Results of a national survey
Autorzy:
Ahmad Akhoundi, Mohammad Sadegh
Momeni, Nafiseh
Norouzi, Mehdi
Ghalichi, Leila
Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza
Alavian, Seyed Moayed
Poortahmasebi, Vahdat
Jazayeri, Seyed Mohammad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2177368.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-05-18
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
infection control
blood-borne viruses
dentists
Health care workers
occult hepatitis B infection
HBV vaccine
Opis:
Objectives Health care workers, including dentists, are at the front line for acquiring blood-borne virus infections. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses among Iranian dentists. Material and Methods The survey included 1628 dental health care workers who attended the 51st annual Congress of the Iranian Dental Association. Data on the risk of blood-borne virus transmission during health care and infection control practices were gathered from self-administered questionnaires. Sera were screened serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The positive samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PRC) followed by direct sequencing. Results Six (0.36%) and 81 (5.0%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and (anti-hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc), respectively. Only 1 (0.061%) was positive for anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). No case was positive for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV). One case was diagnosed as being occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. One thousand five hundred thirty-five (94.3%) of participants had received at least 1 dose of HBV vaccine. One thousand three hundred fifty-nine (88.5%) contained hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) > 10 IU/ml, of whom 55 (4.0%) were anti-HBc positive, suggesting that they had been infected with HBV in the past. Anti-HBc positive cases had past histories of hepatitis, either their own or their spouses’. Individuals with inadequate anti-HBs levels (< 10 IU/ml) were significantly more prevalent among anti-HBc positive cases (p < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of blood-borne viruses among dental HCWs found in this study was lower than past reports from Iranian dentists and general population. The implementation of HBV vaccination together with improvement in infection control procedures has reduced the potential for risk infection among Iranian dentists.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2015, 28, 3; 593-602
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Izba Lekarska i inne organizacje lekarskie w Gdańsku do 1945 r.
Chamber of Physicians and Dentists and other doctors’ organizations in old Gdansk until 1945
Autorzy:
Machaliński, Zbigniew
Grabowski, Michał J. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/901873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna
Tematy:
Chamber of Physicians and Dentists
Gdansk until 1945
Collegium Medicum
Doctors’ Society
Abraham Lissauer
Free City of Danzig
Opis:
Founded by Danzig doctors in 1612 Collegium Medicum can be considered the first Chamber of Physicians and Dentists in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. Its aim and objective was representing the interests of the medical pro-fession and specialist training. The medical section of The Danzig Research Society (Danziger Naturfor-schende Gesellschaft) established in 1743, was transformed into Doctors’ Society (Arztlicher Verein zu Danzig) on November 29, 1876. On May 25, 1887 Chambers of Physicians and Dentists were created in all subdivisions of the Kingdom of Prussia. Abraham Lissauer (1832–1908), a German physician and anthropologist be-came the first president of the Chamber of Physicians and Dentists of West Prussia located in Danzig. The Chamber of Physicians and Dentists in the Free City of Danzig was reactivated in 1925.
Źródło:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość; 2012, 9; 313-319
1731-8440
Pojawia się w:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasady bezpieczeństwa przy udzielaniu świadczeń stomatologicznych w trakcie pandemii COVID-19
Revision of dentistry safety guidelines during COVID-19 pandemic
Autorzy:
Słowik, Joanna
Garlicka, Agnieszka
Kasprzycki, Karol
Orczykowska, Magdalena
Gębczyński, Krzysztof
Wong, Cynthia L.
Zarzecka, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087499.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-19
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
COVID-19
koronawirus
lekarze dentyści
pandemia
środki ochorny osobistej
świadczenia zdrowotne
coronavirus
dentists
pandemic
personal protective equipment
health services
Opis:
Szerząca się pandemia COVID-19, choroby wywołanej przez SARS-CoV-2, spowodowała diametralne zmiany w funkcjonowaniu placówek ochrony zdrowia, co wpłynęło także w znacznym stopniu na pracę lekarzy dentystów. Ze względu na wysoką zakaźność i przede wszystkim kropelkową drogę przenoszenia się SARS-CoV-2 pacjenci, tak jak personel gabinetów stomatologicznych, są szczególnie narażeni na zakażenie koronawirusem. W celu ograniczenia ryzyka rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19 wiele towarzystw medycznych wydało rekomendacje na temat postępowania przy udzielaniu świadczeń zdrowotnych w pandemii. Niniejszy artykuł w głównej mierze został opracowany na podstawie zaleceń polskiego Ministerstwa Zdrowia, ponieważ według rekomendacji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia przestrzeganie lokalnych zaktualizowanych wytycznych jest najistotniejsze. Nie ma możliwości przygotowania jednolitych wskazówek dla wszystkich lekarzy dentystów na świecie, ponieważ pandemia rozwija się w różnych krajach w innym tempie i każde państwo wymaga wytycznych dostosowanych do aktualnej sytuacji epidemiologicznej. Publikację dodatkowo uzupełniono przeglądem piśmiennictwa zagranicznego oraz wytycznymi proponowanymi przez poszczególne towarzystwa stomatologiczne. W artykule przedstawiono rekomendacje dotyczące funkcjonowania gabinetów stomatologicznych, wykonywania procedur stomatologicznych oraz zalecanych środków ochrony osobistej. Podkreślono nadrzędną zasadę, aby w pierwszej kolejności zarówno lekarze, jak i lekarze dentyści dbali o swoje zdrowie po to, żeby pomagać innym. Med. Pr. 2021;72(5):561–568
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has completely transformed the functioning of health care facilities. These changes have also significantly affected the work of dental health professionals. Due to the high infectivity of the virus and the fact that transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets, both dental patients and professionals are particularly exposed to coronavirus infection. In order to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, a number of medical societies have issued recommendations for the provision of health care services during the pandemic. The article is based mainly on the recommendations of the Polish Ministry of Health, since WHO recommendations underline that following updated local guidelines is of highest importance. It is impossible to outline uniform guidelines for all dental specialists in the world, as the pandemic develops at differing rates in different countries and each country requires guidelines adapted to the current local epidemiological situation. The publication features an additional review of foreign literature and guidelines proposed by individual dental societies. The article presents an overview of guidelines related to the functioning of dental offices, dental treatment procedures and recommended personal protective equipment, as well as underlines the overriding principle that both physicians and dental practitioners should first and foremost take care of their own health in order to be able to protect others. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):561–8
Źródło:
Medycyna Pracy; 2021, 72, 5; 561-568
0465-5893
2353-1339
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Pracy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastępcza zgoda sądu na wykonanie szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19
The Court’s Surrogate Approval of Vaccination Against COVID-19
Autorzy:
Komarnicka-Boberska, Karolina
Ulman, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1964320.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
szczepienie
COVID-19
prawa pacjenta
zgoda sądu na szczepienie
ustawa o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty
vaccination
patient rights
court’s approval of vaccination
Act on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Professions
Opis:
Opracowanie omawia tryb postępowania przed sądem opiekuńczym w przedmiocie wyrażenia tzw. zgody zastępczej na wykonanie świadczenia zdrowotnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19, wobec osób, które z przyczyn obiektywnych – stan zdrowia lub wiek – nie są w stanie podjąć w tym zakresie świadomej decyzji. Analizie poddano obecnie obowiązujące przepisy kodeksu postępowania cywilnego oraz ustawy o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty. Z uwagi na brak jakiejkolwiek odrębnej regulacji procesowej dotyczącej postępowania w tym przedmiocie szczególną uwagę poświęcono kwestii prawidłowej reprezentacji procesowej osoby, której dotyczy zgoda, jak również problemowi gromadzenia i oceny dowodów. Celem autorów było dokonanie w szczególności oceny dostrzeżonych w praktyce luk prawnych oraz wskazanie możliwych rozwiązań praktycznych i proceduralnych, co ma istotne znaczenie zwłaszcza w obecnej sytuacji epidemiologicznej, jako że tego typu postępowania stanowią obecnie znaczny odsetek spraw rozpoznawanych przez sądy.
The paper discusses the procedure before the guardianship court regarding granting so-called surrogate approval of providing a healthcare service, particularly vaccination against COVID-19, to persons who are unable to make a conscious decision in this regard for objective reasons – health or age. The currently applicable provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Act on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Professions were analysed. Due to lack of any separate procedural regulation of procedure in this regard, special attention was paid to the right court representation of the person whom the approval concerns and to the issue of gathering and assessing evidence. The authors’ goal was in particular to evaluate legal loopholes noticed in practice and to indicate possible practical and procedural solutions, which is specifically essential in the current epidemiological situation, as nowadays these types of proceedings constitute a significant percentage of cases examined by courts.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2021, 13, 4; 37-51
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Godność stanu (zawodu) lekarskiego” w Polsce – perspektywa historycznoprawna (1918–1991)
“The dignity of the medical profession” in Poland – historical and legal perspective (1918–1991)
Autorzy:
Zieliński, Piotr
Radkowska-Gizelska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2189385.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
historia samorządu zawodowego lekarzy i lekarzy dentystow w Polsce
godność zawodu lekarskiego
prawo medyczne
etyka lekarska
history of the professional self-government of doctors and dentists in Poland
the dignity of the medical profession
medical law
medical ethics
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono genezę powstawania samorządu zawodowego lekarzy i lekarzy dentystów w Polsce oraz omówiono najważniejsze etapy w kształtowaniu deontologii wyżej wymienionego zawodu od początków II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Praca została poświęcona etycznej zasadzie dbania o godność zawodu lekarskiego oraz niepostępowania w sposób podważający zaufanie do tegoż zawodu (o której mowa w art. 1 Kodeksu Etyki Lekarskiej z 1991 r.). Autorzy szczególną uwagę poświęcili zmianom, które miały miejsce na przestrzeni lat, oraz ukazaniu zróżnicowanego podejścia do sposobu postrzegania przedmiotowej zasady etyki lekarskiej.
This paper presents the genesis of the formation of the doctors’ and dentists’ professional self-government in Poland and discusses the most important stages of shaping the deontology of the aforementioned profession since the beginning of the Second Polish Republic. The paper is devoted to the ethical principle of preserving the dignity of the medical profession and not acting in a manner that undermines trust in that profession (as referred to in Article 1 of the Code of Medical Ethics of 1991). The authors have given special attention to the changes that have taken place over the years and have shown different approaches to the perception of this medical ethics’ principle.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego; 2022, XXV, 25; 209-226
1733-0335
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10

    Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies