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Tytuł:
Związki zielonej kryminologii z kryminologią tradycyjną
The interrelations of green criminology and traditional criminology
Autorzy:
Drzazga, Edyta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698845.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zielona kryminologia
kryminologia tradycyjna
przestępczość przeciwko środowisku naturalnemu
green criminology
mainstream criminology
environmental criminality
Opis:
Green criminology, whilst functioning under the banner of critical criminology since its inception, has slowly begun to have more and more to do with traditional criminology. The subject of this article is the interrelations of this new perspective and traditional considerations on crime. Green criminology seems to have much to offer mainstream criminology, enriching it with ideas that have hitherto been unnoticed or overlooked. In turn, the achievements of traditional criminology provide useful solutions and concepts that can enable green criminology to develop.
Zielona kryminologia, mimo że od początku funkcjonuje pod szyldem nurtu krytycznego w obrębie kryminologii, powoli zaczyna mieć coraz więcej wspólnego z kryminologią tradycyjną. Przedmiotem artykułu są wzajemne powiązania tego nowego kierunku z tradycyjnymi rozważaniami na temat przestępczości. Zielona kryminologia zdaje się mieć wiele do zaoferowania kryminologii tradycyjnej, wzbogacając ją o perspektywy, które dotychczas były niezauważane lub pomijane. Z kolei dorobek tradycyjnej kryminologii dostarcza użytecznych rozwiązań i koncepcji umożliwiających rozwój zielonej kryminologii.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/1; 9-29
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Związki między wiktymizacją oraz ubóstwem i wykluczeniem społecznym
Relations of victimisation to poverty and social exclusion
Autorzy:
Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
bieda a przestępczość
polityka kryminalna
wiktymizacja
criminology
crime
poverty
victimology
victimization
social exclusion
Opis:
Since the emergence of criminology as a science, one of the main problems taken up by criminologists was the relations between poverty and crime. Initially, the studies aimed to work out actions to prevent crime and to protect the rest of the society from the marginalized, the excluded and the poor. It was pointed out that that the group called the underclass was marked by criminal deeds of its members, alcohol abuse, family disruption, single parenting, dependence on social security, and physical abuse in families. Only until later, with the development of victimology, the other side started to be observed – the description of the underclass is true as much in the case of perpetrators as it is in the case of victims. It has been proved that poverty and marginalization are related to a higher risk of becoming a victim of a crime. In case of poverty and social exclusion, one can speak of a cause-effect relationship but undoubtedly this can work in both directions – poverty usually adds to social exclusion while social exclusion (particularly more severe, like e.g. ostracism) can lead to poverty. Already at the time of emergence of victimology it was observed that victimization does not concern all members of a society to the same degree. Some social groups become crime victims more often than others. Certain categories of people were recognized as particularly vulnerable to wrongful deeds. In 1947 Hans von Hentig drafted up the first categorisation of persons who were at an increased risk of victimization. It included particular categories of people whose psychological, physical, and behavioural features predispose them to the role of a victim. The author listed larger social groups (eg. young people or women) but also such groups which are included in the context of social exclusion today. He claimed that, among others, mentally ill, retarded, substance dependant are particularly vulnerable to victimisation because their limited perception of situation makes them an easier target to theft, con or fraud. He listed immigrants who are in cultural conflict and rejected by the majority as „aliens”, the poor, and people with emotional problems as all these weaknesses could be easily used by criminals. Other minorities faced similar problems. Social inequality touches upon them in a greater degree and this increases the risk of victimisation. Today, we speak of victimisation of minorities also in the context of prejudice-motivated crimes and the elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups. Benjamin Mendelsohn accented not individual features of victims but their behaviour in cer-tain situational context. According to the author, persons whose behaviour infringes principles of social co-existence and, as a consequence, who put themselves at risk of marginalization, are exactly those who can easily become victims. Living apart from the society and contrary to its rules after all influences the risk of victimization.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 43-89
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Złodzieje w międzywojennym Lublinie. Analiza historyczno-kryminologiczna
Thieves in Interwar Lublin. Historical and Criminological Analysis
Autorzy:
Rodak, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/33915984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
crime
Lublin
Second Polish Republic
GIS
criminology
thieves
poverty
exclusion
przestępczość
Druga Rzeczypospolita
kryminologia
złodzieje
bieda
wykluczenie
Opis:
Artykuł, którego tematyka mieści się w nurcie badań Urban studies, stanowi próbę prezentacji wieloaspektowej charakterystyki środowiska lubelskich złodziei okresu międzywojennego. W tym celu wykorzystano metody analizy statystycznej, kryminologicznej oraz technologię GIS. W pierwszej kolejności określono szacunkową liczebności badanej grupy. Rekonstruując jej charakterystykę uwzględniono wpływ różnorodnych zmiennych (przede wszystkim płci i wyznania sprawców kradzieży). Dokonano wstępnego opisu struktury społeczno-zawodowej środowiska. Dzięki wykorzystaniu technologii GIS odtworzono lokalną strukturę miejsca zamieszkania złodziei oraz dokonywania kradzieży. Uwzględnienie różnorodnych zmiennych pozwoliło opisać funkcjonujący w międzywojennym Lublinie schemat zachowań przestępczych. Jednocześnie zagregowanie dostępnych danych umożliwiło skonstruowanie mapy ówczesnych lubelskich hot-spotów przestępczości (tj. obszarów, które charakteryzowały się znaczną „koncentracją zjawisk patologicznych”). W końcu autor postarał się udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie o przyczyny, dla których część ówczesnych lublinian podejmowała decyzję o dokonaniu kradzieży.Jest to pierwsza próba opisu przestrzennych uwarunkowań zachowań nienormatywnych w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Jak dotąd w polskich badaniach okresu międzywojennego nie podejmowano analiz dotyczących wzajemnych relacji między charakterem lokalnych środowisk przestępczych, a wielowymiarową specyfiką miejsc, w których funkcjonowały. Badania takie, dotyczące głównie zjawiska prostytucji, stają się powoli standardem w historiografii krajów anglosaskich. Autor liczy na to, że artykuł stanie się zachętą do podejmowania analogicznych studiów dla innych miast Polski międzywojennej. Suma takich badań pozwoli w przyszłości na przeprowadzenie szerszych analiz, których wyniki uzupełnią ustalenia historiografii anglosaskiej.
The article, the subject of which places it in the field of Urban Studies, is an attempt to present a multi-faceted characterization of the community of thieves in Lublin in the interwar period. For this purpose, methods of statistical and criminological analysis and GIS technology were used. First, the estimated size of the study group was determined. When reconstructing its characteristics, the influence of various variables (mainly sex and religion of the perpetrators of the theft) was taken into account. An initial description of the socio-professional structure of the environment was made. Thanks to the use of GIS technology, the local structure of the thieves’ place of residence and theft was reconstructed. By taking into account various variables, the pattern of criminal behaviour functioning in interwar Lublin was described. At the same time, the aggregation of the available data made it possible to construct a map of the then Lublin crime hotspots (i.e. areas characterized by a significant „concentration of pathological phenomena”). Finally, the author tried to answer the question of what motivated some of the then inhabitants of Lublin to resort to stealing.This is the first attempt to describe the spatial conditions of non-normative behaviour in the Second Polish Republic. Polish historiography of that period has not analysed the mutual relations between the nature of local criminal circles and the multidimensional specificity of the places where they functioned. Such research, mainly concerning the phenomenon of prostitution, is slowly becoming a standard in the historiography of Anglo-Saxon countries. The author hopes that the article will encourage similar studies to be undertaken in other cities of interwar Poland. The sum of such studies will make it possible to carry out broader analyses in the future, the results of which will complement the findings of Anglo-Saxon historiography.
Źródło:
Res Historica; 2023, 56; 507-557
2082-6060
Pojawia się w:
Res Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zawieranie małżeństw polsko-cudzoziemskich w celu obejścia przepisów legalizacyjnych
Marriages Between Polish and Foreign Nationals Entered into with a View to Circumventing the Law on the Legalization of Residence
Autorzy:
Klaus, Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698638.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
małżeństwa polsko-cudzoziemskie
przepisy legalizacyjne
kryminologia
foreign nationals
legalization of residence
criminology
marriages
Opis:
In a changing and increasingly globalized world, in which migration is on the rise, more and more frequently marriages are being entered into between people of different nationalities, and also, often enough, of different confession or ethnicity. Many scholars claim that the widespread nature of this phenomenon may, in fact, attest to a high level of integration of the migrants into the society and their resultant social acceptance. On the other hand, various studies reveal that in numerous societies mixed marriages are not generally approved of. Marriage may be perceived very differently, depending on the actual perspective or an approach opted for when putting it under closer scrutiny. For some, its key component will consist in the relationship between two individuals forming it, others will be happy to see rather as a primary building block of a society, a kind of social nucleus, others still, first and foremost in business terms. Finally, marriage may also be looked upon as a means of controlling and oppressing women. In different domains of the law, the institution of marriage is bound to be perceived very differently. In terms of immigration law, marriage is perceived first and foremost as an instrument for the legalization of a foreign national’s residence in another country. Marriage may also be looked upon as a certain source of risk, including that to public security. The very fact of its conclusion may be considered a criminal offence, e.g. in the case of forcing someone into entering into such a relationship. A number of countries face a recognized problem of the so-called forced marriages. In terms of immigration law, the problem consists in making an instrumental use of the institution of marriage in order to legalize one’s residence in the country. This is referred to as a marriage of convenience, or paper marriage, fictitious union, sometimes also referred to as fake marriage. Under Polish law, they are subsumed under the term “marriages contracted in order to circumvent the legislation in place,” i.e. presumably the Foreign Nationals Act. There are various definitions of virtual marriages to be found in the literature on the subject. They are referred to as relationships in which at least one of the partners contracts a marriage with no intention of pursuing true married life whatsoever. Other definitions highlight a purely instrumental use of the institution of marriage in order to achieve certain benefits, usually with a view to being granted a bona fide residence status, but also for the purpose of escaping from oppressive family relations or cultural pressures exerted by a social group to which they happen to belong. Relevant EU provisions recommend that the Member States introduce mechanisms for the monitoring of mixed marriages and make references to specific cases whereupon a fictitious marriage might well be suspected. Polish legal regulations have been duly adapted to them (provisions of Article 169, Foreign Nationals Act). The number of cases in which provincial governors agreed that a marriage had been contracted in order to circumvent the legislation in place is not high. Over 10 years, only 1,178 of such cases have been identified throughout the country, which accounted for just over 2% of all decisions on legalizing a foreign national’s residence in the country in connection with contracting a mixed marriage. The paper presents the results of a representative sample of residence legalization cases, whereupon provincial governors found marriages to have been contracted under false pretences in the period spanning 2009–2013. A total of 138 of such cases were examined. A vast majority of the surveyed marriages subsequently found to be fictitious was based on the paradigm most popular in the Polish context, i.e. a female Polish citizen marrying a foreign national (72% of cases). Most often, such marriages were contracted by Nigerian nationals, followed by Armenians, Turks, and Ukrainians. The residence in Poland of around a half of the expats might be regarded as a short-term one (as it would not last in excess of 3 years), another 25% might can be described as medium-term migrants, and the remainder, the long-term ones, since they had lived in Poland country for over 10 years. Nigerians and foreign nationals from South Asia and the Mediterranean countries did not usually spend more than three years in Poland, whereas our eastern neighbours and the Armenians tended to stay for at least 4 years, and frequently more than 10 years. A vast majority of married couples, almost 70% of all cases, first met in Poland. In 13% of the cases, they met in another EU country – usually during a longer sojourn of female Polish citizens in that country, or, in a single case, a male Polish citizen. Most foreign nationals marrying Polish women (69%) were over 26 and under 40. There were relatively few older ones, i.e. those over 40 years of age. The average age of female Polish citizens married by them was different, though, as the group of younger ones, i.e. up to 30 years of age, seemed to be dominant. The group of older women, i.e. over 50 years of age, also is quite prominent. In very few cases it was possible to determine during the residence legalization procedure that the spouses had concluded a formal agreement regarding the fictitious nature of their marriage, which would also have its financial aspect: a Polish national was due to receive money in exchange for contracting marriage to a foreign national. Such an aspect was encountered in 15 cases only, and most often the information came from a Polish national who felt cheated out of the payment of the amount originally promised to him/her. When determining the fictitious nature of a marriage, the officials were often aided by the spouses themselves – in 2/3 of the cases under investigation at the time of filing an application for the legalization of residence, they no longer lived together (although sometimes it was due to the fact that the husband still lived abroad having just applied for the right to claim residence in Poland, yet such cases were rather few, as was indicated above). Following an on-site verification whether a married couple actually lived together for the duration of the administrative proceedings, it transpired that in up to 91% of the cases they did not, including the 42 cases, when one of the spouses explicitly described the relationship as over. Polish citizenship as a ‘commodity’ has steadily grown in value in view of the attendant opportunity to obtain legal residence in other EU countries and contracting employment without the need for any permits. Hence, many people are ready to go to any lengths to obtain such a highly prized document. Consequently, the phenomenon of marriages of convenience is expected to rise. On the other hand, this particular type of motivation for contracting marriage by foreign nationals is, and most likely will remain rather hard to detect, so we might just as well acknowledge this as a hard fact of life. There will always be various ways to circumvent legal regulations. While constructing the legislation aimed at preventing fictitious marriages, it should be considered how much effort and resources we are prepared to allocate to preventive measures, to what extent they are expected to be effective (since often they are not, despite the substantial expenditures incurred), and to what extent we can afford to limit the citizens’ rights in this particular respect. When making incursions into someone’s family life and interfering with their marital relations, this is definitely an issue of paramount importance. Finally, it should be borne in mind that marriage is a kind of social contract, and that it has always been so. Marriage out of love is a relatively new concept, and related to a larger extent to a cultural fabric of the global North. In other cultures, marriage has often retained its historical character. One simply needs to acknowledge and accept it as a fact of life when shaping migration policy.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 269-319
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasady legalizacji pobytu cudzoziemców i struktura cudzoziemców w Polsce
(The Principles of Legalization of Foreign Nationals’ Residence in Poland – a Structural Overview
Autorzy:
Zdanowicz, Mieczysława
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698630.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
cudzoziemcy
zasady legalizacji pobytu
struktura cudzoziemców w Polsce
kryminologia
foreign nationals
legalization of residence
criminology
Polska
Opis:
The status of foreign nationals residing in the Republic of Poland is far from uniform. Individuals seeking refuge, to whom assistance should be offered in pursuance of international obligations or nationwide legislation, make up an unique group in many respects. As of May 1, 2015, foreign nationals on the Polish territory are eligible for the following forms of statutory protection: 1) refugee status, 2) subsidiary protection, 3) political asylum, or 4) temporary protection. Yet another privileged group of foreign nationals comprises all individuals benefiting from the freedom of movement of persons within the European Union. The rules applicable to the citizens of EU Member States who reside in Poland, as well as to members of their families, are subject to regulations originating in two legal systems, namely the national legislation and that adopted by the European Union. The EU Directive 2004/38/EC was transposed into the Polish legal system through an act of parliament of 2006. The rules of residence pertaining to EU citizens and members of their families vary, depending on the length of stay: 3 months, over 3 months, and permanent residence. In view of the actual length of residence of an EU citizen (a third-country national) in Poland, the formal requirements regarding the legalization of stay, vary. By far the least formalized approach applies to a foreigner intending to stay in Poland up to 3 months, whereas a stay of over 3 months requires a temporary residence permit. Apart from that, there is still an option of obtaining a permanent residence permit, and a long-term EU residence permit. Low-level cross-border traffic is a legal instrument meant to facilitate cross-border co-operation of local communities with the visa regime between the two neighbouring countries still in place. It makes crossing the border considerably easier in terms of the formalities actually entailed, while tangibly assisting in the development of cooperation between the neighbouring communities in the domain of culture, family relations, social interaction, etc. The total number of foreign nationals residing in Poland is relatively small. The group is well diversified in terms of individual status and the actual length of stay. Out of the group of persons clearly intending to enjoy the benefits offered by an internationally warranted protection status in Poland, a higher proportion satisfies the requirements for a subsidiary protection rather than the bona fide refugee status. EU citizens residing in Poland constitute a varied group with respect to their actual length of stay. By far, the most numerous is the group staying for up to 3 months. In the remaining group of foreign nationals, there are ones who have received a temporary residence permit. Much smaller is the number of persons who have received a permanent residence permit and a long-term EU residence permit. The opportunity to engage in low-level cross-border traffic is highly appreciated by the local communities.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 441-458
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Założenie rodziny jako punkt zwrotny w badaniach z zakresu kryminologii drogi życiowej. Wybrane problemy
Создание семьи как поворотный момент в исследованиях в области криминологии жизненного пути. Избранные вопросы
Створення сім’ї як переломний момент у дослідженнях у сфері кримінології життєвого шляху. Вибрані проблеми
Family formation as a “turning point” in research of life path criminology. Selected problems
Autorzy:
Kotowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2090057.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-09
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
чоловічий злочин
супутники життя злочинців
сімейне оточення злочинців
шлюб
переломні моменти
самостримання від злочинів
мужская преступность
спутницы жизни правонарушителей
семейное окружение правонарушителей
брак
поворотные моменты
отказ от преступлений
criminality in men
life partners of offenders
family environment of offenders
marriage
turnings points
restrain from criminal activity
life path criminology
przestępczość mężczyzn
partnerki życiowe przestępców
środowisko rodzinne przestępców
małżeństwo
punkty zwrotne
powstrzymywanie się od przestępczości
Opis:
Punktami zwrotnymi w kryminologii określa się najczęściej te wydarzenia, doświadczenia lub stany, które mają długotrwały wpływ na życie sprawcy przestępstwa i w konsekwencji skutkują jego „odstąpieniem” od przestępczości. Zakończenie drogi przestępczej jest złożonym procesem. W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury poświęconej pojęciu punktów zwrotnych z perspektywy kryminologii drogi życiowej, w szczególności roli kobiet w hamowaniu działalności przestępczej ich mężczyzn. W pewnym zakresie omówiono założenia metodologiczne przeprowadzonych w tym obszarze badań oraz zasugerowano pola przyszłych badań nad punktami zwrotnymi.
Переломними моментами в кримінології найчастіше називають ті події, переживання чи стани, які мають тривалий вплив на життя злочинця і, як наслідок, призводять до його «відходу» від злочину. Закін- чення злочинного шляху – складний процес. У статті розглядається література щодо концепції переломних моментів з точки зору криміналістики життєвого шляху, зокрема ролі жінки в гальмуванні злочинної діяльно- сті своїх чоловіків. Певною мірою були обговорені методологічні припущення проведених досліджень у цій галузі та запропоновано напрямки майбутніх досліджень переломних моментів.
Поворотные моменты в криминологии чаще всего определяются как те события, переживания или состояния, которые оказывают длительное влияние на жизнь правонарушителя и, как следствие, приводят к прекращению им преступной деятельности. Прекращение преступного пути – сложный процесс. В данной статье рассматривается литература, посвященная концепции поворотных моментов с точки зрения криминологии жизненного пути, в частности, роли женщин в сдерживании преступной деятельности своих мужчин. В определенной степени обсуждаются методологические предпосылки исследований, проведенных в этой области, и предлагаются напрваления для будущих исследований поворотных моментов.
It ought to be noted that turning point, one of the main ideas in the life course theory, is at present not studied sufficiently in the domain of life course criminology. A turning point frequently entails a specific event, experience or awareness leading to changes towards a pathway or uninterrupted route over the course of a long period of time. Desistance from crime is a complex process. This article includes: (1) a description of the main features of literature relevant to the concept of turning points from the perspective of life course and developmental criminology, in particular starting a family (2) surveys literature concerning turning points, in particular the role of women in inhibiting the criminal activities of their men (3) takes into account methodological discussions and proposes fields for subsequent studies of turning points.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2022, 2; 37-54
1897-7146
2719-4264
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN z perspektywy współczesnej
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies in a Modern Perspective
Autorzy:
Buczkowski, Konrad
Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698876.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Instytut Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN
Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 49-63
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadnienia psychopatii i resocjalizacji przestępców-psychopatów w dziejach polskiej myśli kryminologicznej
The problems of psychopathy and resocialization of psychopathic offenders in the history of polish criminological thought
Autorzy:
Nelken, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699322.pdf
Data publikacji:
1989
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
psychopatia
resocjalizacja
charakteropatia
przestępcy
historia
psychiatra
patologiczny
psychopata
alkoholizm
leczenie
kryminologia
osobowość
zmiany
psychopathy
resocialization
characteropathy
offenders
history
psychiatrist
pathological
psychopath
alcoholism
treatment
criminology
personality
changes
prognosis
Opis:
              The notion of psychopathy as deficiency of emotions, will, and drives was shaped in the late  19th and early 20th century (Koch, Birnbaum, Kraepelin, Schneider). In Poland between the two world wars, studies of psychopathy were carried out by outstanding psychiatrists (Radziwiłłowicz, Wachholz, Nelken, Łuniewski) whose works initiated the development of criminal psychopathology in our country. Their opinions were as follows: the basic trait of a psychopathic character is a pathological moral defect the intensity of which rnay differ in different individuals. Against that background, many other disorders exist, most frequent being a pathological increase of affectivity. The pathological moral defect results from the psychopaths deficient emotions. The pathological mental changes are quantitative and not qualitative which is why psychopathy cannot be considered a mental illness. The opinion prevailed that psychopathy has constitutional grounds as opposed to pathological changes of character caused by other factors (e. g. brain lesions). It was also believed, that external factors, the social environment, alcohol and drugs above all, contribute to the shaping of a psychopathic character.                Psychopathy was considered a highly crime-generating factor and the ground of many cases of alcoholism and drug addiction. As a constitutional and permanent condition psychopathy is not susceptible to psychiatric treatment; the researchers believed that imprisonment creates the proper conditions of resocialization of psychopathic offenders. The type of prison for psychopaths who commit offences was discussed, the question being whether they should be kept in normal prisons with other prisoners, or in special penal institutions. In the 1930's, a criminal-biological examination of prisoners starred, initiated by the Ministry of Justice, with psychiatric and psychological examination playing the leading part. The aim was mainly to work out a system of segregation of  prisoners who were to be put in appropriate prisons with different rules. The outbreak of World War II stopped the project.                The postwar Polish publications usually point to the crime-generating faculties of psychopathy which result from its being a deficiency of emotions, will, and drives and an individual's permanent condition although it may be lessened or aggravated in various stages of life according to physiological processes and external conditions. As manifested by studies carried out in Poland, mainly the psychiatric ones, there is a considerable number of psychopaths among the perpetrators of various types of offences. Among those guilty of murder, 29.4 per cent of psychopaths were found (Fleszar-Szumigajowa it al.), among thieves of public property-26.19 and of private properly - 28.12 per cent (Malik). There were 48 per cent of psychopaths among recidivists ( Ostrihanska). The above proportions do not include offenders with psychopathological traits similar to psychopathy but resulting from a disease or lesion of brain (the so-called characteropaths).                Among the different types of psychopaths, particular attention should be drawn to unqualified psychopaths (emotionless according to Schneider’s classification) and to schizoidal psychopaths. Representatives of both these types can be found among serious criminals, murderes in particular, and among recidivists. As follows from psychiatric examination of murderers, sex murderers ale usually unqualified or schizoidal psychopaths (Szymusik). Despite their common characteristic, i. e. the deficient emotions, there two typ.. of psychopaths differ from each other to some extent which is important from the point of view of criminal psychopathology. An unqualified psychopath is usually characterized by a more marked deficiency of emotions and behaviour his environment frequently perceives as contradictory to the rules of social life. Instead, the emotional deficiency of a schizoidal psychopath is accompanied by his tendency to conceal his real emotions and intentions from the environment and to ambivalence, making this type of psychopath more difficult to diagnose as dangerous to others. The above findings have been obtained from specially selected groups  i. e. persons suspected of offences or convicted, who were subjected to psychiatric examination because of their unusual behaviour as a rule.                As regards the problem of criminal responsibility of psychopaths, an opinion prevails that such persons are accountable in principle. This follows from the fact that psychopathy is not a mental disease, a psychopath retaining his ability to understand the nature of his act as he is not mentally deficient and usually has a normal I.Q.A psychopaths is also able to control his conduct: as shown in practice by a number of cases, psychopaths. usually desist from the intended act if they find the conditions to be unpropitious; they also retain critical judgement of the separate elements of a given situation, thus to secure for themselves the necessary conditions and to be safe after the act. Thus in such psychopaths, intellect is able to control the deficient emotions and will to the extent that they discern the chances of a temporary gain. A psychopath may be found to have diminished accountability in particular cases only, and to be non-accountable -exceptionally. This takes  place if his ability to control his own conduct was largely limited or entirely supressed due to the type of psychopathy (e. g. in depressive or vehement psychopaths), the particular, circumstances of the act which increased the psychopathic reaction,  or the additional mental complications (e. g. mental deficiency found jointly with psychopathy).               Resocialization of psychopathic offenders proved a difficult problem in practice due to their abnormal personality and reaction to imprisonment. Psychopaths serve their terms in special prisons for persons in need of particular medical and educational measures. Among   their inmates who deviate from the mental norm, psychopaths constitute 40 per cent. They are resocialized through initiation into discipline, order and work, and through additional general or professional schooling if necessary.  They also undergo psychocorrective treatment individually or in groups with specialized prison staff; the treatment is aimed at arousing in them a critical attitude towards their own conduct. Having served their term, psychopathic recidivists are subjected to protective supervision of a court-appointed curator, the aim of which is their further resocialization and prevention or their relapse into crime. If a recidivist evades supervision on release, he is placed in a social adjustment centre by a court's decision. In the centre, psychopaths should receive a treatment conducive to their resacialization. Psychopaths receive postpenitentiary assistence, if necessary, which consists mainly in finding a job and lodgings (e. g. in a worker’s hostel) for them. Yet many psychopaths relapse into crime despite that assistance. To end with, the fact is stressed in the paper that small differences in the definitions of psychopathy given by the  separate authors and the sometimes found diagnostic differences- are not sufficient grounds for the term ,,psychopathv’’ to be replaced with other terms leading to considerable ambiguity. ,,Psychopathy’’ is a diagnostically established term and its replacement with ,, personality disorders’’ or ,,abnormal personality’’ only makes the problem obscure, blurring the difference between psychopathy and characteropathy, and between psychopathy and conditions such as neuropathic disposition and pathological character changes resulting from alcoholism or drug addiction. An explicit definition of the differences between these psychopathological conditions is most important for  judicial decisions and forensic psychiatry, for defining the chances and methods of treatment, and for criminological prognosis.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1989, XVI; 245-276
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystywanie seksualne małoletniego pokrzywdzonego w rodzinie - wybrane zagadnienia kryminologiczne i penitencjarne
Sexual Exploitation of a Minor in the Family: Selected Criminological and Penal Issues
Autorzy:
Szwejkowska, Małgorzata
Załuski, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698570.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przemoc w rodzinie
przemoc wobec dzieci
sexual exploitation
minor
criminology
Opis:
Incest is a perennial moral taboo. The word usually denotes sexual relations between close family members, and less frequently, in-laws and adoptees. Prohibitions on engaging in these types of sexual relations can be found in every society. The family members prohibited by the criminal law from engaging in sexual relations with each other might have changed and narrowed over the centuries, but this type of deed remains proscribed by most criminal law systems. It is usually noted, however, that the small number of convictions recorded for this type of crime every year is a sign that a clear majority of perpetrators of incest and similar acts go unpunished. Where the legal provisions concerning incest fall short is in their practical ineffectiveness when it comes to preventing victimisation. A general psychological profile of this type of offender has yet to be created, as has a broader profile of the paedophile. This might be difficult because the nature of what causes sexual preference disorders (e.g. paedophilia, sadism and fetishism) has yet to be determined. The results presented in this paper are intended to reveal the character traits that distinguish offenders who incestuously exploit minors and who have been diagnosed as paraphiliacs. The average age of the offenders surveyed was 43 years. This finding accords with results of the studies presented in the international literature, viz. that people convicted of incest and other sexual offences against minors living with them in the same household are older than rapists and paedophiles whose victims do not live with them in the same household. The survey group was dominated by people with primary (including 5 who had completed “special schools” at primary level) or vocational education (most common among those convicted). A mere 7 people who could produce a diploma to prove they had finished secondary school were recorded and most of these qualifications were vocational. No one in the group had higher education. Their level of education was found to match their current occupations, i.e. trades or manual labour that did not require any special qualifications, and to bear out the fact that most of them were of average IQ. Everyone in the group had been diagnosed with one or more sexual preference disorders and for this reason they were all completing remedial programs while serving prison terms. This category of convicts was dominated by people diagnosed as repeat heterosexual paedophiles. It is also worth noting that many in the group had been diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders – especially alcohol dependence syndrome – in addition to sexual preference disorders. The victims were overwhelmingly female (59 or 85.5% of the total). Thirty six of these girls had been sexually exploited by their biological fathers. The sex of the victim would therefore appear to be of crucial importance in terms of threats from friends and relatives living in the same environment.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2014, XXXVI; 341-362
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie informacji geograficznej w kryminalistyce
The use of geographic information in criminology
Autorzy:
Kaczmarek, I.
Olejniczak, D.
Szostak, M.
Iwaniak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/346463.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Informacji Przestrzennej
Tematy:
analiza czasowo-przestrzenna
GIS
predykcja w kryminalistyce
grafowe bazy danych
spatiotemporal analyses
prediction in criminology
graph databases
Opis:
Kryminalistyka jest nauką, która zajmuje się zarówno wykrywaniem przestępstw, jak również przewidywaniem oraz zapobieganiem powstawaniu i rozwojowi przestępczości. Już w XIX wieku lokalizacja miejsca przestępstwa była jednym z najważniejszych zadań wykrywczych organów ścigania. Niespełna sto lat później zaczęto wykorzystywać systemy informacji geograficznej w celu szybszego rozpoznawania i wykrywania sprawców przestępstw, prognozowania ich przestępczych zachowań, jak również planowania efektywniejszej dyslokacji patroli policyjnych. W artykule autorzy dokonują przeglądu metod i możliwości wykorzystania narzędzi GIS w rozpoznawaniu, wykrywaniu, dowodzeniu i przeciwdziałaniu (profilaktyce i prewencji) zachowań przestępczych. Przedstawiają także potencjalne możliwości wykorzystania grafowych baz danych, na przykład dla potrzeb tworzenia wersji kryminalistycznej, profilowania kryminalnego czy też w analizie kryminalnej.
Criminology is a science that deals not only with the detection of crimes, but also with prediction and prevention of their emergence and development. As early as in the 19th century location of a crime was one of the most important tasks of law enforcement investigations. Less than a hundred years later, GIS began to be used in order to faster recognise and detect offenders, predicting their criminal behaviour, as well as for planning efficient dislocation of police patrols. In the article, the authors review the methods and possibilities to use GIS for crime recognition, detection, command and prevention. They also show the potential use of graph databases, e.g. for the purpose of criminal profiling or in the crime analysis.
Źródło:
Roczniki Geomatyki; 2016, 14, 3(73); 363-373
1731-5522
2449-8963
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Geomatyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykonywanie środków izolacyjnych orzeczonych wobec nieletnich. Analiza wyników badania
Implementation of the isolation measures applied to juveniles. The results of the study
Autorzy:
Włodarczyk-Madejska, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698918.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
nieletni
młodzieżowy ośrodek wychowawczy
zakład poprawczy
wychowawcy placówek izolacyjnych dla nieletnich
wykonywanie środków wobec nieletnich
kryminologia
juveniles
youth educational center
correctional facility
implementation of the isolation measures
criminology
Opis:
The article is about the implementation of isolation measures applied to juveniles, such as a placement in a youth educational centre or a correctional facility. Usually, this is the final stage of formal social control for the unlawful behaviour of children and young people because – due to the age in which they leave these institutions – they will be criminally liable as adults for any subsequent crimes they commit. Hence, work undertaken by educators in isolation institutions for their pupils seems extremely important. The educators of these institutions described how it looks, what is difficult about it, how they perceive their pupils (typical, difficult, or requiring treatment, currently versus ten years ago), and how they evaluate the effects and success of their work in research carried out at the Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 2018. The results of this study are presented in the article.
Artykuł dotyczy wykonywania środków izolacyjnych orzeczonych wobec nieletnich w postaci umieszczenia w młodzieżowym ośrodku wychowawczym lub w zakładzie poprawczym. Zwykle jest to ostatni etap reakcji formalnej kontroli społecznej na zachowania niezgodne z prawem dzieci i młodzieży, ponieważ – z uwagi na wiek, w jakim opuszczają te placówki – za kolejne popełniane przez siebie czyny będą ponosili odpowiedzialność karną jako osoby dorosłe. Stąd niezwykle istotna wydaje się praca, jaką podejmują wychowawcy placówek izolacyjnych wobec swoich podopiecznych. O tym, jak ona wygląda, co jest w niej trudne, jak wychowawcy postrzegają swoich wychowanków (typowych, trudnych, wymagających leczenia, współczesnych i tych sprzed 10 lat), jak oceniają efekty i sukces swojej pracy, opowiedzieli sami wychowawcy tych placówek podczas badania zrealizowanego w Zakładzie Kryminologii Instytutu Nauk Prawnych PAN w 2018 r. Wyniki badania zostały przedstawione w artykule.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/2
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
What state of the natural environment will we leave for future generations? Review of the causes of the current ecological crisis and the definition of eco-criminology
Autorzy:
NOWAK, ALEKSANDRA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798802.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-08-28
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
natural environment
crisis
green criminology
eco-crime
police cooperation
Opis:
The article provides an overview of the causes of the current environmental crisis, with three main sources being identifi ed: industrial development and large-scale agriculture, a rapidly growing global population, and environmental crime.The most serious environmental problems, such as global warming, air and soil pollution have also been characterised. The author briefl y charac-terises the defi nitions related to eco-criminology. The international commu-nity, governments, and NGOs are involved in improving the effectiveness of police cooperation in the fi ght against eco-crime, but it is still not effective enough.Environmental protection is currently one of the most important issues that humanity must address. The quality of our lives and maybe our surviv-al depend on it.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2020, 138(2); 187-200
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uwarunkowania przestępczości nieletnich na obszarze województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego w świetle badań empirycznych
Determinants of juvenile delinquency in Warmian-Masurian voivodeship in the light of empirical studies
Autorzy:
Kotowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698987.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość nieletnich
uwarunkowania przestępczości nieletnich
juvenile deliquency
criminology
Opis:
This publication focuses on criminological analysis of juvenile delinquency. The issue has been the subject of thorough research – and heated discussions – for years, which proves how important an issue it is. Yet, the problem of juvenile delinquency so far remains unsolved. What is of particular concern is that the increased frequency of young people turning to pathological behaviours puts psychophysical development of society in danger. Criminological studies indicate that depraved young people many often become criminal adults. Importantly, there are no wider criminological studies illustrating juvenile delinquency in a specific area of Warmian-Masurian voivodeship. It is one of the poorest areas in Poland with the highest unemployment rates and the lowest rate of economic development. The eco-nomic transformation in 1990s involved closures of state-operated farms and restructuring of state-owned industrial plants and affected areas still have high levels of poverty, unemployment and crime. Passiveness of the so-called “post-state-operated-farming-communities” and their strong demanding attitudes towards the state are serious social problems today. They are also indicated to be the source of criminal behaviour, also in the youngest members of the communities. The main research intention of this paper was to obtain a criminological characteristic of juvenile delinquents. The research was also to explain the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency. The research employed an indirect observation method consisting in analyzing official documents, namely court files of such proceedings in which a punishable offence was committed by a minor. The investigation included four court districts in the voivodeship: in Olsztyn, Iława, Giżycko and Szczytno. The choice of the district was guided by the diversity of the urban and industrial development, population size, and unemployment rate of the areas. The sample areas are thought to be representative for the whole voivodeship and the results of the study can be deemed more general and translated into wider population.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2011, XXXIII; 197-212
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uncertainty, Complexity, Anxiety – Deportation and the Prison in the Case of Polish Prisoners in Northern Ireland
Autorzy:
Martynowicz, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698632.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
deportation
prison
prisoner
Northern Ireland
criminology
deportacja
więzienie
więźniowie
Irlandia Półocna
kryminologia
Opis:
In recent years, the prospect of deportation after sentence has become an almost inevitable part of foreign national prisoners’ experience in the UK. Since 2006, the year of the so-called ‘foreign national prisoner scandal’, the development of increasingly stringent laws and deportation policies has been relentless. This included the introduction of ‘automatic deportation’ for certain categories of offences and lenghts of sentences; the development of a raft of early removal schemes, allowing for removal of prisoners during a sentence; the imposition of limits to legal aid in deportation cases and, most recently, an introduction of the ‘deport first, appeal later’ rule which limits the number of cases in which deportation can be challenged before the actual removal of the person beyond UK’s borders takes place. The perception of those prisoners as a particular ‘problem’ to be ‘managed’ rather than as individuals who need additional assistance and support, results in an overfocus on deportation to the detriment of their treatment while in prison custody. Foreign national prisoners regularly report lack of access to services in prisons, lack of interpretation and translation, confusion about the criminal justice process, isolation and loneliness. Both during and at the end of their sentences, they often receive little to no support with their re-integration needs. Foreign national prisoners often report difficulties in access to independent immigration legal advice and are rarely provided with any assistance at the time of deportation. This article is based on the author’s doctoral research with male Polish prisoners serving their sentences in Northern Ireland. In the course of the study, seventeen prisoners were interviewed either individually or in small groups between late 2013 and early 2015. The interviews took place in Maghaberry (high security) and Magilligan (medium security) prisons. In addition to interviews with prisoners, a small number of core prison staff responsible for equality and diversity policies were also interviewed, together with representatives of prison monitoring and oversight bodies. The study also included observations of aspects of the prison regime, and in particular the quarterly Foreign National Forum in each of the prisons. Although the main research did not specifically focus on the experiences or processes of deportation, this theme – inevitably – run through a number of research encounters. When speaking about their plans for life after release, most Polish prisoners linked those to staying in Northern Ireland; they wanted to go back to work, continue or re-establish relationships with their families and friends; settle back into the routines outside of the prison. They were, however, very mindful that their plans might come to an abrupt end if they were to be deported at the end of their sentences. The deportation process is complex and the anxiety experienced by Polish prisoners was often heightened by the lack of understanding of immigration law and procedures. Concerns about the lack of interpretation and translation of immigrationrelated documents; gaps in legal advice and confusion about the actual physical process of deportation defined the prisoners’ experience. Stories and advice about preparation for deportation were often exchanged in small group interviews during the research, with prisoners reflecting on previous experiences of people they knew to have been deported. The fact that much information was exchanged in that way, and on other ‘social’ occassions in the prison where the prisoners could meet in a group, meant that it was often contradictory and partial. The overall anxiety was made worse by the fact that prisoners had to often wait for a long time for their deportation decisions, only made aware of what they were towards the very end of their sentences, leaving them with little time to make practical preparations for removal. Adding to apprehension about the deportation process was the possibility of spending additional time in immigration custody in detention centres after their sentence has finished. Those who did not contest deportation were particularly keen to be removed directly from the prison to Poland and the potential for extended detention was a clear source of frustration. Overall, the research showed that Polish prisoners were still provided with minimal support, including at the time when they struggled to understand and navigate the deportation system. They appeared to be left almost entirely at the mercy of the prison and immigration systems, where information from solicitors can be scarce and where their experience is dominated by waiting – waiting for contact with lawyers; waiting for the deportation decision; waiting to be deported. While they wait, their plans for release are put on hold and their re-integration into the community is jeopardised as they are unable to prepare for their life after release while not knowing where that life will be.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 425-439
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Polish years of Leon Radzinowicz. A contribution to biography
Autorzy:
Widacki, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962405.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Radzinowicz and Polish criminology
Radzinowicz
Radzinowicz in Poland
Rabinowicz aka Radzinowicz
Adventures in Criminology
Radzinowicz i kryminologia polska
Radzinowicz i Polska
Opis:
Na temat życia prywatnego Leona Radzinowicza, a także okresu jego intensywnej aktywności akademickiej w Polsce w latach 1929–1938 wiadomo niewiele. W wydanej krótko przed śmiercią biograficznej książce Adventures in Criminology Radzinowicz przywołuje z pamięci niektóre fakty z tego okresu. Nie tylko czyni to bardzo skrótowo, ale też nie pamięta wielu szczegółów, w tym nazwisk osób, z którymi się stykał i pracował. Artykuł ten jest więc z założenia próbą uzupełnienia  tego, co Radzinowicz sam o sobie napisał. Jest przyczynkiem do jego biografii, napisanym na podstawie polskich źródeł, na ogół nieznanych zagranicznemu czytelnikowi.
Hardly anything is known about the background and family of Sir Leon Radzinowicz or about his period of intensive academic activity in Poland between 1929 and 1938. Moreover, in his academic autobiography, entitled Adventures in Criminology, Radzinowicz is imprecise about details. This concerns both the dates of various events, notably that of his obtaining a doctoral diploma from the Jagiellonian University (Kraków, Poland) and his arriving in Poland from Geneva, and the names of various people cropping up in his biography. Similarly, the interesting works of Radzinowicz (until 1935, Rabinowicz) from his ‘Polish period’ are hardly known worldwide outside of a narrow circle.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/2; 365-379
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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