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    Tytuł:
    Tolerancia vo všeobecnej časti Trestného zákona
    Tolerance in the general aspect of criminal law
    Autorzy:
    Varga, Rastislav
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/501347.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
    Tematy:
    tolerance
    criminal standards
    criminal act
    criminal liability
    ilegallity
    age
    lunacy
    extreme shortage
    emergency defense
    legitimate use of weapon
    allowed risk
    exercise of rights and obligations
    consent of the victim
    use agent
    change in the law
    effective regret
    limitation
    damage
    Opis:
    This article provides insight at tolerance, resp. rather intolerance of criminal standards contained in the Criminal Code in relation to the violations of them and then exceptions to these standards that define under what conditions and to what extent it is possible to tolerate the procedure, primarily to the circumstances provided for in § 22 and § 23 of the Criminal Code collectively known as Circumstances excluding criminal responsibility and the circumstances provided for in § 24 to § 30 of the Criminal Code collectively known as Circumstances excluding illegality, but partly also to the provisions of the Criminal Code amending the Act pursuant to § 84 of the Criminal Code, provisions on effective regret under § 85 and § 86 of the Criminal Code, provisions on limitation of prosecution under § 87 and § 88 of the Criminal Code and provisions for damages under § 125 of the Criminal Code.
    Źródło:
    Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne; 2012, 1(9); 565-575
    1898-0171
    Pojawia się w:
    Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Standards of Entrepreneur Rights in Competition Proceedings – a Matter of Administrative or Criminal Law?
    Autorzy:
    Król-Bogomilska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530225.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-03-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    standards of entrepreneur rights
    competition proceedings
    administrative law
    criminal law
    fines
    judicial cooperation in criminal matters
    the criminalisation
    hard core cartels
    Opis:
    The question of standards of entrepreneur rights in competition proceedings has been for many years considered as one the most controversial issues. Its importance has been increasing considering that the application of antitrust regulations is often concomitant with a wide-ranging interference with the freedom of economic activity. This interference manifests itself in cases concerning both restrictive practices and the control of concentrations. Valuable source of inspiration for a debate on the need to take into account numerous standards of rights in competition proceedings was the dispute over the nature of competition proceedings and fines (the controversy around ‘a criminal law nature’ of competition cases). The jurisprudence of Strasbourg judiciaries explicitly stresses that in the assessment of a case nature due consideration should rather not be given to formal classifications set forth in legal provisions but to the real nature of the case. The ECJ did not share the assumptions adopted by the European Court of Human Rights on the legitimacy of a wide interpretation of the “criminal charge” notion within the meaning of Article 6(1) ECHR. In the present EU jurisprudence on competition law, there have been more and more judgments which deal with standards of rights stemming from the ECHR. In the context of an ever growing severity of penalties, the guarantee function of law has been gaining in importance, and hence the standards to be respected in competition proceedings are of a bigger weight. Major changes were brought by the entry into force, on 1 December 2009, of the Treaty of Lisbon. The implementation of the concept aiming at an even stronger reinforcement of the position of fundamental rights was sealed by granting the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000 the binding force by including this Charter into the EU primary law and by defining the basis for the EU accession to the ECHR (Article 6 TEU). The introduction of new rules of judicial cooperation in criminal matters may contribute in future to a better dynamic of the criminalization of the most serious violations of competition law in the EU Member States (Article 83 and following of the TFEU).
    La problématique des standards en matière de droits des entrepreneurs dans les affaires de concurrence est considérée comme particulièrement controversée depuis des années. Son importance s’accroît en raison du fait que l’application du droit de la concurrence entraîne souvent une ingérence fort poussée dans la liberté d’exercer une activité économique. Celle-ci relève tant des actions concernant les pratiques restreignant la concurrence que le contrôle des concentrations. Le débat sur la nature des affaires de concurrence et les amendes (querelle regardant la nature criminelle des affaires de concurrence) a été une inspiration importante pour la discussion concernant la nécessité de prendre en considération plusieurs standards des droits dans les procédures de concurrence. Dans la jurisprudence des autorités de Strasbourg, pour évaluer le caractère des affaires, l’accent est sensiblement mis moins sur la classification formelle faite en vertu de textes juridiques que sur la nature réelle de ces affaires. La Cour de Justice ne partage pas la thèse de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme au sujet du bien fondé d’une interprétation large de la notion d’ « accusation criminelle » au sens de l’art. 6(1) de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. La jurisprudence communautaire actuelle en matière de droit de la concurrence voit pourtant s’accroître le nombre d’arrêts qui abordent la question des standards des droits découlant de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. La nécessité de garantir les droits fondamentaux est accentuée en particulier en raison de la nature répressive des sanctions appliquées en vertu de la législation communautaire. L’entrée en vigueur du traité de Lisbonne, le 1er décembre 2009, apportait un changement capital. Celui-ci était lié notamment à la réalisation d’une conception visant à renforcer définitivement la position des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne. La force obligatoire octroyée à la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE de 2000 et son intégration dans le droit primaire de l’UE, ainsi que la définition des fondements de l’adhésion de l’UE à la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (art. 6 du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’UE) réalisent cette conception. Puis, la mise en place de principes nouveaux de collaboration dans les affaires pénales peut contribuer à dynamiser à l’avenir le processus de criminalisation des infractions les plus graves au droit de la concurrence dans les Etats membres (art. 83 et suiv. du traité sur le fonctionnement de l’UE).
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(6); 9-33
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Indywidualna ocena szczególnych potrzeb ofiary : europejskie standardy a regulacje polskie
    An Individual Evaluation of the Specific Needs of Victims: European Standards and Polish Regulations
    Autorzy:
    Mazowiecka, Lidia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698614.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    prawo konstytucyjne
    prawo karne
    praworządność
    victim of crime
    European standards
    law
    constitution
    jurisprudence
    criminal law
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to discussing a new EU law institution which is about theindividual assessment of the specific needs of victims within the framework ofprotection. The issue is important since the institution for individual assessmentshould be implemented in the Polish system of law, but it also happens to invokemany controversies and misunderstandings. Most accurately it became accepted inthe Directive of the European Parliament and Council 2012/29/EU on 25 October2012, establishing minimum standards for the rights, support and protection ofvictims of crimes, thus replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA. Therehad previously been talk about it in two other directives, namely Directive of theEuropean Parliament and Council 2011/36/EU from 5 April 2011 which was aboutpreventing human trafficking and combating it as well as protecting victims, whichreplaced Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, and Directive of the EuropeanParliament and Council 2011/93/EU from 13 December 2011 on combating sexualabuse, the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, which replacedCouncil Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA. An instrument closer to individualevaluation was also introduced by the European Council Convention for preventingand combating violence against women and domestic violence on 11 May 2011. Analysis of the regulations contained in these documents proved that victims ofcrimes have to be subjected to individual assessment every single time, the basis ofwhich are their personal qualities, type and character of the crime, as well as theirlocation. A particular weight is attached to ensuring the protection of the personalqualities of the victim. Individual assessment, on the one hand, should get confirmationif the given victim has specific needs, and if so, what kind of protection in criminalproceedings and support they need. On the other hand, it describes concrete means ofprotection and support as foreseen in the articles of the above-mentioned documents.So it is therefore best to adapt these means to specific needs.The discussed international documents prescribe always recognising a child asa person of specific needs, defining them as any person under 18 years of age. It alsoindicates that a person whose age cannot be confirmed, but for whom there are reasonsto believe they are a child, should be considered a child. For children that are victims ofcrimes, they also anticipate a wider catalogue of measures than for adult victims withspecific needs. An analysis of Polish law regulations has been made against a background ofsolutions accepted in international law acts. The analysis included in its particularscovers issues such as the problem of informing the victim about their entitlement torights, professional preparation of people who have contact with them on a professionalbasis, confirmation of special protection measures for the victims in criminal proceedings, appointment of procedural curators for harmed minors to preventconflicts of their interests with those of people who have parental custody or care overthem. Also referenced were solutions introduced by the act from 28 November 2014 about protection and aid for victims and witnesses, as well as the “Blue Card” procedurecarried out during interventions in situ undertaken in relation to family violence. Also discussed were the questionnaires prepared by the Ministry of Justice tocarry out the evaluations of specific needs of victims – this is part of the scope of thespecialist help they are meant to provide non-governmental organisations supportingvictims as well as within the scope of sharing special means for protection during criminal proceedings. It turned out that a significant majority of Polish legal normsand practices do not conform to international standards in the discussed field. With fullcertainty, institutions of individual assessment have not yet been implemented in Polish legislation, while the achieved undertakings appear insufficient. One can even say thatthey have only been pretending to aim to implement them. A specific objection is thefailure to achieve any activities aimed at ensuring a uniform standard of protectionfor all children. So children are held using current regulations under which the levelof their protection is dependent on their age and the type of criminal victimisationexperienced. Nor was there a separate category of victim with special needs in terms of protection. So special protection methods are still only given to victims of crimesof a sexual nature, as classified in articles 197 to 199 of the Criminal Code. In place ofthis, regulations ought to be introduced enabling specific methods of interrogating allvictims with special protection needs. Nor does it take into account the will of victimsabout the use of certain measures that they agree with subjectively
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 253-278
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kształtowanie się międzynarodowych standardów prawnych w zakresie zapobiegania i reagowania na wymuszone zaginięcia
    Autorzy:
    Baranowska, Grażyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788182.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    wymuszone zaginięcia
    Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny
    MTK
    prawa człowieka
    standardy międzynarodowe
    enforced disappearance
    International Criminal Court
    ICC
    human rights
    international standards
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to analyze the development of international legal standards concerning enforced disappearances. According to international human rights law enforced disappearances occur, when persons are deprived of their liberty, at least with the acquiescence of a state, which is followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation or by concealment of their fate or whereabouts. The definition of enforced disappearances in the statute of the International Criminal Court covers also disappearances perpetrated by (or with at least the acquiescence of) political organizations.  The article consists of a thorough analysis of provisions contained in four legal documents: the Declaration on the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance, the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2016, 1 (205); 65-90
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    International dimension of a juvenile justice
    Międzynarodowy wymiar sprawiedliwości dla nieletnich
    Autorzy:
    Zavorina, Olena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2136048.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-13
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku
    Tematy:
    standardy międzynarodowe
    przesłuchanie młodocianego
    przestępstwo karne
    Unia Europejska
    ustawodawstwo krajowe
    international standards
    interrogation of a juvenile
    criminal offence
    European Union
    national legislation
    Opis:
    Artykuł prawnie analizuje międzynarodowe standardy przesłuchiwania nieletnich podejrzanych o popełnienie przestępstwa. Przeanalizowano porządek proceduralny i cechy taktyczne przesłuchania nieletniego, które są określone w prawie międzynarodowym. Autorka określa kryteria, szczegółowe zasady przesłuchania, a także wymagania dotyczące takiego postępowania procesowego. Niezbędna jest dalsza poprawa ustawodawstwa krajowego zgodnie z międzynarodowymi standardami w dziedzinie postępowania karnego wspierającego postępowanie przygotowawcze.
    The article legally analyses international standards of the interrogation of juveniles who are suspected of having committed a criminal offence. The procedural order and tactical features of the interrogation of a minor, that are outlined in international law, are analysed. The author defines the criteria, specific rules of interrogation, as well as requirements for such procedural action. Further improvement of national legislation in accordance with international standards in the field of criminal procedural support of pre-trial investigation is necessary.
    Źródło:
    Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem; 2021, 6; 115-123
    2543-7321
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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