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Tytuł:
Development of new technologies for shipping natural gas by sea
Autorzy:
Bortnowska, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258788.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
natural gas
liquified gas
CNG carriers
compressed gas
NGH carriers
gas hydrate
operational cost of gas transport
Opis:
In recent years dynamic increase of orders for ships intended for liquified natural gas (LNG) shipping has been observed with simultaneous trend of increasing their transport capability. This results from the fact that natural gas has become today the third energy source worldwide just next to crude oil and coal. The fast growth of demand for natural gas and its limited resources would cause growth of its price, therefore better solutions of natural gas transport technology with respect to economy, ecology and safety should be searched for. This paper presents various technologies for natural gas transport by sea with special attention paid to some alternative methods of transport, namely: CNG and NGH ransport technologies in contrast to LNG one.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2009, 3; 70-78
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The performance and emissions characteristics of a compressed natural gas spark ignition engine
Autorzy:
Abu Bakar, R.
Semin, Semin
Idris, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
compressed natural gas engine
emission
performance
spark ignition
Opis:
This paper presents the experimental results of a spark ignition engine to evaluate its performance and emissions characteristics while using conventional fuel and alternative fuel; compressed natural gas (CNG). To evaluate the performance, the engine is operated between 1500-4000 rpm, under steady state condition with wide open throttle (WOT). The emissions test was performed with various constant loads at each speed. The first experiment is did by using conventional fuel and followed by CNG. The engine performance and emissions results such as brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC and NOx from CNG were measured and compared to conventional fuel. The experiment has performed at Automotive Laboratory Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang by using in-housed developed engine test rig. From the experiment being done it is demonstrated that the potential of reducing emissions while applying CNG as fuel is obvious. However, the further study of required improving the performance of the engine. The results and analysis will be useful for the development of dedicated CNG engine in the future. The application of CNG as fuel for spark ignition engine gives the average reduction power of 25% at WOT, 45% at POT and gives the average brake power reduction of 37% at WOT and 56% at POT base from spark ignition engine. Average BSFC of CNG are near about 33% higher than gasoline for WOT and 39% higher than gasoline for POT. The average CO emission reduction is reduction is 66% at WOT and 64% at POT. The average reduction of CO2 emission at WOT while using CNG is 6% and at POT only 1%. The average reduction of HC emission at WOT is 76% and at POT is 74%. The average reduction of NOx emission at WOT is 15% and at POT is 18%. The disadvantages of CNG as fuel in spark ignition engine has reduced power 37-56%, but the advantages for environment protection CNG as fuel has reduced the exhaust gas emissions.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 2; 9-14
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
CNG - a new way of maritime natural gas supplies
CNG - nowy sposób morskich dostaw gazu ziemnego
Autorzy:
Żuchowicki, J.
Lelonek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819563.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
gaz ziemny
CNG
transport morski
natural gas
compressed natural gas
Opis:
Among other conventional energy sources, on the present level of technology development, natural gas is a primary energy source, which has the lowest level of harmful substances emission both for humans and the environment. Comparing to coal - in the burning process of the natural gas there is a very low emission of pollutants: trace amounts of sulphur and carbon dioxide, which established natural gas' position as an environmentally friendly fuel. CO2 emission expressed in CO2 kg/kWh of fuel during burning process of lignite amounts to 0.40; of hard coal - 0.33; of heavy fuel oil - 0.28; of light fuel oil - 0.26 and 0.20 of gas. The use of natural gas as a fuel instead of other kinds of fossil fuels, e.g.: coal, results in decreasing harmful substances emission. Therefore, CO2 emission or sulphur dioxide emission is much smaller. What's more, lower CO2 emission means decreasing the greenhouse effect and lower sulphur dioxide emission reduces the amount of acid rains. Natural gas system is different than networks, such as water supply, heat or electricity in such way that, in Poland it is necessary to acquire most of the distributed medium from the sources located outside Polish borders.
Zastosowanie gazu ziemnego jako paliwa w miejsce innych rodzajów paliw kopalnych, takich jak, np. węgiel, przynosi efekt w postaci ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych substancji do atmosfery. Zmniejszeniu ulega bowiem, między innymi, emisja dwutlenku węgla, dwutlenku siarki. Zmniejszanie wielkości emisji dwutlenku węgla do atmosfery wpływa na obniżenie skali zjawiska cieplarnianego. Natomiast zmniejszenie emisji dwutlenku siarki skutkuje redukcją ilości kwaśnych deszczy Podstawowym problemem zaopatrzenia w gaz ziemny odbiorców w Polsce jest to, że zasoby tego surowca energetycznego zlokalizowane na terenie naszego kraju nie są w stanie zaspokoić istniejących zapotrzebowań. Koniczne jest więc importowanie gazu ziemnego. Dostawy gazu ziemnego, w zależności od dostępnej infrastruktury gazowej, wielkości danego rynku zbytu, odległości od źródła gazu oraz innych uwarunkowań, mogą być realizowane z wykorzystaniem rurociągów (gazociągów) lub też drogą morską (statki dostarczające LNG z ang. Liquefied Natural Gas, statki dostarczające CNG z ang. Compressed Natural Gas). Podstawową zaletą łańcucha dostaw CNG są stosunkowo niewielkie nakłady związane z infrastrukturą załadunkową i rozładunkową. Niemniej największym nakładem kapitałowym jest flota statków CNG (około 80%). Inne elementy łańcucha dostaw związane z wydobyciem i obróbką gazu ziemnego jak również z rozprowadzeniem gazu do odbiorców końcowych gazociągami są tożsame z innymi sposobami dostaw gazu ziemnego. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd proponowanych rozwiązań umożliwiających transport morski gazu ziemnego w postaci CNG. Przedstawione rozwiązania to w chwili obecnej koncepcje, a załączone rysunki statków przedstawiają możliwy wygląd statków CNG z zastosowaniem różnych technologii.
Źródło:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2011, Tom 13; 137-148
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Scientific rationale for the movable pipeline technology for transporting CNG by sea
Autorzy:
Mandryk, Oleh
Artym, Volodymyr
Shtohryn, Mariana
Zaytsev, Valerii
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/409889.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
STE GROUP
Tematy:
compressed natural gas
movable pipeline
parent vessel
marine freight
Opis:
A new efficient CNG module design for the transportation of natural gas by sea is proposed and substantiated. A mathematical model for determining the technical and economic parameters of a movable pipeline module, which is designed for transporting natural gas in a compressed state and consists of a frame structure, the dimensions of which correspond to the 40-foot marine container size and a pipe coil is described. To facilitate construction, it is proposed that a large portion of the coil be made in the form of a two-layer composite construction. The inner layer consists of standard steel tubes or adapters, and the outer layer is fiberglass wound on them. On the basis of the mathematical model an algorithm and a program were compiled, which allowed to determine the technical and economic parameters of the movable pipeline module. The results obtained for the Caspian region are analyzed.
Źródło:
Management Systems in Production Engineering; 2020, 3 (28); 168-177
2299-0461
Pojawia się w:
Management Systems in Production Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simultaneous synthesis-immobilization of nano ZnO on perlite for photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye in semi batch packed bed photoreactor
Autorzy:
Khani, A.
Sohrabi, M.R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778943.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
Natural gas vehicle
driving range
compressed natural gas (CNG)
thermodynamic properties
CNG fuelling station
Opis:
A novel, simple and simultaneous synthesis-immobilization of nano ZnO on perlite (nZnO-P) as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of Acid orange 7 (AO7) in aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of operational parameters such as initial dye concentration, initial pH, flow rate, photocatalyst granule size, temperature and the kinetic of the removal of AO7 in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model in a designed semi batch packed bed photoreactor connected to an on-line sampling UV-Vis spectrophotometer was studied. The results showed that AO7 removal efficiency increased with nZnO-P using the designed setup and the proposed photocatalyst was more efficient than TiO2 as a standard catalyst. Our results confirmed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The values of the adsorption equilibrium constant, KAO7, the kinetic rate constant of surface reaction, kc, and the activation energy (Ea) were found to be 0.57 (mg.l-1)-1, 0.41 mg.l-1.min-1 and 11.44 kJ/mol, respectively.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2012, 14, 4; 69-76
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of important parameters on the natural gas vehicles driving range
Autorzy:
Farzaneh-Gord, M.
Rahbari, H.R.
Nikofard, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778945.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
Natural gas vehicle
driving range
compressed natural gas (CNG)
thermodynamic properties
CNG fuelling station
Opis:
One of the most important issues regarding Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) is the Driving Range, chich is defi ned as capability of a NGV to travel a certain distance after each refueling. The Driving Range is a serious obstacle in the development and growth of NGVs. Thus the necessity of studying the effects of various parameters on the Driving Range could be realized. It is found that the on-board storage capacity and the natural gas heating value have the greatest effect on the Driving Range. The charge mass of NGV cylinders is varied due to the natural gas composition and the fi nal in-cylinder values (temperature and pressure). Underfi lling of NGV cylinders, during charging operations, is a result of the elevated temperature which occurs in the NGV storage cylinder, due to compression and Rother processes could be overcome by applying extensive over-pressurization of the cylinder during the fuelling operation. Here, the effects of the most important parameters on the Driving Range have been investigated. The parameters are natural gas composition, engine effi ciency and fi nal NGV on-board in-cylinder temperature and pressure. It is found that, the composition has big effects on the Driving Range. The results also show that as fi nal in-cylinder pressure decreases (or temperature increases), the Driving Range will be increased.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2012, 14, 4; 61-68
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simultaneous thermodynamic simulation of CNG filling process
Autorzy:
Deymi-Dashtebayaz, M.
Farzaneh-Gord, M.
Reza Rahbari, H
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/779861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
compressed natural gas
cascade storage bank
fast filling process
thermodynamic analysis
entropy
Opis:
In CNG station, the fuel is usually stored in the cascade storage bank to utilize the station more efficiently. The cascade storage bank is generally divided into three reservoirs, commonly termed low, medium and high-pressure storage bank. The pressures within these reservoirs have huge effects on the performance of the stations. In the current study, a theoretical simulation based on mass balance and thermodynamic laws has been developed to study the dynamic fast fi lling process of vehicle’s (NGV) cylinder from the cascade storage bank. The dynamic change of the parameters within the storage bank is also considered. Natural gas is assumed to contain only its major component, methane, and so thermodynamic properties table has been employed for finding the thermodynamics properties. Also the system is assumed as a lumped adiabatic system. The results show that the initial pressure of the cascade storage bank has a big effect on the storage bank volumes for bringing up the NGV cylinder to its target pressure (200 bar). The results also showed that ambient temperature has effect on the refueling process, chiefly the final NGV cylinder and the cascade storage bank conditions.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2014, 16, 1; 7-14
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prospects of Decarbonizing Industrial Areas in the Baltic States by Means of Alternative Fuels
Autorzy:
Mezulis, Ansis
Kleperis, Janis
Lesnicenoks, Peteris
Zemite, Laila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173276.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
alternative fuel
biofuel
CNG
compressed natural gas
bio-CNG
HCNG
GHG emission
greenhouse gas emission
Opis:
All three Baltic States have reached good figures regarding the change in total greenhouse gas emissions from transport during 1990-2017. Particularly successful is Lithuania, showing a negative value of -2.7%. Latvia considerably lags behind Estonia (+15.1% vs. +1.5%). Amid the achievement of Latvian scientists, engineers and merchants, the authors point out the work of Lithuanian engineers who investigated how gaseous hydrogen affects the parameters of diesel internal combustion engine. Important to note that in the Baltic States, the activities of inland waterway vessels and the shunting locomotives are concentrated in only a few main cities. Regarding that, Baltic scientists and environment specialists nowadays are developing plans also for local air pollution decreasing, which can be carried out in particular cities or industrial areas, thereby allowing for improvements in air cleanliness and the ecological situation in concerned local area. A numerical estimation shows that applying the NYSMART technology, introduced in this paper, will make areas of active action of the high-volume diesels cleaner in the same amount as gained by photosynthesis of the urban green flora. In recent years, the developed technology of hydraulic piston compression allows producing numerous different vehicle fueling appliances for the CNG/bio-CNG fuel. The further development of this technology means the producing of various solutions, applicable at biogas/biomethane production sites, for CNG/bio-CNG compression, transportation and fast natural gas vehicles refueling in a cost effective and convenient way. The hydraulic piston compression and NYSMART have a potential in small and medium-scale technologies and therefore need to be developed further for applications with hydrogen. Production of biomethane and green hydrogen is delayed by the lack of state aid programmes in the Baltic States. Lithuania is on the way to change the situation in the coming years, with one of the first biomethane gas production plants due to be built near Panevėžys, in Šilagalys near the Via Baltica motorway. Summing up all aspects, the preconditions for the use of alternative fuels in the Baltic States are similar, allowing one to learn from other’s experience and to consider joint projects.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 8; 152--161
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badanie optymalnej wielkości statku do przewozu gazu ziemnego dla różnych technologii transportu
Analysis of optimum size of ships for natural gas transportation with the use of various transport technologies
Autorzy:
Bortnowska, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/257185.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
gazowce LNG
gaz skroplony
gazowce CNG
gaz sprężony
objętość ładunkowa
koszty eksploatacyjne
LNG ship
liquefied gas
CNG carrier
compressed gas
capacity cargo
operating costs
Opis:
Wzrost zapotrzebowania na gaz ziemny w skali światowej, jego ograniczone zasoby jak również ograniczone możliwości pobierania z miejsc występowania siecią rurociągów będą powodowały wzrost cen, dlatego należy poszukiwać alternatywnych rozwiązań technologii transportu gazu ziemnego pod względem ekonomicznym, ekologicznym i bezpieczeństwa. W artykule przedstawiono analizę projektową wraz z uproszczoną koncepcją statków do przewozu gazu w różnych jego postaciach, jako gaz skroplony (statkami LNG), gaz sprężony (statkami CNG) i gaz w postaci hydratów (statkami NGH). Scharakteryzowano i porównano główne parametry statków ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przestrzeni ładunkowej. Oszacowano ilość rejsów w ciągu roku, liczbę floty na daną trasę żeglugową oraz przybliżone koszty eksploatacyjne. W analizie przewidziano transport gazu z Norwegii do Polski.
The increase in demand for natural gas in the world and the limited capacity of pipelines will cause an increase in prices; therefore, alternative natural gas transportation technologies must take into account economic, environmental and safety concerns. The article presents an analysis of the design concepts for the transport of gas in its various forms, particularly, liquefied natural gas (LNG ships), compressed natural gas (CNG ships) and in the form of gas hydrates (NGH ships). The main parameters of vessels with particular reference to cargo capacity are characterised and compared. An estimated number of voyages during the year, the number of the fleet on the route and approximate operating costs are considered. The analysis concerns the transport of natural gas from Norway to Poland.
Źródło:
Problemy Eksploatacji; 2012, 3; 155-165
1232-9312
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Eksploatacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimizing Natural Gas Fueling Station Reservoirs Pressure Based on Ideal Gas Model
Autorzy:
Farzaneh-Gord, M.
Deymi-Dashtebayaz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/779242.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
compressed natural gas
CNG cylinder
fast filling process
Cascade Reservoirs
thermodynamic analysis
entropy generation
Opis:
At CNG fuelling station, natural gas is usually stored in a cascade storage system to utilize the station more efficient. The cascade storage system is generally divided into three reservoirs, commonly termed low, medium and high-pressure reservoirs. The pressures within these three reservoirs have huge effects on the performance of a CNG fuelling station and a fast filling process of natural gas vehicle’s (NGV) cylinder. A theoretical analysis is developed to study the effects of the reservoirs pressures and temperatures on the performance of the CNG station. The analysis is based on the first and the second law of thermodynamics, conservation of mass and ideal gas assumptions. The results show that as the reservoir temperature decreases, the fill ratio increases and the pressure within the filling station reservoirs has no effects on the fill ratio. The non-dimensional entropy generation and filling time profiles have opposite trends and as entropy generation decreases, the filling time increases. The optimized non-dimensional low and medium pressure-reservoir pressures are found to be as 0.24 and 0.58 respectively in thermodynamic point of view.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2013, 15, 1; 88-96
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ecological and economic multicriteria optimization of operating alternative propulsion vehicles within the city of Ostrava in the Czech Republic
Autorzy:
Janovská, Kamila
Vozňáková, Iveta
Besta, Petr
Šafránek, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444308.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
electric drive
compressed natural gas
environment and cost sustainability
transport optimization
multicriteria decision making
Opis:
Research background: Individual car transport significantly burdens the environment, especially in the centres of large cities. There is pollution, traffic jams and an increase in overall noise. In the area of passenger car transport, legislation is being significantly tightened. Therefore, there are also increasing demands on public transport operators in the Czech Republic. Previously, most of the fleet consisted of diesel vehicles. These have been gradually replaced by drives that are significantly more environmentally friendly, such as the Compressed natural gas drive. The requirements defined in relation to the reduction of vehicle emissions are increasingly stricter. A number of cities, not only within the European Union, are addressing significant issues concerning the future of public transport. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the article is to demonstrate an in-depth analysis of the operation of transport vehicles in the Statutory City of Ostrava, both from the cost and environmental point of view. The comparison of transport means using CNG, electric and diesel propulsion is made. Specific factors such as the route profile or the environmental impact of the mode of transport are also taken into account. The extent of the data processed and the multidimensional nature of the assessment offer a unique analysis of the problem. The article provides an exact view of the advantages and disadvantages of operating specific means of transport. Everything is based on data on transport operations in the city of Ostrava (the Czech Republic, EU). Methods: The comprehensive evaluation is based on the application of methods from the field of financial accounting, evaluation of measured data from the operation of transport means and, last but not least, on the analysis of empirical data from the given area. The analysed data set is unique due to the time period, as is the multi-criteria evaluation methodology.  Findings & value added: The analysis performed demonstrated the economic viability of operating CNG vehicles. The main added value of the article is the unique multi-criteria evaluation procedure for the vehicles. The paper shows the evaluation of a complex decision problem in the transport field in the form of a case study implemented in the city of Ostrava. The evaluation results then consider both cost and environmental factors, which can be described as a comprehensive and highly innovative approach. The defined assessment can then be applied to other European and world metropolises.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2021, 16, 4; 907-943
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bariery rozwoju rynku sprężonego gazu ziemnego do napędu pojazdów w Polsce
Barriers of market development of the compressed natural gas for car refueling in Poland
Autorzy:
Kwaśniewski, K.
Sas, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/300071.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
sprężony gaz ziemny
CNG
stacje tankowania CNG
paliwa ekologiczne
compressed natural gas
refuelling stations
ecological gas (fuel)
Opis:
Prognozy dotyczące głównych paliw alternatywnych do pojazdów na rok 2020 oceniają potencjał rynkowy paliw produkowanych z biomasy na 15%, gazu ziemnego na 10%, LPG na 5% i wodoru na kilka procent. Strategie rozwoju rynku NGV w Europie czy w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku są zdecydowanie różne. Substytucja paliw ropopochodnych w Polsce na zakładanym poziomie 2% w roku 2010 i 5% w roku 2015 nie będzie możliwa do zrealizowania, cele strategiczne w tym zakresie należy zatem skorygować. Na obecnym etapie rozwoju rynku w Polsce kluczowym zagadnieniem są strategie wdrożeniowe oraz koszty. Rozwiązania w zakresie wytwarzania pojazdów oraz sprężania gazu są technologią w pełni dojrzałą i nie stwarzają żadnego ryzyka operacyjnego. Doświadczenia krajów europejskich wskazują, że osiągnięcie "masy krytycznej" wymaga wybudowania w Polsce kilkuset czynnych całodobowo stacji sprężania, a analiza kosztów operacyjnych najlepszych rozwiązań w kraju pokazuje, że budowa i eksploatacja stacji może być efektywna przy cenie CNG na poziomie 1,35 zł/Nm3 (dotyczy poziomu cen I kwartału 2009), a więc zapewniającej konkurencyjność wobec paliw ropopochodnych. Jednak PGNiG S.A. powinno dokonać reorientacji strategii eksploatacji posiadanych stacji sprężania, standaryzacji rozwiązań w zakresie ich budowy i wyposażenia oraz polityki cen CNG.
The forecast for 2020 for the main alternative gas for vehicles estimate the economic (market) potential of fuel produced of bio-mass at 15%, natural gas at 10%, LPG at 5% and hydrogen at a few percent. The development strategies of the NGV market in Europe and in the Asia-Pacific area are completely different. The substitution of fuel oil derivatives in Poland on the estimated level of 2% in 2010 and 5% in 2015 will not be possible to implementation (realization); thus the strategic aims in this area have to be corrected (adjusted). The implementing strategies and costs are the crucial issues at the present stage of the market development in Poland. The solutions of vehicles production and gas compression are the fully developed technology and do not create any operational risk. Based on the European countries experiences we can say that in order to reach the critical mass it is necessary to build in Poland a few hundred CNG gas stations, opened 24 hours. The analysis of operational costs of the best solutions in Poland shows that construction and exploitation of the gas stations can be effective at the 1,35 zł/Nm3 CNG price (for the prices of the first three months); so it guarantees the competitiveness toward the fuel oil derivatives. In that case PGNiG S.A. is obliged to reorientate its strategy of exploitation their CNG gas stations, to standardize the solutions of constructing and equiping as well as the CNG price policy.
Źródło:
Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz; 2009, 26, 3; 527-537
1507-0042
Pojawia się w:
Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Logistics interpretation of product characteristics of liquefied and compressed natural gas
Autorzy:
Stefanova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/409264.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej
Tematy:
product characteristics
liquefied natural gas
compressed natural gas
weight-bulk ratio
value-weight ratio
substitutability
risk characteristics
Opis:
This paper analyzes product characteristics as a factor that affects the activities performed in the logistic channel. The analysis has been conducted for a specific product - natural gas and, in particular its two forms: liquefied and compressed. The features of these two forms are outlined in the context of fuel distribution to end-users. This study aims to structure and expand the existing knowledge about alternative distribution of natural gas to the end users based on an analysis of literary sources and regulations on its carriage by road and rail transport. A comparative analysis of the product characteristics of liquefied and compressed natural gas has been carried out and some basic features concerning logistics activities and logistics costs have been outlined.
Źródło:
Research in Logistics & Production; 2018, 8, 1; 39-52
2083-4942
2083-4950
Pojawia się w:
Research in Logistics & Production
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ przebiegu pojazdu zasilanego gazem ziemnym na jego wskaźniki ekologiczne
The effect of mileage of the vehicle fueled with natural gas on the vehicle’s ecological indices
Autorzy:
Pielecha, J.
Merkisz, J.
Łabędź, K.
Stojecki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133646.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
gaz ziemny
emisja spalin
rzeczywiste warunki ruchu
compressed natural gas
exhaust emission
real traffic conditions
Opis:
Od końca ubiegłego wieku obserwowany jest wzrost zainteresowania wiodących koncernów motoryzacyjnych pojazdami przystosowanymi fabrycznie do zasilania gazem ziemnym. Spowodowane jest to zarówno względami ekonomicznymi wynikającymi z korzystniejszej ceny paliw alternatywnych, polityką ulg podatkowych stosowaną w niektórych krajach Europy Zachodniej jaki i samym faktem chęci posiadania w swojej ofercie pojazdów przystosowanych do zasilania tym rodzajem paliwa. W artykule przedstawiono wyników badań emisji spalin pojazdów (VW Caddy EcoFuel) odpowiednio po przebiegach 75 000 km i 500 000 km, różniące się jednocześnie klasą emisyjną (Euro 4 i Euro 5). Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zdefiniowanie wpływu przebiegu pojazdu na wskaźniki ekologiczne pojazdu zasilanego gazem ziemnym.
Since the end of the last century, might be observed an increase in interest of the leading automotive companies in factory-fitted CNG vehicles. It is caused by economic reasons, associated with lower prices of alternative fuels and the tax allowance schemes applied in some countries of Western Europe, as well as by the wish to include in the company’s range of products vehicles fitted for this type of fuel. The paper presents results of exhaust emission tests for vehicles (VW Caddy EcoFuel) with mileage of 75,000 and 500,000 km, respectively, belonging to different emission classes (Euro 4 and Euro 5). The obtained results allowed for defining the effect of the vehicle’s mileage on ecological indices of the vehicle fueled with natural gas.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 820-828
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of performances of a dual-fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine
Autorzy:
Różycki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dual fuel compression ignition engine
knock
engine head vibration amplitude
compressed natural gas (CNG)
common rail
Opis:
The paper describes research work on a full-scale dual-fuel 4-cylinder turbocharged compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas (CNG) was applied as the main fuel. Selfignition of the air-fuel mixture was initiated from a diesel oil dose injected by a common rail system. The research was aimed to establish maximum CNG share in the mixture delivered into the cylinder. An excessive CNG share may result in "hard" engine operation. It may also lead to the occurrence of vibrations of piston-crank construction parts resulting in failure of this mechanism. These vibrations may originate from knocking combustion (selfignition of the air-fuel mixture in the zone of non-combusted mixture) or vibration excitation as a result of rapid pressure rise after selfignition. Boundary values of the CNG energy share were determined by analysing parameters related to the rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release as well as the engine head vibration amplitude represented by the voltage signal generated by the knock sensor. Boundary values of the above mentioned parameters were determined on the basis of measurements done on the engine fuelled in a standard mode. These parameters were registered at operating points corresponding to the maximum power and load. Then, there were done measurements of basic engine operating parameters at dual fuelling in chosen points of the load characteristic for the engine speed at which the engine fuelled in a standard mode had maximum torque. Load characteristics were done for three various diesel oil doses (constant over the whole range of engine load). Load changes were realized by changes ofCNG energy share in the fuel charge. Analysis of combustion process parameters and engine head vibrations showed that CNG energy share may reach 60%. Maximum torque is possible to obtain at 45% CNG energy share. 15% decrease of maximum torque was obtained.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 3; 393-399
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 33

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