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Tytuł:
Poles in Suceava County during Nicolae Ceausescu’s nationalist-communist regime. Contributions
Autorzy:
Hrenciuc, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2178794.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-02-01
Wydawca:
Instytut im. gen. Władysława Andersa
Tematy:
Romania
Security
communist regime
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Poles
Opis:
This study was carried out on the basis of the original documents discovered during the research carried out in the Archives of the National Council for the Study of Security Archives in Bucharest (ACNSAS), Romania. The analysis of these documents shows us the fact that the Poles from Suceava county (Romania) were monitored by the Securitate during the nationalist-communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Officially, Romania and Poland were allies within the political-military alliance called the Warsaw Treaty Organization. The totalitarian regime led by Nicolae Ceaușescu was extremely conservative and restrictive towards the groups of cohabiting nationalities (national minorities), repressing and discouraging any form of expression of ethnic-national and religious identity. The Poles were no exception to the measures adopted by the regime, although the Hungarians were especially targeted by the policies of the communist regime in Romania. The documents analyzed in the present study reflect the official position of the regime towards the Polish community in Suceava County, as well as the efforts made by the diplomats of the Republic of Poland accredited in Romania to stimulate the efforts of their compatriots to preserve their language, traditions and school without the process of ethnic homogenization. In this case, the Roman Catholic Church, the school, the teachers of Polish ethnicity were the opinion leaders of the Polish communities in Solonețu Nou, Pleșa and Poiana Micului.
Źródło:
Polonia Inter Gentes; 2022, 3; 71-87
2719-8871
2956-3224
Pojawia się w:
Polonia Inter Gentes
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Działalność cenzury w Wadowicach w okresie komunistycznym od pierwszej połowy lat 50. XX w. do 1990 r.
Censorship activity in Wadowice during the communist period (1946-1990) from the early 1950s to 1990
Autorzy:
Nowakowski, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37505155.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Wadowickie Centrum Kultury im. Marcina Wadowity
Tematy:
Wadowice
county
communist regime
preventive censorship
reżim komunistyczny
cenzura
Opis:
Preventive censorship was officially introduced in Poland by a decree on July 5, 1946. The central authority overseeing this was the Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk (the Main Office for Control of the Press, Publications, and Performances) based in Warsaw. The regional and county offices were subordinate to this authority. In Wadowice, censorship operated within the county structures, initially under the county administration and later under the Prezydium Powiatowej Rady Narodowej (Urzędzie Powiatowym) (the Presidium of the County National Council – County Office) until the abolition of the county in 1975. The county censor was a trusted member of the Communist Party, typically the head or another official of the Wydziału Spraw Wewnętrznych (the Internal Affairs Department). Their responsibilities included supervising all printing facilities and granting permissions for the publication of various materials, stage performances, and other public appearances in the Wadowice county. After the dissolution of the counties, the censorship office for Wadowice was relocated to Bielsko-Biała. Censorship in Poland was ultimately abolished by the law of April 11, 1990.
Oficjalnie cenzurę prewencyjną wprowadzono w Polsce dekretem z 5 lipca 1946 r. Organem centralnym nadzorującym ten proces był Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk z siedzibą w Warszawie. Władzy tej podlegały urzędy wojewódzkie i powiatowe. W Wadowicach cenzura funkcjonowała w strukturach powiatowych, początkowo w ramach administracji powiatowej, a później w ramach Prezydium Powiatowej Rady Narodowej, aż do kasacji powiatu w 1975 r. Cenzorem był zaufany członek partii komunistycznej, zazwyczaj szef lub inny urzędnik Wydziału Spraw Wewnętrznych. Do jego obowiązków należało nadzorowanie wszystkich drukarni oraz wydawanie zezwoleń na publikację różnorodnych materiałów, występy sceniczne i inne wystąpienia publiczne na terenie powiatu wadowickiego. Po kasacji powiatów urząd cenzury wadowickiej przeniesiono do Bielska-Białej. Cenzurę w Polsce ostatecznie zniesiono ustawą z 11 kwietnia 1990 r.
Źródło:
Wadoviana. Przegląd historyczno-kulturalny; 2023, 26; 108-131
1505-0181
Pojawia się w:
Wadoviana. Przegląd historyczno-kulturalny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
"An Offer Not to Be Refused": Ideology and Communist Party Membership before 1968 in the Narratives of the Czechoslovak Officer Corps
Autorzy:
Hlaváček, Jiří
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943389.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Ośrodek Pamięć i Przyszłość
Tematy:
army
ideology
oral history
Czechoslovakia
communist regime
party membership
1960s
Opis:
This study focuses on the reflection of the relationship between the army and ideology in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. The main attention is paid to the issue of membership of Czechoslovak People's Army officers in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia before 1968. Through the analysis of oral-historical interviews, the author follows the narrative and legitimizing strategies of rejecting or accepting party membership, which was one of the conditions of career growth in the military during the period under review. An important factor in (re) constructing narrators’ memories in this case is the current media image of the communist regime in Czech society.
Źródło:
Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej; 2018, 8; 81-105
2719-7522
2084-0578
Pojawia się w:
Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Straty majątkowe w Archidiecezji Poznańskiej w latach 1939-1956
Property Damages in the Archdiocese of Poznań in the years 1939-1956
Les dommages à la propriété dans larchidiocèse de Poznań dans les années 1939-1956
Autorzy:
Dosz, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1791368.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Church property
war
communist regime
clergy
majątek kościelny
wojna
władze komunistyczne
duchowieństwo
Opis:
Initially, property damages in the Archdiocese of Poznań were difficult to determine. It happened because the things were inventoried carelessly, the parish archives were destroyed and scattered because of hostilities and finally, the painful decisions of communist regime in the People's Republic of Poland. In the years 1939-1956 in the Archdiocese of Poznań the temples, chapels and church buildings were destroyed. The interior of the churches were designedly devastated i.e. pews, confessionals, ambos, floors, organs and liturgical things. Polish literary work was underestimated because of racism so most of the parish libraries were devastated. Works of art were destroyed or stolen and then exported. Only a few dozen out of the hundreds of pre-war churches and chapels could have fulfilled the sacred functions. The other buildings needed at least to be cleaned and more often to be rebuild or a thorough renovated. However, many monuments, church things, works of art, books and magazines were saved. People kept and hid these things in their houses even with putting their life at risk. It should be noted that the scale of destruction and property damages at that time is not everything what happened. Much more important were losses of life in the Archdiocese of Poznań. Almost one-third of the clergy did not survive the war.
Źródło:
Kościół i Prawo; 2013, 2 (15) nr 2; 9-40
0208-7928
2544-5804
Pojawia się w:
Kościół i Prawo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The People’s Republic of Poland - a Sketch for Reflections on the Laicization of the State
Autorzy:
Eisler, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/953807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
atheization
laicization
de-Christianization
communist regime
Catholic Church
Stefan Wyszyński
Church-state relations
Opis:
The intention of this article is to consider, and attempt to resolve questions whether and to what degree the laicization policy and atheization campaign conducted by communists in Poland after the Second World War contributed to the de-Christianization of Polish society, a process observed also in other European countries.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Historyczny; 2017, 124
0023-5903
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Historyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The mythmaking of children heroes during the communist regime in Bulgaria – the case of “the heroes of Belitsa”
Autorzy:
Angelova, Milena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22402224.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Bulgaria
communist regime
children heroes
cultural memory
Bułgaria
reżim komunistyczny
dzieci-bohaterowie
pamięć kulturowa
Opis:
The paper presents the constructing of the image of “child heroes” in the memory policies imposed by the communist regime in Bulgaria after 1944. The Bulgarian case of establishing patterns of child heroism during the communist regime followed the Soviet examples of policy on the youngsters. In pursuing its own ideological goals, after 1944 the political regime in Bulgaria imposed new content of child education and turned children into an instrument and object of the propaganda of new heroism. The biographies of the “child heroes” were turned into examples of education and identification for the young generations. Despite the fact that several local cases existed, the cases of Mitko Palauzov, the “six children form Yastrebino” and the “heroes of Belitsa” – Vasil and Sava Kokareshkovi were presented as the national heroic patterns for the youngsters. The specific case of Vasil and Sava Kokareshkovi has been followed in the paper.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2023, 4(39); 33-49
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Cultural Role and Political Implications of Poland’s 1947 Shakespeare Festival
Autorzy:
Kujawińska Courtney, Krystyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/641673.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Communist regime
World War 2
Marxist ideology
Soviet culture
Shakespeare in Poland
Cold War
Opis:
Emerging from the atrocities of war, and still hoping to avert the results of the Yalta conference during which the countries of Central and South–Eastern Europe, including Poland, were “handed over” to Stalin, Poland’s 1947 Shakespeare theatre festival was a sign of courage and defiance. At the Festival 23 productions of 9 Shakespeare’s dramas were staged by theatres in 11 towns, with its finale in Warsaw. My paper will show that the Festival was an attempt to demonstrate both Polish cultural links with Europe, and to subvert Marxist ideology and Soviet culture.
Źródło:
Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture; 2017, 7; 183-193
2083-2931
2084-574X
Pojawia się w:
Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Alternatywy dla katolicyzmu politycznego na Węgrzech po 1945 roku na przykładzie Józsefa Mindszentyego i Gyuli Szekfű
The Alternatives to the Political Catholicism in Hungary after 1945 on the Example of József Mindszenty and Gyula Szekfű
Autorzy:
Hatos, Pál
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/971825.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
Tematy:
reżim komunistyczny
Węgry
Kościół katolicki
József Mindszenty
Gyula Szekfű
Communist régime
Hungary
Catholic Church
Opis:
The Alternatives to the Political Catholicism in Hungary after 1945 on the Example of József Mindszenty and Gyula Szekfű 1945 was a watershed year for Hungary and Hungarian Catholicism alike. The Ancient Regime of the interwar period has totally collapsed in the wake of the crushing defeat that the humiliated country the shameful last ally of the Nazi Reich suffered from the ‘liberating’ Soviet troops. The Liberation soon to be proved nothing else but a ruthless and full scale occupation and Soviets’ proxies, the Communists gradually took control over the whole political and social system of the country. The Catholic Churches lost not just her centuries old privileged status but also her entire wealth in the wake of the 1945 land reform initiated by the Communist Party. But it remained a powerful social force capable to articulate the voice of millions of faithful for the years to come. Amidst the epochal changes two different strategies were articulated by Catholic clery and the laymen intelligentsia: 1) that of the resistance moral and uncompromising standoff represented by the newly appointed Cardinal József Mindszenty (1892–1975), Archbishop of Esztergom and most of the clergy and 2) that of a rather hopeless ralliement with Christian Democratic overtones which was expressed by the first ambassador of Hungary to the Soviet Union the Catholic historian and influential publicintellectual of the interwar period Gyula Szekfű (1883–1955). The historical controverse over the oeuvre of Mindszenty reaches back to his time as active head of the Hungarian Catholics in the late 1940s, continued to be unabatted throughout of the Détente and Ostpolitik years in the 1960s and 1970s, and revived vigourously after 1990 when Mindszenty’ s name and fate ceased to be an untouchable political taboo. Mindszenty undertook a very active public life right from the beginning of his carrier and his arrest at Christmas 1948 followed by an internationally echoed show trial that ended with a life sentence made him once for all an emblematic and at the same time a highly controversial figure of the Hungarian Catholic Church. His memory is still bears this original divide. His partisans praise Mindszenty because of infatigable his brave and uncompromising anti-communism and his passionate vision of Catholicism blended with Hungarian national identity, and since his tragic fate symbolises with strength the sufferings of the ‘silent church’ beyond the Iron Curtain. But he is vehemently contested because of his political ambitions, because of his his well–known royalist symphaties and Habsburg affinities even after 1945, because of his emphasis on Hungary as Regnum Marianum implies an exclusivist catholic nationalism and last but not least since his intrasignance did not take account of the needs of the ordinary and feeble beliver not ready for martyrdom. This was indeed the forceful argument for the persons of the compromise like Gyula Szekfű who feared a large scale secularization of the masses under duress lest the Church accepts the new status quo dictated by the Communist régime. The paper explores these alternatives and try to asses the inherent contradictions in both with a view of the symbolical importance of the oppression of the Church for future generations.
Źródło:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2015, 1(25); 185-198
1427-7476
Pojawia się w:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sytuacja prawna Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce Ludowej
Legal situation of Catholic Church in Polish People’s Republic
La situation juridique de lÉglise catholique en Pologne Populaire
Autorzy:
Wierzbicki, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1791279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Catholic Church
Polish People’s Republic
communist regime
Kościół Katolicki
Polska Ludowa
reżym komunistyczny
Opis:
Poland, after the Second World War, was in communist bloc. Due to immense political changes which took place against religion and Church. Legal situation of the Church in the Communist Period was extremely difficult because legal status of the Church had not been regulated. The article includes a legal situation of Catholic Church in Polish People’s Republic. At the beginning it was defined the term of “communist regime” regarding churches and other religious unions. The grounds for communist regime is ideological and political monism . It is characterized by negative opinion of religion’s role in social life. Society was manipulated by big discrepancy between statutory law and its application. The following article shows the application of communist regime in Poland. Polish society resisted against the application of that system. Political system against the Church were changing within the years. Finally, the Author showed that dialogue between the Church and communist authorities had a material impact on the legal regulation.
Źródło:
Kościół i Prawo; 2013, 2(15); 115-127
0208-7928
2544-5804
Pojawia się w:
Kościół i Prawo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vinctis non victis. Wybrane implikacje zbrodni katyńskiej z 1940 r. Przeszłość i współczesność
Autorzy:
Glugla, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931496.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Security apparatus
Katyn
20th century
communist regime
archives of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN)
Opis:
In the spring of 1940, the Soviets massacred thousands of Polish officers who were in Soviet camps, and buried them in mass graves in Katyn. In 1943 Nazi Germany officially informed the world about this massacre. The communists ruthlessly tried to blame the Germans. Polish representatives went to Katyn. They were eyewitnesses to the discovery of the truth about the mass murder. Each of the Polish delegates was then harassed by the security apparatus. The lie promoted by the communist regime for half a century was only revealed in 1989. Families of the murdered officers were also victims for decades. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and the wave of perestroika (restructuring) in 1990, on the next anniversary of the crime the Soviet press agency reported for the first time in history that the Soviet NKVD was responsible for the murder of these Polish officers. The Katyn massacre was, and is, intertwined with politics.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 4(28); 101-126
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odnos komunističkog režima prema Katoličkoj crkvi u Hrvatskoj od 1945. do 1952. godine
Relation of the Communist Regime Towards the Catholic Church in Croatia Between 1945 and 1952
Autorzy:
Josipović Batorek, Slađana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Catholic Church
communist regime
People’s Republic of Croatia
land reform
religious education
class associations
archbishop Stepinac
Opis:
Based on historical facts, published and unpublished archival materials, this work provides concise analysis of relations between the Church and the state in Croatia between 1945 and 1952, that is from the period when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia became the ruling party until the break-up of diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Since this was a quite dynamic period in terms of socio-political changes, as well as Church-state relations, the article emphasizes only those aspects that constitute the foundation of the conflict between the Catholic Church and the communist regime such as religious education in schools and catholic clergy’s class associations. Moreover, in the introductory part of the work ideological and political causes of the conflict are briefly explained, as well as relations of the Church and the state in the post-war period with a view to better understanding of the position of the Catholic Church and the overall context of the catholic religious life in time to come.  
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne; 2016, 10; 129-144
2084-3011
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The State National Council and the Polish Committee of National Liberation in a State Governed by the Rule of Law: Positions of Legal Scholarly Opinion
Autorzy:
Kozerska, Ewa
Dziewulska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1916252.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
State National Council
Polish Committee of National Liberation
Polska
communist regime
Krajowa Rada Narodowa
Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
Polska
reżim komunistyczny
Opis:
The establishment of the communist regime in Poland in 1944 is a current subject of reflection in the doctrine and practice of legislation and judiciary. There has been no uniform position on these events, which means that the then sanctioned political and normative order continues to produce controversial assessments and, above all, certain legal effects. This results from the fact that the new people’s power, empowered by force, and not by legal or social basis, has given itself the competence to establish a normative order. The lack of legitimacy for the rightful rule and legislative activity, in principle – from the point of view of the idea of the rule of law – undermines the political and legal status of the people’s authorities. This is all the more so because the system of unified power and sources of law created at that time was evidence of building a totalitarian state modelled on the Soviet Union. The events and legal behaviours of that time led to numerous, often radical changes in many areas of private and public life. They caused certain social and material effects, difficult to reverse today, which Polish society still faces. Therefore, modern standards of the rule of law require that public authorities undertake comprehensive and effective activity. They require that the principles of just and fair compensation for material damage and compensation for moral losses resulting from the rule of this system be implemented. This seems all the more important because some regulations of the people’s power, especially those concerning changes in the ownership structure, are still in force and form the basis of court and Constitutional Tribunal decisions.
Ustanowienie reżimu komunistycznego w 1944 r. w Polsce stanowi w doktrynie oraz w praktyce legislacyjnej i orzeczniczej aktualny przedmiot refleksji. Nie wypracowano bowiem jednolitego stanowiska wobec tych wydarzeń, co powoduje, że usankcjonowany wówczas porządek polityczno-normatywny nadal skłania do kontrowersyjnych ocen i przede wszystkim wywołuje określone skutki prawne. Wynika to z faktu, że nowa ludowa władza, umocowana siłową, a nie prawną czy społeczną podstawą działania, sama nadała sobie kompetencje do stanowienia porządku normatywnego. Brak legitymacji do prawowitego panowania i działalności legislacyjnej w zasadzie – z punktu widzenia idei państwa prawa – podważa status ustrojowo-prawny organów władzy ludowej, tym bardziej że stworzony wówczas system jednolitej władzy i źródeł prawa świadczyły o budowaniu wzorowanego na Związku Radzieckim państwa totalitarnego. Ówczesne zdarzenia i zachowania prawne doprowadziły do licznych, często radykalnych zmian w wielu płaszczyznach życia prywatnego i publicznego. Ponadto wywołały określone, trudne dziś do odwrócenia skutki społeczne i materialne, z którymi wciąż mierzy się polskie społeczeństwo. Współczesne standardy państwa prawa stawiają zatem wymóg podjęcia kompleksowej i skutecznej aktywności przez władzę publiczną w zakresie słusznego i sprawiedliwego naprawienia szkód materialnych oraz zadośćuczynienia strat moralnych powstałych w wyniku panowania tego ustroju. Wydaje się to tym bardziej istotne, że niektóre regulacje władzy ludowej, zwłaszcza dotyczące zmian struktury własnościowej, nadal obowiązują oraz stanowią podstawę orzeczeń sądowych i Trybunału Konstytucyjnego.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2021, 30, 1; 121-144
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„W obronie życia nienarodzonych”. Głos Kościoła i środowisk katolickich w debacie okołoaborcyjnej w okresie Wielkiej Nowenny (1956–1966)
In defense of the unborn life. The voice of the Church and Catholic community in the debate around abortion during the Great Novena (1956–1966)
Autorzy:
Jarkiewicz, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
Tematy:
Kościół katolicki
reżim komunistyczny
prawo aborcyjne
kard. Stefan Wyszyński
polityka reprodukcyjna
Catholic Church
communist regime
abortion laws
Card. Stefan Wyszyński
reproductive policy
Opis:
The Church and the Catholic community during the Great Novena (1956–1966) contested the liberal abortion laws introduced by the Communists, arguing that it led to the depopulation of Poland. Formed of pronatalist attitudes based on the experiences of the previous epoch: Catholic parish counseling was developed, spouses were trained on natural family planning methods. Poles were integrated around the Millenium program proclamation of Card. Wyszyński, in which conscience of women through prayer, pilgrimage and preaching. Particular attention has been paid to single mothers and to large families, offering them social and organizational assistance in their parenting. The program of reception of church teaching in the field of marriage and the family was transferred to the forum of the council debate, actively developing the content of the document “Humanae vitae”. In this regard, the effect of the Church and the Catholic community was to strengthen the image of Poland as a country in which it struggled in defense of life and effectively countered the government’s reproductive policy.
Źródło:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2017, 29; 137-175
1427-7476
Pojawia się w:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Procesy polityczne członków zakonów męskich i kongregacji w Czechach w latach 1948–1989
The political trials of members of male orders and congregations in the Czechoslovakia in the period of 1948–1989
Autorzy:
Vlček, Vojtěch
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477919.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
Tematy:
Kościół rzymsko-katolicki
zakonny
prześladowanie religijne
procesy polityczne
reżim komunistyczny
Czechosłowacja 1948–1989
Roman Catholic Church
conventual
religious persecution
political trials
Communist regime
Czechoslovakia 1948–89
Opis:
The political trials of members of male orders and congregations in the Czechosloslovakia in the period of 1948–1989 The study depicts persecutions of male orders and congregations in the period of the Communism regime in the Czech lands during the period of 1948–1989. It indicates the graduał restriction of their activities after the Communist takeover in February 1948. The first part includes the period of 1948–1968, namely the mass attack of the Communist oppressors on the orders shortly after assuming authority, the restriction of their public activities until the complete liquidation of all male orders in Czechoslovakia in April 1950, the so-called K campaign implemented by the state security services (in Czech: Státní bezpečnost). It also mentions the life of monks in centralising internment camps and the illegal renewing of communes as well as the continuation of conventual life in hiding in the 1950s and 1960s. The most significant form of the persecutions committed on monks were the political show trials. In the early 1950s and subsequently in the 1960s, within the Czech lands, during two large rounds of trials, 361 monks were convicted in 175 trials, including 18 of them more than once. The frequent cause of the imprisonment and conviction of the monks was, firstly, their public activities, reading pastoral letters, criticising Communism during their sermons or helping people related to the Anti-Communism movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the majority of case, these were group trials including several dozen members of the order, the purpose of which was the liquidation of any signs of life emanating from the Order: secret meetings, enrolling new members, ordinations. In particular, the 1950s were characterised by severe sentences (58 monks were sentenced to 10-15 in prison, 14 to 20 years or more and 3 to life imprisonment). The most striking aspect was the cruelty of the interrogation methods of the secret agents of the state security, mentally and physically torturing the persons they interrogated; at least 3 monks died in remand centres and 6 while serving time in prison. The second part of the text provides an analysis of the orders in the period 1968–1989. The nationwide thaw in the period of the so-called Prague Spring in 1968 brought a short-term attempt at reviving conventual life in the Czech Republic. After the invasion of the Warsaw Pack military forces and progressing normalisation in the 1970s, conventual communes underwent a process of destruction at the hands of secret church officers and the state security services, while the existence of male orders, including the recruitment of new members, research, publication of religious literature, was deemed illegal, and thus punishable under law. In the period of normalisation, in contrast to the 1950s and 1960s, there were not hundreds of cases of arrests, interrogations and convictions but there were individual trials. Only in the case of the Franciscans during the Vir campaign in 1983, and during other campaigns against them within the republic were dozens of order members prosecuted, of whom only five were sentenced in the Czech lands. Many of the cases that were brought to trial, despite serious interest from the state security services, ended in failure or reversal. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Communist authorities refrained from the previously widespread practices of interning monks in camps or nationwide manhunts. This was caused mainly by the negative reaction of the national opposition as well as international protests and coverage of those cases in the Western mass media. The persecution of male orders and the trials of their members continued in Czechoslovakia throughout the entire period of the Communist regime, with the exception of late 1960s. Since 1950 until the fall of the regime in 1989, with the exception of the period of the so-called Prague Spring, the activities of male orders were deemed undesirable and illegal. The long-term objective of the Communist regime was the complete destruction of conventual life in Czechoslovakia and to convert the society to atheism.
Źródło:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2017, 29; 251-283
1427-7476
Pojawia się w:
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozycja prawna katolickich wydziałów teologicznych na terytorium Republiki Czeskiej od 1950 roku
The Legal Position of Catholic Theological Faculties on the Territory of the Czech Republic since 1950
Autorzy:
Menke, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1892303.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-10-04
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
wydziały teologiczne w Republice Czeskiej
wydziały kościelne
reżim komunistyczny
nadzór państwowy nad Kościołem
faculty of theology in the Czech Republic
Church faculties
Communist regime
state supervision over the Church
Opis:
Katolickie wydziały teologiczne na obecnym terytorium Republiki Czeskiej były aktem normatywnym w 1950 r. jednostronnie wydzielone z grona uniwersytetów, na których funkcjonowały często od ich historycznych początków. Jedynym oficjalnym wydziałem teologicznym do 1990 r. był Wydział Teologiczny Cyryla i Metodego w Pradze z siedzibą w Litomerice (którego oddział był częściowo zlokalizowany w Ołomuńcu w latach 1968-1974 jako miejsce pracy tego wydziału). Do grona uniwersytetów był możliwy powrót dopiero w 1990 r. po tzw. aksamitnej rewolucji. Od tego czasu ma miejsce stopniowe budowanie wydziałów teologicznych i poszukiwanie ich specyficznego miejsca w czeskim społeczeństwie. Artykuł podsumowuje proces ich wydzielenia i powrotu w perspektywie historii i prawa kanonicznego. Utworzenie wydziałów teologicznych ze strony Kościoła jest jednak w obecnym systemie prawnym Republiki Czeskiej ponownie jednym z wielu przejawów autonomii kościołów i związków wyznaniowych gwarantowanych przez prawo.
In 1950, Catholic faculties of theology on the territory of the present-day Czech Republic were unilaterally excluded from the university structures by statute, despite their frequent affiliation with universities from the beginning. Until 1990, the only official theological faculty was the Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology in Prague, with its seat in Litoměřice (the branch of which was partially located in Olomouc in 1968-1974 as an actually operating facility). The reincorporation of those faculties was not possible until 1990, after the Velvet Revolution. Since then we observe a gradual growth of theological faculties and a search for their unique place within the Czech society. The article recapitulates the process of their isolation and reincorporation in the historical and canon law perspective. However, the Church’s establishment of theological faculties is again one of the many manifestations of the autonomy of the Church and religious organisations, which is guaranteed by law in the current legal order of the Czech Republic.
Źródło:
Kościół i Prawo; 2019, 8 (21), 1; 29-50
0208-7928
2544-5804
Pojawia się w:
Kościół i Prawo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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