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    Tytuł:
    Typologia soborów lokalnych Kościoła prawosławnego na ziemiach ruskich i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego do końca XV wieku
    Autorzy:
    Martynowicz, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2171485.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Supraska
    Tematy:
    sobór
    sobór lokalny
    koncyliaryzm
    herezja
    kanonizacja
    ziemie ruskie
    Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie
    Kościół prawosławny
    wewnętrzna organizacja Cerkwi
    council
    local council
    conciliarity
    internal church organization
    heresies
    church trials
    canonisations
    Ruthenian lands
    Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Orthodox Church
    Opis:
    From the very beginning of its existence the Orthodox Church on the Ruthenian lands and on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania created structures and organs indispensable for the normal functioning of the church institution, relating to the praxis of the Byzantine Church as well as to the canonical law. With the development of the church organism the role of councils grew progressively. The local councils of the Orthodox Church, based on the ancient principle of conciliarity of the Eastern Church, formed collegial organs deciding not only on the issues of theological and disciplinary nature, but equally in administrative and juridical matters. The councils of the Orthodox Church gathered primarily in case of important issues, demanding collegial examination. Usually the councils participated bishops, monks (above all archimandrites and hieromonks), married priests (basically namiestniks /i.e.bishop’s deputy/, protopops and krylosy /i.e. diocesan councils/) as well as princes and lay nobility. In the XVI century also representatives of middle class and church brotherhoods participated in the councils. Councils can be divided into the following categories according to the issues debated on them: 1) councils concerning internal church organization, 2) theological and disciplinary (juridical) councils, 3) councils concerning the canonical law, 4) councils dealing with canonisation of the saints. We have very few data about the local councils of the Orthodox Church on the Ruthenian lands before the Tatar invasion. We have more information about the ones that took place after the liberation from the Tatar yoke. The exact number and the time of duration as well as the subject of the debate of the councils are not known exactly. The Old Russian chronicles first of all mention elective councils. The least information was preserved about the councils concerning canonisation. Until the beginning of the XIV century the councils were assembled very rarely and they did not play an important role. Metropolitans equally did not have much power whereas the princes had a huge influence on the Church matters, including the strictly religious issues. The conciliar activity of the Orthodox Church on the Ruthenian lands as well as the territory of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, though developed until the end of the XV century, only in the next century became much more dynamic
    Źródło:
    Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej; 2014, Synody Cerkwi Prawosławnej w I Rzeczypospolitej, 5; 9-39
    2082-9299
    Pojawia się w:
    Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Procesy polityczne członków zakonów męskich i kongregacji w Czechach w latach 1948–1989
    The political trials of members of male orders and congregations in the Czechoslovakia in the period of 1948–1989
    Autorzy:
    Vlček, Vojtěch
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477919.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
    Tematy:
    Kościół rzymsko-katolicki
    zakonny
    prześladowanie religijne
    procesy polityczne
    reżim komunistyczny
    Czechosłowacja 1948–1989
    Roman Catholic Church
    conventual
    religious persecution
    political trials
    Communist regime
    Czechoslovakia 1948–89
    Opis:
    The political trials of members of male orders and congregations in the Czechosloslovakia in the period of 1948–1989 The study depicts persecutions of male orders and congregations in the period of the Communism regime in the Czech lands during the period of 1948–1989. It indicates the graduał restriction of their activities after the Communist takeover in February 1948. The first part includes the period of 1948–1968, namely the mass attack of the Communist oppressors on the orders shortly after assuming authority, the restriction of their public activities until the complete liquidation of all male orders in Czechoslovakia in April 1950, the so-called K campaign implemented by the state security services (in Czech: Státní bezpečnost). It also mentions the life of monks in centralising internment camps and the illegal renewing of communes as well as the continuation of conventual life in hiding in the 1950s and 1960s. The most significant form of the persecutions committed on monks were the political show trials. In the early 1950s and subsequently in the 1960s, within the Czech lands, during two large rounds of trials, 361 monks were convicted in 175 trials, including 18 of them more than once. The frequent cause of the imprisonment and conviction of the monks was, firstly, their public activities, reading pastoral letters, criticising Communism during their sermons or helping people related to the Anti-Communism movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the majority of case, these were group trials including several dozen members of the order, the purpose of which was the liquidation of any signs of life emanating from the Order: secret meetings, enrolling new members, ordinations. In particular, the 1950s were characterised by severe sentences (58 monks were sentenced to 10-15 in prison, 14 to 20 years or more and 3 to life imprisonment). The most striking aspect was the cruelty of the interrogation methods of the secret agents of the state security, mentally and physically torturing the persons they interrogated; at least 3 monks died in remand centres and 6 while serving time in prison. The second part of the text provides an analysis of the orders in the period 1968–1989. The nationwide thaw in the period of the so-called Prague Spring in 1968 brought a short-term attempt at reviving conventual life in the Czech Republic. After the invasion of the Warsaw Pack military forces and progressing normalisation in the 1970s, conventual communes underwent a process of destruction at the hands of secret church officers and the state security services, while the existence of male orders, including the recruitment of new members, research, publication of religious literature, was deemed illegal, and thus punishable under law. In the period of normalisation, in contrast to the 1950s and 1960s, there were not hundreds of cases of arrests, interrogations and convictions but there were individual trials. Only in the case of the Franciscans during the Vir campaign in 1983, and during other campaigns against them within the republic were dozens of order members prosecuted, of whom only five were sentenced in the Czech lands. Many of the cases that were brought to trial, despite serious interest from the state security services, ended in failure or reversal. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Communist authorities refrained from the previously widespread practices of interning monks in camps or nationwide manhunts. This was caused mainly by the negative reaction of the national opposition as well as international protests and coverage of those cases in the Western mass media. The persecution of male orders and the trials of their members continued in Czechoslovakia throughout the entire period of the Communist regime, with the exception of late 1960s. Since 1950 until the fall of the regime in 1989, with the exception of the period of the so-called Prague Spring, the activities of male orders were deemed undesirable and illegal. The long-term objective of the Communist regime was the complete destruction of conventual life in Czechoslovakia and to convert the society to atheism.
    Źródło:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2017, 29; 251-283
    1427-7476
    Pojawia się w:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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