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Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie wskaźników krajobrazowych do oceny zagospodarowania terenu
Using landscape indexes for land development evaluation
Autorzy:
Bober, A.
Bielecka, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/346122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Informacji Przestrzennej
Tematy:
wskaźniki krajobrazu
zagospodarowanie terenu
Syntetyczny Wskaźnik Zróżnicowania Przestrzennego
kartogram
landscape indexes
land development
Synthetic Indicator of Spatial Differentiation
choropleth map
Opis:
Do oceny stopnia zagospodarowania wykorzystano analizę struktury krajobrazu, na podstawie mierników krajobrazowych, z wykorzystaniem danych o pokryciu terenu, zgromadzonych w TBD. Na podstawie trzech jednostkowych wskaźników krajobrazowych, a mianowicie SIDI, IJI oraz CV obliczono Syntetyczny Wskaźnik Zróżnicowania Przestrzennego – WZP, który umożliwia charakterystykę struktury przestrzennej pokrycia terenu, odzwierciedlającego zagospodarowanie terenu. W celu wykonania interpretacji funkcjonalnej wskaźnika, określono progi, przy których zmienia się zróżnicowanie przestrzenne terenu, wykorzystując w tym celu podział kwartylowy. Wartości poniżej pierwszego kwartyla wskazują niewielkie zróżnicowania zagospodarowania, podczas gdy powyżej trzeciego – duże zróżnicowanie. Obliczenie metryk jednostkowych i opracowanie wskaźnika WZP wymagało wcześniejszej analizy doboru wielkości pola podstawowego oraz rozmiaru ruchomego okna. Określenie wartości progowych, przy których zmienia się zróżnicowanie przestrzenne analizowanego obszaru, wymagało również zrozumienia i odpowiedniej interpretacji charakterystyk statystycznych uzyskanych wyników. Metodę analiz zagospodarowania przestrzennego z wykorzystaniem wskaźnika WZP przetestowano dla dwóch podwarszawskich gmin: Błonie i Leszno.
Landscape structure analysis was used to assess the level of land development. Analysis based on landscape metrices used land cover data, collected in national Topographical Databases. Three individual landscape metrices: SIDI, IJI, CV were used to calculate The Synthetic Spatial Diversity Index WZP, which describes the spatial diversification and structure of land cover, reflecting land development. Calculation of individual landscape metrices and the WZP, index was calculated basing on selection of MMU and size of the movable window. Quartile intervals of WZP index values were used for functional interpretation. The value below 1 quartile shows the very low level of land development, while the great diversification corresponds to the value above 3 quartiles. Determination of the method of ranging, and the range values where the spatial development diversification has been changed, require understanding and interpretation of statistical characteristics of the results. The method of land development analysis using WZP, was tested on two Mazovian communes: Leszno and Błonie.
Źródło:
Roczniki Geomatyki; 2015, 13, 3(69); 209-216
1731-5522
2449-8963
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Geomatyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simplified diffusion analysis – cartography as a tool for combating pandemics
Uproszczona analiza dyfuzji- kartografia narzędziem walki z pandemią
Autorzy:
Budkowski, Szczepan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2201679.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie
Tematy:
cartography
spatial weight matrix
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
choropleth map
pandemic combating model
kartografia
macierz wag przestrzennych
kartogram
model walki z pandemią
Opis:
The transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a complex and intricate process, but it is possible to efficiently track and contain the spread of the pandemic in a given area by observing the regularities of the pathogen’s diffusion. One of the basic measures to hamper the development of the disease was to reduce the intensity of social contact by banning free movement. An adequate response in selected regions, where the virus develops much more rapidly, is crucial and prevents serious economic damage to many industries. The modern perception of cartography as an interdisciplinary tool can contribute to limiting the diffusion of infection through spatial analyses. The aim of this paper is to present cartography as a tool to support the “management” of a pandemic. In terms of methodology, the well-known choropleth map method was employed along with spatial structure analyses. The basic category considered within the framework of statistics and econometrics is spatial relationships formulated for the purpose of achieving the set objective in the form of spatial weight matrices. In the analyses presented here, a modified Moran model was used, within which the Authors applied a row-standardised weight matrix using migration data of individual counties. The paper reviews what has been achieved so far, based mainly on European solutions. Insufficient availability of reliable data needed for advanced models (especially in the initial phase of virus spread) means that using migration data from the nearest neighbourhood can be a viable solution. This approach comes down to an analysis of migration and the population density in the county in question. A simplified analysis with a statistically significant probability allows the identification of counties that could potentially become sites of uncontrolled virus transmission in areas of high population density and high mobility. This is undoubtedly the main achievement of the publication. The results obtained converge approximately with the actual development of a pandemic. The studies carried out indicate that the development of a pandemic is influenced not only by the number of infections, but above all by population density, as well as economic, social, educational and transport networks, as shown by the high Pearson coefficient correlation of 0.83. The analyses indicate the possibility of uncontrolled transmission of the virus in areas of high population density and high mobility
Transmisja wirusa SARS-CoV-2 jest procesem skomplikowanym i złożonym, jednak obserwacja prawidłowości związanych z dyfuzją patogenu pozwala na efektywne śledzenie i ograniczanie wzrostu pandemii na danym obszarze. Do podstawowych działań mających na celu zatrzymanie rozwoju choroby należało zmniejszenie intensywności kontaktów społecznych związanych z zakazem swobodnego przemieszczania się. Odpowiednie reagowanie w wybranych regionach, w których wirus rozwija się zdecydowanie bardziej dynamicznie, jest kluczowe i zapobiega poważnym stratom ekonomicznym w wielu branżach. Nowoczesne postrzeganie kartografii jako narzędzia interdyscyplinarnego może przyczynić się do ograniczenia dyfuzji zakażeń poprzez dokonywanie analiz przestrzennych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie kartografii jako narzędzia wspomagającego „zarządzanie” pandemią. W zakresie metodologii wykorzystano znaną metodę kartogramu z uwzględnieniem metodyki analiz struktur przestrzennych. Podstawową kategorią rozważaną w ramach statystyki i ekonometrii są zależności przestrzenne sformułowane na potrzeby realizacji założonego celu w postaci macierzy wag przestrzennych. W przedstawionych analizach wykorzystany został zmodyfikowany model Morana, w ramach którego autorzy zastosowali wierszowo standaryzowaną macierz wagową wykorzystującą dane migracyjne poszczególnych powiatów. W artykule dokonano przeglądu dotychczasowych osiągnięć, opartych głównie na rozwiązaniach europejskich. Wykorzystanie faktu problematycznej ilości wiarygodnych danych niezbędnych do sporządzenia zaawansowanych modeli (szczególnie w pierwszym etapie dyfuzji wirusa) prowadzi do konkluzji o możliwości wykorzystania danych migracyjnych najbliższego sąsiedztwa. Taki sposób podejścia do zagadnienia sprowadza się do analizy migracji oraz zagęszczenia zaludnienia danego powiatu. Uproszczona analiza z istotnym statystycznie prawdopodobieństwem pozwala na wskazanie powiatów, które mogą stać się potencjalnie miejscem niekontrolowanej transmisji wirusa na obszarach o dużym zagęszczeniu ludności w koincydencji z ich mobilnością. Jest to niewątpliwie głównym osiągnięciem publikacji. Uzyskane wyniki konweniują w sposób przybliżony z rzeczywistym rozwojem pandemii. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że wpływ na rozwój pandemii ma nie tylko liczba infekcji, ale przede wszystkim gęstość zaludnienia, a także powiązania gospodarcze, społeczne, edukacyjne i transportowe, na co wskazuje wysoka korelacja współczynnika Pearson’a na poziomie 0.83. Prowadzone analizy wskazują na możliwość niekontrolowanej transmisji wirusa na obszarach o dużym zagęszczeniu ludności w koincydencji z ich mobilnością.
Źródło:
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape; 2023, 1; 45--55
2300-1496
Pojawia się w:
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparing continuity and compactness of choropleth map classes
Autorzy:
Całka, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
klasyfikacja danych
zagospodarowanie przestrzenne
zaludnienie obszaru
data classification
choropleth map
neighbourhood analysis
spatial contiguity analysis
head-tail breaks method
Opis:
Population density varies sharply from place to place on the whole territory of Poland. The largest number of people per 1 km2 is 21,531, while uninhabited areas account for about 48% of the country. Such uneven, non-Gaussian distribution of the data causes some difficulty in choosing the classification method in geometric choropleth maps. A thorough evaluation of a geometric choropleth map of population data is not possible using only traditional indicators such as the Tabular Accuracy Index (TAI). That is why the aim of the article is to develop an innovative index based on distance analysis and neighbour analysis of grid cells. Two indexes have been suggested in this paper: the Spatial Distance Index (SDI) and the Spatial Contiguity Index (SCI). The paper discusses the use of five classification methods to evaluate choropleth maps of population data, like head-tail breaks, natural breaks, equal intervals, quantile, and geometrical intervals. A comprehensive assessment of such geometric choropleth maps is also done. The research was conducted for the whole territory of Poland, using data from the 2011 National Census of Population and Housing. Population data are presented in the 1km grid. The results of the analysis are shown on thematic maps. A compatibility of the choropleth maps with urban-rural typology of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) was also checked.
Źródło:
Geodesy and Cartography; 2018, 67, 1; 21-34
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:
Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Redistribution population data across a regular spatial grid according to buildings characteristics
Autorzy:
Calka, B.
Bielecka, E.
Zdunkiewicz, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145418.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
dane demograficzne
siatka przestrzenna
dane topograficzne
population data
dasymetric modeling
spatial grid
choropleth map
topographic data
Opis:
Population data are generally provided by state census organisations at the predefined census enumeration units. However, these datasets very are often required at userdefined spatial units that differ from the census output levels. A number of population estimation techniques have been developed to address these problems. This article is one of those attempts aimed at improving county level population estimates by using spatial disaggregation models with support of buildings characteristic, derived from national topographic database, and average area of a flat. The experimental gridded population surface was created for Opatów county, sparsely populated rural region located in Central Poland. The method relies on geolocation of population counts in buildings, taking into account the building volume and structural building type and then aggregation the people total in 1 km quadrilateral grid. The overall quality of population distribution surface expressed by the mean of RMSE equals 9 persons, and the MAE equals 0.01. We also discovered that nearly 20% of total county area is unpopulated and 80% of people lived on 33% of the county territory.
Źródło:
Geodesy and Cartography; 2016, 65, 2; 149-162
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:
Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kartogram i kartodiagram jako przykład łączenia metod prezentacji kartograficznej
Choropleth map and diagram map as an example of combining cartographic presentation methods
Autorzy:
Dębowska, A.
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
metody prezentacji kartograficznej
kartogram
kartodiagram
kartogram diagramiczny
mapa anamorficzna
charakter danych
odniesienie danych
cartographic presentation methods
choropleth map
diagram map
choropleth map basing on diagram
cartogram
character of data
Opis:
W artykule omówiono różne aspekty łączenia dwóch metod prezentacji - kartogramu i kartodiagramu na jednej mapie. Zwrócono uwagę na dopasowanie graficzne obu metod oraz na charakter i odniesienie przedstawianych w ten sposób danych. Pokazano przykłady takich połączeń, od najprostszych zastosowań po skomplikowane ujęcia anamorficzne.
Presentation of data on maps requires appropriate graphic methods to make the presented information logical and clear for map users. Depending on the range of information cartographers decide to use one, two or several presentation methods on a single map. A common combination is of a choropleth map with a diagram map. A choropleth map consists of area units (geometrical or administrative) designated with a color scale, a method for map background, while a diagram map consists of scaled diagrams appearing 'on top'. Because of this the two methods match and do not interfere graphically. Thus more data can be presented on a single map. It is important that data is logically selected and thematically linked, to create a new quality -communicate new information. Let us look at a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map in relation to data selection. Considering possible combinations of two types of data (relative and absolute) with two methods of presentation, four types of combinations can be distinguished. (fig- 2). Type A is the most common and most correct according to cartographic methodology. Type B is also quite common. Type C seems incorrect because of a choropleth presentation of absolute data, which is contrary to theoretical recommendations of cartographic methodology. The last type is against the rules of cartographic methodology and is not used. When analyzing a combination of a choropleth map and a diagram map on a single map it is worth having a look not only at the character of data but also at what it relates to. In the case of a choropleth map data al-ways relates to area units. In diagrams data can relate to points, lines as well as area. Therefore the following types of graphic solutions can be determined (fig. 10). Type I is definitely the most common combination. Both methods relate to the same area units, which significantly facilitates map reading and interpretation. Many maps of Type II can be found in atlases, especially in maps thematically linked to population and industry, where data is related to points (diagrams) and area (choropleth). In such cases choropleth map is used to present various markers in relation to whole area unit: voivodship, countries, eta, while a diagram map presents e.g. cities or industrial centers. Type III is used when there is a need to show movement against the background of a choropleth map. Often the presented topic is so broad that it requires several graphic techniques simultaneously. They can be various types of diagrams (various shapes and colors), a complex choropleth map (two choropleth maps superimposed), various signatures and other methods of presentation (isolines, dots, ranges). Browsing through maps one can easily find ones with simultaneous use of several choropleth maps and diagram maps. There also exist some more complex combinations, which result in a single 'new' method of presentation, such as choropleth maps basing on a diagram or cartograms. Map authors combine the choropleth method with a diagram method to present a certain group of topics. This combination is often used to present socio-economic issues, because they require quantitative or ordering methods, of which a choropleth map and a diagram map are the most popular. While selecting data for cartographic presentation it should be remembered that using two or more sets of data on a single map has to be justified. Data shown on a single map has to be complimentary, self-explanatory and selected correctly from the point of cartographic methodology and graphic design. Any attempt to make an exhaustive and clear presentation of a particular problem on a map requires some graphic techniques involving a combination of cartographic methods. Clarity of such presentation depends on data selection, graphic design and perception of map user. Presented analysis does not conclude the topic of research, rather it opens the door towards a broader view of the potential of combining various cartographic methods.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2010, T. 42, nr 4, 4; 305-320
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Możliwości opracowania kartogramów i kartodiagramów w programie MapInfo Professional 10.5
Possibilities of elaborating choropleth maps and diagrams in MapInfo Professional 10.5
Autorzy:
Dębowska, A.
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204190.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
MapInfo Professional 10.5
systemy informacji geograficznej
metoda i forma prezentacji kartograficznej
metoda kartogramu
metoda kartodiagramu
geographic information systems
method and form of cartographic presentation
choropleth map method
diagram map method
Opis:
W artykule przeanalizowano i oceniono możliwości opracowania kartogramów i kartodiagramów w jednym z programów typu GIS -MapInfo Professional 10.5. Omówione możliwości programu skonfrontowano z zasadami metodyki kartograficznej.
Autors analyze and evaluate the possibilities of elaborating choropleth maps and diagrams using one of the most popular programs for servicing geographic information systems - MapInfo Professional 10.5. The article focuses only on two forms of cartographic presentation since they are the most frequently used and described in detail in MapInfo. The classification of map elaboration methods used in the MapInfo program is completely different from the classification accepted in Polish cartography. Not only is the "classification" completely different, but also MapInfo features methods unknown and incorrect from the cartographical point of view. These erratic solutions adversely affect the evaluation of the program. MapInfo Professional is made for a wide range of potential users, therefore it would seem natural to expect that they be given correct basics of cartographic methodology. Terminology used both in the program and in the MapInfo guides very often differs from the terminology accepted in Polish cartography, which is a serious problem. Not only does it adversely affect the understanding of the program, but also causes chaotic terminology to spread. In the analyzed program the diagram can be generated by as many as four methods of generating a thematic map which makes it the program's most developed method of cartographic presentation. However, it is impossible to generate a diagram map illustrating values of a phenomenon with the use of a graph. Considering all sorts of diagrams (one- and multi--parameter, flat and three-dimentional block), it appears that only a small part of those can be generated in MapInfo Professional. There are options to elaborate one parameter flat geometric diagrams in the shape of a circle, half circle, column, square, triangle and polygon. While editing, the user has the option of changing their filling and contour. The lack of the option to adapt the size of diagrams to the size of base units is the program's very serious disadvantage, as automation and acceleration of map elaboration process is a feature quite expected of GIS software. Including an adequate algorithm seems indispensible. It is possible to generate a line diagram in the same form as a related to point or an area diagram in the program. In such a case the diagram is put in the "middle" of the line to which it refers (fig. 8). The solution is completely inconsistent with cartographic methodology and cannot be classified within cartographic methods of presentation. According to the information in MapInfo user guide (2008) the so-called division method is the equivalent of the second method of presentation mentioned in this article- the choropleth map. It appears, however, that with this "method" it is possible to present all quantitative data. There is no warning that the choropleth map can only be applied for presenting relative data. Moreover, there is no option to generate a continuous or two-variable choropleth map, or a correct legend. Attempts to generate choropleth maps and diagrams in MapInfo have proved that the suggested solutions are not entirely correct and satisfactory. Although the program contains many useful functions, they are underdeveloped and occasionally can even mislead the user.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2013, T. 45, nr 3, 3; 201-217
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola map cyfrowych w systemach zarządzania nieruchomościami skarbu państwa
The role of digital maps in the property management systems of the treasury
Autorzy:
Filipczak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/130078.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Geodetów Polskich
Tematy:
zarządzanie nieruchomością
mapa tematyczna
kartogram
kartodiagram
metoda punktowa
property management
thematic maps
choropleth map
chart map
map
dot map
Opis:
Choć obecnie mapy tematyczne są powszechnie używane, ich zastosowanie w zarządzaniu nieruchomościami Skarbu Państwa jest czymś nowym. Jak dotąd do tego typu analiz stosowano głównie zestawienia tabelaryczne i wykresy. W prezentowanym artykule przedstawiono propozycję wykorzystania map tematycznych jako elementu wspierającego efektywne zarządzanie nieruchomościami państwowej jednostki organizacyjnej jaką jest Policja. Wykonane mapy tematyczne, poprzez zastosowanie różnego rodzaju metod prezentacji kartograficznej – kartodiagramów (słupkowych, kołowych), map przedziałów (kartogramów) opracowanych w oprogramowaniu ArcView firmy ESRI oraz MapInfo firmy MapInfo Corporation umożliwiły przeprowadzenie analiz czasowych i jednocześnie wielowątkowych.
While thematic maps are now widely used, their use in the property management is rather new. So far data about property, in property management systems, is visualized mainly in the form of table charts and diagrams. This article presents the possibility of use thematic maps as an element of support for the effective management of Police’s state property entity. For the Police, as managers, thematic maps will meet a number of functions: diagnostic – to allow analysis of current state, control and account – allowing the rationalization of expenditures, and – prognostic – facilitate the realization of strategic goals. Statistical data on managed properties, such as facilities maintenance costs, obtained from the Police Headquarters, were the basis for mapping and analysis. Thematic maps made by applying various methods of cartographic presentation – cartodiagrams (charts), maps of compartments (choropleth map) in software developed by ESRI ArcInfo and MapInfo (developed by MapInfo Corporation) give possibilities of exploratory and multi analysis. The use of thematic maps in the property management system allows the Police on the one hand presentation the descriptive data collected by the Police about the managed property, on the other hand gives the possibility of further analysis and research by seeking spatial and temporal relationships between data on Police Headquarters or stations, and determine their dynamics, and other laws.
Źródło:
Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji; 2012, 23; 111-118
2083-2214
2391-9477
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Internetowy Atlas metod kartograficznych
Internet Atlas of cartographic methods
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Nowacki, T.
Opach, T.
Pasławski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204143.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
ilościowe metody prezentacji
atlas metod kartograficznych
kartogram
kartodiagram
metoda izolinii
metoda kropkowa
sygnatury ilościowe
quantitative methods of presentation
Atlas of cartographic methods
choropleth map
diagram map
isoline map
dot map
quantitative symbols
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono internetowy Atlas metod kartograficznych, skierowany do tych, którzy chcą poznać podstawowe zasady redagowania map statystycznych. Autorzy podjęli się analizy pięciu ilościowych metod prezentacji kartograficznej, próbując przedstawić użytkownikowi najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z ich stosowaniem i interpretacją.
The free and all accessible Atlas of cartographic methods has been available on the Internet at www. educarto.pl since May 2012. The atlas was elaborated by the staff of the Department of Cartography of Warsaw University in 2010-2012. Growth of computer technologies has made it possible for everyone to author a map - especially a statistical one. Thus has appeared the need to prepare and make accessible to wider public a more elaborate guide than just a handbook or a set of instructions on how to run the program. The Atlas has been made to cater to the needs of those interested in learning basic rules of statistical map editing, so - of geography students, experts in spatial economy and environmental protection, surveyors. It is educational in character and aimed at showing quantitative methods and forms of cartographic presentation and focusing attention on map interpretation. It presents five quantitative forms and methods of presentation: diagram map, choropleth map, isoline map, dot map and quantitative symbols. The Atlas of cartographic methods is composed of two main parts (Fig. 1). The first part contains three 'chapters' of texts while the second - maps along with short commentaries. The first chapter is an elaboration entitled 'From the history of presentation forms and methods' and is illustrated with old maps. The second one - 'From data to map' - describes the process of editing a statistical map. It deals with data features and the possibilities of their transformation to fulfill the requirements of a specific presentation: - method of data reference (to points, area or line), data character (absolute, relative), method of showing data (continuous, discrete). The third chapter is entitled 'Methods step by step'. Its aim is to acquaint users with basic characteristics of the five forms of cartographic presentation. The second part of the atlas - 'Maps' - is a dynamic internet application and interactive environment for generating atlas full scale drawings. The application was programmed in PHP and is linked to MySQL database. The application's interface design was aimed to support the demonstrativeness of the Atlas - available functions have been limited to a minimum. The GUS (Central Statistical Office) Bank of Local Data resources (www.stat.gov.pl) served as material for elaborating maps in the Atlas. For elaborating a part of the Atlas full scale drawings an earlier prepared group of raster images was used. They were put on the server and shown in accordance with the parameters selected by the user. The remaining full scale drawings were created in a more complex way. Here applications programmed in PHP play an essential part. They process spatial and attribute data and display an automatically created map together with legend. The internet Atlas of cartographic methods can be treated as the first stage of a wider elaboration including all basic forms and methods of presentation.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2012, T. 44, nr 2, 2; 105-119
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kartodiagram i kartogram a charakter danych - badania eksperymentalne
Diagram map and choropleth map in relation to data type - experimental research
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204424.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartogram
kartodiagram
badania eksperymentalne
diagram map
choropleth map
experimental research
Opis:
Poprawne stosowanie kartograficznych metod prezentacji warunkuje czytelność redagowanej mapy. Wiąże się z tym m. in. wybór odpowiednich danych statystycznych. Często sprawia on autorom map wiele trudności, dlatego stał się powodem niniejszych rozważań. W artykule przedstawiono próbę klasyfikacji danych za względu na ich charakter. Zaprezentowano poglądy kartografów związane ze stosowaniem danych do dwóch metod prezentacji: kartogramu i kartodiagramu. W dalszej części artukułu przedstawiono analizę danych na mapach w atlasach geograficznych oraz badania ankietowe, których celem było skonfrontowanie przedstawionych poglądów z praktyką kartograficzną.
Proper application of cartographic methods of presentation is a condition for map's readability. It is related to a choice of appropriate statistical data. The article presents an attempt to classify data by type (fig. 1). Absolute data is represented by absolute numbers. They can be divided into two groups: proper - simple data represented by absolute numbers and transformed, which despite undergoing a transformation (e.g. averaged in time or related to the whole set) are still absolute numbers. Relative data is represented in fraction form, in relation to a particular component. Relative data can be proper, shown as a fraction, and transformed. Data type is of significance when differentiating between two types of cartographic presentation: choropleth map and diagran map. In cartographic literature a lot has been written about the selection of data for choropleth map presentation. The choropleth map method is usually recommended for presentation of ralative data. Data selection for diagram map presentation is much more disputable. Most handbooks recommend absolute data. Unfortunately this recommendation is not supported with any evidence. Some authors allow also relative data, but they do not provide any evidence either. Therefore there is no specific advice as to which type of data should be chosen for diagram map presentation. This research tried to establish the practical solution to the problem of data selection. One of the methods is an analysis of maps published in geographic atlases. 3656 diagram maps from atlases have been analyzed in order to determine the type of data used for them. The results showed absolute data to be the majority (86,4% of analyzed diagram maps). Diagram map presentation of relative data was applied significantly less often (4% of the total number of diagram maps). Another method of establishing a connection between theory and cartographic practice is a survey. Survey questionnaires were distributed twice to geography students at Warsaw University and Higher School of Pedagogics in Kielce. The first survey was to establish the methods of data selection by individuals who had not been acquainted with the rules of cartography. The second survey, conducted after a oneyear cartography course, was to determine the application of theory in practice. There were two types of tasks. The first one was to invent map titles (an open task). In the second part students were given several titles and asked to decide, which of them could be presented on a particular map (a closed task). Maps in the questionnaire had to be perceived similarly by all participants and should not be associated with any real terrain. Therefore fictional maps had been prepared. The first survey included 178 students (100 from Warsaw, 78 from Kielce). It showed that data selection for diagram maps and choropleth maps is not intuitive. The participants asked to suggest map topics handled diagram maps rather well; the results for choropleth maps were worse. Detailed analysis of chosen topics showed that the students had difficulties with both methods. The participants could not differentiate between the two types of maps and often assigned to them the same topics and therefore the same data. The second survey included 158 participants ( 84 from warsaw, 74 from Kielce). In both groups there was an increase of the number of correct answers (fig.11). However the results in both centers were significantly different. In Warsaw there were more correct answers, while in KIelce only a decrease in the number of incorrect answers was evident. The conducted survey showed that data selection for the methods of cartographic presentation is not an easy task. Theoretical instructions quoted in handbooks are not intuitively followed by map users. Choropleth map presentation is usually connected with the application of relative data. Diagram maps usually show absolute data. This rule is respected in practice, alt-hough there are common exceptions. Some of the students, before as well as after the course, had different opinions-in the first survey unconsciously, basing in intuition or coincidence, in the second survey often consciously, claiming that particular data simply fit the map in question. Despite cartographic education not all the students acquired the rules. Different results in Warsaw and Kielce may suggest that cartography lecturers put different stress on this issue. However in both centers there is a visible improvement after the course has been completed. It can be assumed, that the results are more evident where the theory has been stressed more. In both schools, after the course had been completed, there was only a small number of incorrect or illogical answers. This shows that the students acquired presented knowledge. However in cartography some rules are more and some less logical. Presenting forests in green and waters in blue is beyond question. It is logical and obvious. Data selection for the methods of presentation is not as logical, therefore it is not as widely accepted.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 1, 1; 12-25
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The beginnings of the choropleth presentation
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Pasławski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
Dupin Charles
choropleth map
history of thematic cartography
Opis:
The discovery in the cartographic collections of the Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies at the University of Warsaw of an original map by Charles Dupin – the first choropleth map – provided an opportunity to conduct a closer methodological analysis of the map and to investigate the subsequent development of this presentation method during the first half of 19th century. From relatively early on, the accepted principle was for choropleth map presentations to use statistical data still imprecisely referred to as relative, as well as using a distribution series as a method of generalizing data.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2017, 49, 4; 187-198
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Choropleth map and diagram map - about merging methods of cartographic presentation
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, Jolanta
Miłaszewska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034524.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
cartographic presentation methods
choropleth map
diagram map
Opis:
Various aspects of merging the chosen presentation methods (choropleth and diagram) on one map are discussed in the article. Attention is focused on the graphic match of both methods, on the character and reference of data presented in this manner. Examples of such matches are shown, from the simplest application to complicated anamorphic presentations.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2010, 14; 349-361
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Unusual graphic solutions and their place in classification of cartographic presentation methods
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, Jolanta
Kacprzyk, Izabela
Miłaszewska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
visualisation
cartographic presentation methods
ordinal methods
choropleth map
Opis:
Examples of unusual and unconventional graphic solutions which we can often find in the times of fast developing computer technology are discussed in the article. Many of them are suggested by various GIS programs, few of them may be found in the press or on the Internet. This means that their users are people who are not associated with cartography and who are not familiar with the framework of cartographic methods.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2008, 13; 289-298
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czytelność kartogramów prostych i złożonych - badania eksperymentalne
Effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps - an experimental research
Autorzy:
Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartogram prosty
kartogram złożony
czytanie map
mapa
czytelność
zależność zjawisk geograficznych
one-variable choropleth map
two--variable choropleth map
map reading
geographical relationship
effectiveness
Opis:
W artykule omówiony został eksperyment przeprowadzony z udziałem użytkowników map, którego celem było porównanie kartogramów prostych i złożonych pod względem czytelności informacji o rozmieszczeniu zjawisk oraz informacji o zależności zjawisk. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o tym, że kartogramy złożone są dobrze czytelną formą prezentacji zależności zjawisk, co weryfikuje dotychczasowe poglądy kartografów.
Two-variable choropleth method allows to present two different quantitative variables on the same map. The purpose of such mapping technique is to visualize geographic relationship. Readers' perception is considered to be an important limitation of two-variable choropleth maps. The negative opinion about the effectiveness of this form of presentation is based on maps published in the 1970s by the U. S. Bureau of the Census. Poor readability of Census maps results from an inappropriate graphic representation and it was evidenced experimentally (J. Olson 1981). In order to check improperly designed two-variable chorpleth maps can be well understood by their readers, an experimental test was conducted, in which the effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable solution was compared. It was checked if one-variable maps are more appropriate to show spatial distribution and if two-variable maps make the geographic relationship easier to interpret. The participants were 128 students of geography at Warsaw University. They performed different typical map-reading tasks on one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps. The students were divided into two groups. Each student performed the test twice, each time using a different type of maps - the first group worked with one-variable maps first, the second group worked with two-variable maps first. In order to design comprehensive two-variable maps a complementary color scheme, proposed by J.R. Eyton (1984), was used and number of classes was limited to 9 (3x3). The maps created for experiment looked like the actual census maps. The test consisted of six tasks. The students were asked to extract from maps information about distributions (tasks Rp1, Rp2, Rp3) and variables relationship (tasks Zp1, Zp2, Zp3). Questions were asked about specific as well as about general information; they referred to individual enumeration units, regions and whole maps. As a test result the percentage of correct responses was calculated. At the end of the experiment students expressed their opinions and preferences about both types of maps. The results of this experiment verify opinion about poor readability of two-variable choropleth maps. Students were more accurate in reading spatial distribution on one-variable maps (especially the general pattern) and in reading spatial relationship (at every level of perception) on two-variable maps. They found two-variable maps a little bit more difficult to interpret but this form of presentation seemed more unusual and interesting. They found also that one-variable solution is more appropriate to read distribution and two-variable solution - to read variables relationship. These results showed that two-variable maps, if properly designed, can be quite properly interpreted by map readers and can be useful in visual exploration of geographical data, especially when the relationship between phenomena is crucial.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 1, 1; 5-23
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prezentacja zależności zjawisk metodą kartogramu złożonego
Presentation of phenomena relation using the method of two-variable choropleth map
Autorzy:
Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204360.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
kartogram
mapa
map
cartography
choropleth map
Opis:
Artukuł poświęcony jest ocenie możliwości zastosowania metody kartogramu złożonego do przedstawiania zależności zjawisk. Omówione zostały zagadnienia metodyczne związane z opracowywaniem kartogramów złożonych. Zwrócono uwagę na problem czytelności tych map.
Presentation of information about geographic environment in a form of the maps of single phenomena does not always allow for a correct interpretation of relations between them. Simultaneous reading and comparing of several maps is often too difficult for perception of an average reader. Therefore one should look for more synthetic presentation methods, which instead of elementary information - about phenomena distribution, would present transformed information - e.g. about their relations. A two-variable choropleth map can be such a method. Its main feature is, that it presents values of two geographic phenomena within an areal units on map. The article discusses main methodic aspects of two-variable choropleth map elaboration. These are: choise of phenomena to be presented, preparation of a statistical scattergram, which is the basis for class intervals selection, and classification method. The author also presents principles, which should govern the process of planning a graphical solution suitable for the presentation of two variables. A color legend of a two-variable choropleth map used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the seventies is an example of such a solution. Poor readability of maps prepared with it suggests that further modifications of this legend are needed. Functioning of two-variable choropleth maps are the main source of limitations of this method. It is impossible to present phenomena distribution and relations at the same time. Thus a two-variable choropleth map should be seen as a compromise. Poor legibility of maps prepared with this method is a source of serious doubts. It has been proved through experimental research (H. Weiner, C.M. Francolini 1980, J. Olson 1981). The reading process can be improved through limiting the number of classes, application of proper graphic solutions and developing a clear legend. Reader's experience with such maps also plays an inoportant role. There necessary, the presentation method should be explained.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 273-285
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cartographic imaging of the development potential of Nowy Targ
Kartograficzne zobrazowanie potencjału rozwojowego miasta Nowy Targ
Autorzy:
Mika, Monika
Fryźlewicz, Patrycja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201201.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie
Tematy:
development potential of cities
choropleth map
point bonitation method
kartogram
potencjał rozwojowy miast
metoda bonitacji punktowej
Opis:
Development potential, studied on the example of the city of Nowy Targ, is defined by the authors as a set of factors contributing to social, economic, and environmental development. Development potential is also understood as a positive change. Properly examined, it provides an opportunity to maintain good practices, such as the protection of ecologically valuable areas or the preservation of traditions directly derived from the region’s characteristics. The methodology used in this study, based on the point bonitation method, has already been applied in the context of ecological and natural assessments of selected territorial units. This publication demonstrates the application of this method to the selection of variables, allowing us to determine the development potential using Nowy Targ as an example. The authors place several indicators in three research sectors: the city’s economy, natural environment, and social development. For the purpose of this study, the city area was divided into 245 squares (PPO) with sides of 500 m × 500 m. The size of the PPOs was chosen with regard to the purpose of the research and adapted to the city’s area. 15 diagnostic variables were adopted in the examination of Nowy Targ’s development potential. The conducted research resulted in a cartographic visualisation of the data using GIS tools. This research provides an opportunity to deepen the analysis of the appropriate choice of development directions when working on municipal development documents. An important advantage of the employed method is its flexibility. A weakness of this method lies in the subjective selection of variables by the researchers and the thematic scope of the chosen research problem. The resulting cartograms allow for a quick assessment of the areas influencing the city’s development or degradation.
Potencjał rozwojowy, zbadany na przykładzie miasta Nowy Targ, jest rozumiany przez autorów jako zespół czynników przyczyniających się do jego rozwoju społecznego, gospodarczego oraz środowiskowego. Ponadto potencjał rozumiany jest jako pozytywna przemiana. Właściwie zbadany daje szansę na zachowanie dobrych praktyk np. ochronę miejsc cennych przyrodniczo czy podtrzymanie tradycji wywodzących się bezpośrednio z cech regionu. Zastosowana w tej pracy metodyka z wykorzystaniem metody bonitacji punktowej, we wcześniejszych badaniach stosowana była w kontekście oceny ekologicznej i przyrodniczej wybranych jednostek terytorialnych. Niniejsza publikacja pokazuje wykorzystanie tej metody w kontekście doboru zmiennych, w celu określenia potencjału rozwojowego na przykładzie miasta Nowy Targ. Autorzy umieszczają w trzech sektorach badawczych szereg wskaźników z zakresu gospodarki, środowiska przyrodniczego oraz rozwoju społecznego miasta. Na potrzeby niniejszego badania podzielono obszar miasta na 245 kwadratów (PPO) o boku 500m x 500m. Doboru wielkości PPO dokonano z uwzględnieniem celu opracowania, w dostosowaniu do powierzchni miasta. W badaniu potencjału rozwojowego miasta Nowy Targ przyjęto 15 zmiennych diagnostycznych. Efektem przeprowadzonych badań była wizualizacja kartograficzna danych z wykorzystaniem narzędzi GIS. Badania te dają szansę na pogłębienie analiz nad odpowiednim doborem kierunków rozwoju podczas prac nad gminnymi dokumentami rozwojowymi. Istotną zaletą wykorzystanej metody jest jej elastyczność.
Źródło:
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape; 2023, 3; 19--30
2300-1496
Pojawia się w:
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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