Temat: children, - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Kryteria nieprzystosowania społecznego dzieci i młodzieży
Criteria of children's and youth's social maladjustment
Autorzy:: Ostrihanska, Zofia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699304.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1972
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: nieprzystosowanie społeczne
dzieci
młodzież
social maladjustment
children
youth
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1972, V; 15-31
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Przyczyny sieroctwa rodzinnego w świetle badań ogólnopolskich
The Causes of Family Orphanhood
Autorzy:: Janowska, Halina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699064.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: sieroctwo
sieroctwo społeczne
sieroctwo rodzinne
rodzina
demoralizacja
nieprzystosowanie społeczne
emocjonalna patologia
dzieci i młodzież
placówka opiekuńcza
orphanhood
social orphanage
family orphanage
family
demoralization
social maladjustment
emotional pathology
, children and youth
guardianship facility
Opis:: The study contains the results of an empirical research carried out in Poland devoted to the macro- and microsocial conditions of family orphanhood. In the first stage (1978), 97% of the population of all children’s homes, inhabited at the time of the study by 24,000 persons, were examined, and in the second stage (1980), 2.1% of this population were examined (520 persons, which made the sample representative of the country). The notion of family orphanhood was introduced in the study to describe the situation of children who are under care of State institutions due to the lack of care in their own families. The notion of social orphanhood is thus limited - in this formulation - to the situation when the State, in spite of negligence of basic parental duties by the parents, has not yet taken over the care of the child. The extent of social orphanhood in Poland is rated at approximately 10% of the population of children and young people aged 0-17. The extent of family orphanhood is rated at approximately 5 promile in the age group 4-18. The growth of family orphanhood shows the triple increase of the phenomenon during the last 20 years. At the time of the study, 58% of family orphans were in State; children's homes. From the point of view of the research tasks, this group of children and young persons was considered the most representative, as the principles of placing children under other forms of care (that is, for instance, foster homes, family children's homes, centres for school education and special educational institutions for socially maladjusted children and young people) are based on particular criteria of selection. Below a summary of the results of the study is presented. The greatest intensity of family orphanhood and crime can be found in the western and northern regions of Poland. As revealed by the statistical analysis, the intensity of these phenomena in various parts of the country is significantly correlated. Their joint source are the by-products of social changes. In the social conditions promoting the phenomenon of anomy, the group patterns of deviant behavior may reach broader social circles; the tendency to perceive that behavior as contradictory to the norms diminishes then. This tendency concerns criminal behavior to a much greater extent than the behavior from which the family orphanhood results. Thus the growth of social orphanhood measured indirectly (for instance, by the rate of care and protection cases in courts), seems to be more diagnostic as a ratio of increase of pathogenic social phenomena than as an index of reported crime. The growth of pathogenic social phenomena can be studied indirectly by means of a structure analysis of attributes of the population selected in a particular way. The structure of particular attributes of the population of institutions for children and juveniles varies significantly according to the intensity of the pathogenic social phenomena in different parts of the country. In the voivodships where this intensity is greater, a higher percentage of children under psychiatric care or those whose parents have been deprived of their parental rights, is to be found significantly more frequently; the distributions of frequency in the separate age groups are random in the examined population. In the voivodships where the ratio of pathogenic social phenomena is lower, the most numerous age group is that of 13-15, which means that - more often than in the remaining voivodships - the important reason for sending children to institutions are their educational problems connected with puberty, and not a generally worse situation of the families which would cause sending children to institutions regardless of their age. On the microsocial scale, the main cause of family orphanhood is the disorganization of the family related to the individual and social characteristics of the parents. Taking into account the level of disorders in the social behavior and that of disturbances in emotional relations between the members of the family, 4 categories of families were distinguished in the population examined. The majority are the families disturbed both in their social functions and in emotional relations; there were as many as 78.2% of them among 5200 families. The families which, however undisturbed, were educationally inefficient for other objective reasons (financial problems, housing problems, illness, disability, death of one parent were 7.1% of the cases. There were also 8.5% of the families with only emotional relations disturbed, and 6.3% of those with only social behavior disturbed. Thus the majority, that is, as much as 84.5% of the children were brought up in criminogenic environment. 75.3% of fathers and 55% of mothers were regularly drinking excessively; alcoholism was found in 55.6% of fathers and 19.6% of mothers; 66.6% of the mothers’ friends who lived together with the family were heavy drinkers. The high percentage of drinking mothers in those families should be noted. Lack of a permanent employment was found among 27.6% of fathers and 41% of mothers. Due to their alcoholism and poor professional training, a considerable part of the children's guardians found it difficult to obtain and keep a job. Until the time of the study, 15% of fathers and 6% of mothers had already been imprisioned; no reliable information was gathered as to their previous criminal records. Professional prostitution was found among 12% of mothers, while sexual promiscuity among as many as 40%. The instability of emotional bonds is a striking feature of the families examined. Only 1/3 of the parents are married. In 53% of the cases, the parents admittedly live together, but one of them is temporarily absent due to imprisonment or stay in a mental hospital, which are the most frequent reasons. 73% of the families live in very difficult financial conditions, 61% have serious housing problems. A very poor state of health (serious chronic diseases) was found in 18% of fathers and 23% of mothers. Health and physical development of children and youths in children’s homes are distinctly worse than the average in the country. Their height in 49,3% of the cases does not reach the age norm, the respective percentage in the case of weight being 42%. A half of the children had suffered from serious diseases, as shown by 48.6% of the cases of hospitalization. In as much as 17% of the children the past or present diseases are connected with damages of the central nervous system or with functional changes which reflect on their mental functions (cerebral concussion, epilepsy, acute neuroses). 17% of the ailments and diseases are immediately related to grave neglect (untreated advanced form of tuberculosis, effects of accidents). Congenital defects are found in 5% of cases. In the group of family orphans, the types of mental deficiency and personality disorders which impede the normal social functions can be found more frequently than in the entire population of children and young people. Only 56% of the children came within the limits of the normal intelligence level. The symptoms of nervousness - more or less intense - were observed among as many as 90% of them. There were only 13% of the children without any disturbances of behavior (that is, inhibition, increased kinetic restlessness, timidity, emotional sensitivity, aggressiveness etc.). Developmental deficiencies were found in as many as 84% of the children; the most frequent were those in the sphere of the development of visual (34.5%) and auditory (22.3%) functions, the least frequent were the disturbances of speech (13.8%). Deviant behavior is more frequent among the concerned population than in the entire population of children and youths in respective age groups. The following three types of behavior proving the threat of demoralization were found: behavior connected with school maladjustment, with environmental maladjustment against the background of defective emotional relations (excluding the one based on emotional disorders of the passive type, like inhibition, timidity, etc.) and delinquent behavior or that pointing to disturbed socialization. The most frequent are the types of behavior revealing school, maladjustment (41.4%), those revealing distrubances of emotional relations (28%), and the least frequent are types of behavior of deliquent character or pointing to disturbed socialization. It is worthy of notice that the intensity of behavior of the first and third types markedly decreases in the children’s homes, while in the case: of the second type, that is of behavior revealing disturbances of the emotional sphere, the decrease is much less visible. In the conditions of the children’s home the emotional compensation, which is an important problem, is difficult to solve.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 233-270
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Sytuacja dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce
The situation of children and young people in Poland
Autorzy:: Ostrihanska, Zofia
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699196.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: sytuacja
dzieci
młodzież
Polska
środowisko
edukacja
situation
children
young people
Polska
environment
education
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 69-78
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Metodologiczne problemy badań typu self-report
Self-report study: methodological problems
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699246.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1988
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: nauczyciel
raport własny
problemy metodologiczne
zachowanie
rozwój
dzieci
własność
ankieta
młodzi ludzie
przestępczość
teacher
self-report
methodological problems
behaviour
development
children
property
questionnaire
young persons
delinquency
Opis:: Self-report studies are gradually becoming the predominating current of empirical research in criminology. This is particularly the case with etiological studies of deviant behaviour in young persons. However, the present popularity of self-report studies is not accompanied by improvement of their methodological aspect. No important development of the methodology of these studies has occured since the pioneer works of Short and Nye. It is the fundamental aim of the present paper to point to these of the methodological questions on which the further development of self-report studies will depend most. In Chapter I, the first works have been discussed in which the self-report methods were applied. The works anaiyzed are those of Murphy at al. Porterfield, as well as Wallerstein and Wy1e. Particular attention has been given to the methodological and substantive aspects of the series of studies carried out by Short and Nye. Chapter II contains the presentation of findings of the Polish self-report studies. The first attempt at a self-report study was made in the early 1960s by Malewska and Muszyński. A national random sample of pupils of the sixth grade of primary school n =2,222) was examined by means of an anonymous questionnaire. The basic aim of the study was to define the children's attitude towards the ownership rights and the situations in which violation of these rights is admissible. Besides, the authors were interested in how children perceived given situations to be thefts. Thus the question whether the respondents ever happened to take another person’s property was but a fragment of the questionnaire which served another purpose in its essence. To the question: "How often do you happen to take another person's property?", 0.8 per cent of the children answered ,,very often," 4.2 pet cent - "often," 26.6 per cent - "sometimes," and. 34.5 per cent-,,seldom’’ Like Malewska and Muszyński, also Szemińska and Gołąb aimed at defining the moral sense of young persons: pupils of primary schools (n=61) and inmates of educational institutions (n= 64), asking also about the extent and structure of deviant behaviour. The respondents answered anonymously in writing. The two compared groups of boys differed from each other considerably as far as both the frequency and the seriousness of thefts commited was concerned. While the majority of "delinquents" admitted a large number of thefts, the "nondelinquents" 'in their vast majority owned up to 1-2 thefts at most, mostly of small objects they stole from their classmates or next of kin with the intention to use these objects themselves." The study of Szemińska and Gołąb raises doubts, both as regards its merits and methodology. Among other things, in spite of the fact that various offences were committed by both of the discussed groups, the authors use a dichotomic pair of notions: delinquent and non-delinquent, failing to put these words in quotation marks which are necessary in this situation. In the years 1976-1977, Ostrihanska and Wójcik conducted a large self-report study of a random sample of pupils of grades 3-8 of Warsaw primary schools. 50 schools were selected at random, in which the study was carried out by means of a questionnaire in 120 classes, also randomly selected (n=3,177, of which there were 1,631 boys and 1,546 girls). The self-report study was part of a broader research programme aimed at estimating the extent of social maladjustment in the youth and defining its causes. Among other things, the questions concerned the following phenomena: school failures, truancy, running away from home, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, free riding, destroying another person’s property, other acts against property (including thefts, frauds, robbery-,,taking something from a younger child by constraint"). The possible answers were as follows: ,,never", ,,once'’, ,,2-3 times’’, ,,4-10 times’’, ,,more frequently’’ . As expected, both the extent and intensity (frequency of perpetration) of deviant behaviour were higher in the group of boys as compared with girls. For instance, as few as 15.3 per cent of the eldest boys (aged 15) stated that they never took another person's property while the percentage of non-stealing girls among the eldest group was over two times higher (38.0 per cent) In this age group 16.3 per cent of boys stole a dozen or more times, while percentage of girls who committed multiple thefts amounted to as few as 1.4 Instead, no greater differences were found between boys and girls who admitted having stolen once. In boys, the most frequent were thefts from allotments and gardens (35.2 per cent), thefts from parents (22.8 per cent) and thefts in self-service shops 18.1 per cent). On the other hand the most seldom were thefts from cellars (5.8 per cent), and thefts of wine in shops (9.7 per cent). Taking another person’s property ranked fourth among the types of deviant acts included IN the study The first position was taken by lies (88.8 per cent of answers in the affirmative). Near1y 90 per cent of boys admitted having chribbed anothe child’s exercise, 25.2 per cent- having destroyed property 2.8 per cent ran away from home, and 2.4 per cent tock drugs. There was an upward tendency with age: elder boys admitted a greater number of deviant acts, and actuallv commited these acts more frequently. The next self-report study was conducted by Ostrowska and Siemaszko in 1979. It included 2,991 pupils of Warsaw secondary schools (1,197 boys and 1,795 girls). Non-random selection was applied. Young persons of the first and last grades were examined by means of anonymous questionnaire. Among other variables, it contained a list of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour, acts of infringement of disciplinary regulations, transgressions and offences, from most trivial (like stealing a ride or failing to return change from shopping) to comparatively serious like house-breaking or robbery. All questions had the same set of possible answers: "never," "once of twice," several times," "a dozen or more-times," ,,more frequently." The examined young persons were characterized by rather a high level of deviance. In the group of boys for instance,539 persons (30.9 per cent) admitted having perpetrated a half of the 42 acts included in the questionnaire at least once, 2.8 per cent of them having committed 27 to 31 acts, and 2.3 per cent-32 to 42 acts. Thus together, 6 per cent of the examined boys were highly deviant. Since the study also revealed a close relationship between the number of acts committed and the frequency of their perpetration, the abovementioned 6 per cent of the examined persons (about 300 boys) are "multiple recidivists" in the interpretation used in self-report studies. Considerable differences in the level of deviant behaviour were found in respect of age and sex. For instance, the level of deviance in the group of elder boys was four times higher on average as compared with younger girls. Among the most widespread acts there were free riding (94,6 per cent of girls and 96. 1 per cent of boys), failure to return change from shopping (79.6 and 84.1 per cent respectively), petty frauds in shops (67.6 and 84.0 per cent respectively), and failure to return a found object to its owner (69.9 per cent of girls and 83.8 per cent of boys). Aggressive acts were relatively frequent, particularly among boys. Battery "without an explicit causes” was comitted by 20.2 per cent of boys and 6.5 per cent of girls.11.6 per cent of boys and 2.8 per cent of girls participated in affrays in which dangerous weapons were used. Among thefts, comparatively less serious acts predominated. 16.9 per cent of girls and 31.6 per cent of boys admitted having perpetrated petty thefts. 8.2 per cent of girls and 14.6 per cent of boys stole change from call-boxes. Serious thefts were committed by 1.6 per cent of girls and 4.6 per cent of boys. Ostrowska and Siemaszko repeated their study in 1981 on a random sample of students of secondary schools in five typically agricultural provinces. 2,144 persons (1,702 boys and 420 girls) aged 14-19, students of 29 schools, were examined. They young persons who participated in the study went to :89 classes that were selected at random. The extent and structure of deviant behaviour were examined by means of a questionnaire identical to the one applied in the previous study Also the way in which the study was carried out in the classes was the same. In the group of acts termed insubordination, the most widespread one was smoking at under: 14:78,2 per cent of boys and 44,8 per cent of girls admitted it. Somewhat less than 10per cent of the examined persons admitted having run away from home, 2 per cent of them having run away several times. Over 20 per cent of the respondents admitted having had their identity papers checked by the police (30 per cent of boys) and somewhat less than 7 per cent took drugs. Among various types of dishonest behaviour the most widespread one was free riding- over 80 per cent. Nearly a half of the examined persons admitted having failed to return a borrowed object; 7 per cent of them did it repeatedly Also nearly 50 per cent of the respondents stole money from their parents:15 per cent of them did it several times, and 5.6 per cent-more frequently. In the group of offences, thefts predominated. 24.9 per cent of girls and 32.4 per cent of boys admitted having stolen an object or money to the value of under 100 złotys (the percentage amounting to 38.6 in the group of eldest boys); nearly 20 per cent of them repeatedly stole money from their parents. About 25 per cent of the examined persons committed shop- lifting, the percentage of shop-lifters in the group of eldest boys exceeding 40. The acts of breaking into cellars, recesses, attics etc., were committed by 15 per cent of the respondents 6.1 per cent of girls and 17.2 per cent of boys. The most seldom offences against property were: robbery (2.4 per cent of girls, 10.1 per cent of boys), stealing from call-boxes (6.6 per cent of girls, 7.8 per cent of boys), thefts of money to the amount of 500-1000 złotys (6 .2 per cent of girls, 7.0 per cent of boys), failure to pay the bill in a restaurant (3.3 per cent of girls, 5.6 per cent of boys) and thefts of over 1 000 zlotys (2.8 per cent of girls and 5.6 per cent of boys). Among aggressive behavior, brawls and beatings prevailed (25 per cent of girls and 50 per cent of' boys). In Chapter III the most important methodological problems related to self-report studies are discussed. In self-report studies, both direct (e. g. ,,have you stolen), and indirect and euphemistic questions (e, g. ,,have you ever happened to take and not to give back. ") can be found. The indirect questions undoubtedly less threatening. Yet on the other hand, those asked directly are probably easier to interpret explicitly. There is no proof as to the superiority of any of these ways of asking. However indirect and euphemistic questions prevail in self-report studies. The degree of abstractness of questions varies. The good point of clearcut questions (e.g. ''have you ever taken and failed to give back some article in a supermarket") is that the highly detailed formulation may help the respondent to recall an event which the researcher is interested in. On the other hand, their weak point is that the respondent cannot be relied upon to admit having acted in another, very similar yet not identical way. Unfortunately, the majority of self-report questionnaires contain questions about inseparate classes of phenomena. Hence the danger of one and the same act being counted several times. In self-report studies, the number of questions about deviant behavior is an important problem. One should bean it in mind that the deviant acts taken into account by the researcher are always nothing but a certain sample of the totality of such acts, the parameters of which are usually unknown (e.g. Christie et al.). The greater the number of acts taken into account, the more standard the "sample of acts" seems to be with respect to the "totality of acts." There are great differences as regards the number of acts included: from several (e.g. Hirschi, Dentler and Monroe) up to several dozen (e.g. Gibson). Today time limits are usually introducted as regards the period between the act and the moment of examination one year as a rule), though Short and Nye introducted no limits as regards the period during which the respondents committed the admitted acts. Shorter periods can also be found. (e.g. Simone et al, - 2 months, Lipton and Smith - 18 months). The limits are among the most important problems in self-report studies, since it is on them that the estimation depends on the level of deviance of the entire examined group, as well as the precise estimation of the separate respondents levels of deviance. The views on the optimum time limits are not uniform. Different sets of possible answers to the questions about deviant behaviour can be found: from most precise (e.g. "once," "twice," etc.) to most general and ambigous (e.g. "seldom," ,,frequently"). A strictly enumerative set of answers may be methodologically correct only in the case of a short period (one year or less). In the remaining cases, this set may be misleading as one hardly expects the examined persons to remember past events with such accuracy. The questions about deviant behaviour may constitute a separate block (nay a separate questionnaire), or they may be put among other questions. There are no studies showing the good and weak points of each of these two solutions. It seems more proper however, to "mask" the aim of the study by interlarding the questions about deviant behaviour with those neutral or concerning "acts of kindness." When the level or "depth" of the examined person's deviant involvement is defined, an important problem emerges: acts with different "charges of deviance are taken into account here. Therefore, one can either try and attach different weights to them, or treat all of them as equally serious. Christie et al. ranked acts according to the judges opinion. Morash weighted them with the use of Selling and Wolfgang's scale of seriousness of offences. In Hindelang's study, the weight of acts was defined by specialists by means of a fivepoint scale. Hepburn weighted deviant acts basing on appraisals done by the examined persons themselves. However in the vast majority of self-report studies, no weigh ting procedure is applled. As shown by Farrington, weighting procedures fail to contribute substantially to the increase in accuracy of measurement. An anonymous questionnaire, though most frequentlv applied, is not the only method of gathering information about unrecorded deviant behaviour. E, g. Gold (and other researchers who applied Gold’s scale) employed a questionnaire interview In Belson's study a card sorting procedure was applied. This method of gathering information is particularly popular in England (see also Gibson, Farrington, West, Morash, Shapland). Hirschi examined his respondents with a signed questionnaire. Should the differences in veracity of answeers of a signed and anonymous questionnaire prove to be inessential (and there is much to be said for it, e.g. Krohn, Waldo and Chiracos), it would be advisable to use the signed version (because of the possibility of comparing the separate sociometric choices or comparing the findings with external sources of information). The main objection raised to self-report studies concerns the doubtful veracity of the data gathered this way (Dentler, Liska). A relatively small number of studies concerned the reliability of self-report studies, e.g. the stability of findings in time. This is the most difficult problem in the case of a strictly anonymous questionnaire as the separate respondents cannot be retest. Only global distributions are compared then (e.g the scores of respondents in a given class) Siemaszko finds no valid differences between the distributions answers about deviant acts between a test and a retest which took place there months later. Dentler and Monroe found that 92 per cent of answers to a test and a retest two weeks 1ater were consistent, yet the respondents could still have remembered their previous answers in this case. Belson conducted a retest after a shorter period still: one week. The percentage of consistent answers amounted to 88. Also Farrington’s study revealed rarther a high degree of consistency in spite of the two year's interval. The percentage of mistakes in the test or retest was 3.2 The tendency to inconsistent answers was less explicit if the general scores of the examined persons on the deviance scales were analyzed and not the proportion of their affirmative and negative answers to the separate questions (11.5 per cent of the, examined persons found themselves in another quartile than Before). The results obtained by Shapland were parallel. The results seem to point to a high stability of self-report questionnaires in time. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt distinguish the following methods of defining the validity of self-report questionnaires: comparing with external sources of information, comparing with a known group, lie scales, and defining face validity. The most frequent method of defining the validity of questionnaires used in examination of unrecorded deviant behaviour is the comparison of the respondents' answers with other reliable sources of information. Erickson and Empey found that none of their respondents concealed their contact with the police or an offence with which they were charged. According to Gold, the probability of contacts with the police diminishes monotonically together with decrease of frequency of offences admitted during the examination. Gibson, Morrison and West found a high consistency between offences revealed by means of the self-report method and the contents of the police files. Hindelang found a distinct positive interdependence between high scores in the deviance scale and having a record in the police files. Farrington, as well as Farrington and West, examined the so-called predictive validity of self-report questionnaires. It appeared that those of the examined persons who score highest in deviance scales at the moment. A, have records in the police files much more frequently at the moment B. Gould compared the scores in the Short,/Nye scale with those in the recorded crime scale, finding a high, positive and valid interdependence. Results of self-report tests were also compared with other sources of information (teachers, colleagues, social workers, etc.). As shown by Jessor, Graves, Hanson and Jessor, results of the self-report tests tally with appraisals of the degree of deviant involvement made by teachers and colleagues of the examined persons. Also Gould compared the respondents' statements with appraisals of their behaviour made by their colleagues and teachers. The interdependence proved to be as expected. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt compared statements in which the examined persons admitted having robbed parkometers with the official data concerning the extent of these thefts. The respondents appeared to have answered truthfully. In many studies scores of school children and of institutionalized youth were compared. As demonstrated already by Short and Nye, although the inmates of reformatories scored somewhat higher than students of normal schools, nevertheless the profiles of distributions and their structure were analogous. Voss found the correlates of deviance in groups of school children and institutionalized youth to be parallel. This finding was confirmed in many other studies. The only exception here is the parents socio-economic status. Uniformity of views could not have been reached as yet as to whether the positive interdependence between the socio-economic status and deviant behaviour found in the majority of self-report studies is artificial or real (see i.a. Tribble, Axenroth, Hindelang Hirschi and Waise). Much can be said about the validity of a self-report questionnaire only on the grounds of the distributions of answers to the separate questions, Siemaszko found the percentage of affirmative answers to decrease monotonically with the increase of seriousness of the act and its scarcity in the general population. In the same study the percentage of affirmative answers to the question about being checked by the police was found to be higher than that concerning detention: also the level of deviance of elder as compared with younger and boys as compared with girls proved higher, These results agree with theoretical expectations, Hardt and Peterson-Hardt found the percentage of affirmative answers to the questions about acts commited during the last year to be generally lower than it is the case with questions that concerned also acts commited longer before. Not all of self-report questionnaires contain lie scales. Moreover, the researchers are not in agreeement as to the usefulness of such scales this type of studies (i.a. Farrington, Smart, Hardt, Peterson- Hardt). I seems that lie scales should be employed Questions should however be avoided which might be correlated with deviant behaviour, as in such case there is the danger of the lie scale becoming the reverse of that of deviance. The popularity of self-report studies was determined by the effectiveness of this method (relatively low cost 1ittle time consuming, promptitude and the possibility of examining large samples) Today, self-report studies have become popular in spite of the fact that many important methodological problems have not been solved yet.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 33-93
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Convention on the Rights of the Child
Autorzy:: Łopatka, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43450268.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1990-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: children’s rights
children
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1990, 1(85); 21-34
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Zachowania typu A/B dzieci i ich rodziców
Type A/B behaviours in children and their parents
Autorzy:: Chanduszko-Salska, Jolanta
Ogińska-Bulik, Nina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18810300.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1998
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: TABP
children
parents
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 1998, 02; 67-77
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: System wartości ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rangi pracy wśród Dorosłych Dzieci Alkoholików
The value system with special regard to rank of work among adult children of alcoholics
Autorzy:: Wawrzyniak, Izabela
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139288.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: Adult Children of Alcoholics
value systems
work
Opis:: The research submitted evidence to confirm differences in value systems between Adult Children of Alcoholics and persons from families with no alcohol problem. Differences in significance of particular work aspects between the examined groups, were also confirmed.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 2001, 05; 127-136
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Wizerunek matki prezentowany przez Klementynę z Tańskich Hoffmanową na łamach pisma „Rozrywki dla dzieci”
Picture of Mather in Klementyna Tański Hoffmanowa’s Pieces in „Ertentainment for Children”
Autorzy:: Karłowska, Grażyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955648.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: picture of mather
Klementyna Tański Hoffmanowa
„Ertentainment for Children”
wizerunek matki
Klementyna z Tańskich Hoffmanowa
pismo „Rozrywki dla dzieci”
Źródło:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2001, 13/14; 31-35
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Zabawy i zabawki dziecięce w pismach Łukasza Gołębiowskiego
Children’s Plays and Toys in Łukasz Gołębiewskie Writings
Autorzy:: Kabacińska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955512.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: children’s plays
children’s toys
zabawy
zabawki dziecięce
Źródło:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2001, 13/14; 12-23
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Zasoby osobiste jako wyznaczniki radzenia sobie ze stresem u dzieci
Personal resources as predictors of coping styles with stress in children
Autorzy:: Ogińska-Bulik, Nina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139290.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: personal resources
coping with stress
children
Opis:: The purpose of the study was to investigate to what extent personal resources such as self-esteem, self-efficacy beliefs and health locus of control may predict coping styles with stress in children aged 11–12. 179 pupils participated in the study. 4 methods were used: scale How do you cope – to measure 3 coping styles, Kompos scale – to measure self-efficacy beliefs and Health locus of control scale. Self-efficacy appeared a predictor of all 3 analysed coping styles in examined children.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 2001, 05; 83-93
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Blood pressure in children and adolescents - some aspects of measurements interpretation
Autorzy:: Nawarycz, T.
Kolibabka, M.
Ostrowska - Nawarycz, L.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/333647.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2002
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Informatyki i Nauki o Materiałach. Instytut Informatyki. Zakład Systemów Komputerowych
Tematy:: nadciśnienie tętnicze u dzieci
ciśnienie krwi
interpretacja pomiarów
hypertension in children
blood pressure
measurements interpretation
percentile chart
Opis:: This work presents new possibilities for interpreting blood pressure measurements of children and adolescents with the use of Internet. A dynamic web site allows for such interpreting and archiving blood pressure measurements in developmental age. Stored measurements results can become a basis for national pressure norm considering specificity of development of Polish children and adolescents. The interpretation system of blood pressure measurements in developmental age can be used both at school and home
Źródło:: Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies; 2002, 4; SN3-7
1642-6037
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Creative drama in both school and after-school musical education
Autorzy:: Felix, Belo
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28407847.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004-04-30
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:: creative drama
interpretation
socialization
musical activities
communication
theatralization
experience learning
conflict
tension
cooperation
poly-esthetic formation
moral education
creativity
children's theatre
musical-dramatic activities
Opis:: The author exposes theoretical substantiation as well as practical utilization of new integrative musical-dramatic activities which have become a part of the latest textbooks and methodical handbooks of musical education in Slovak elementary schools. He brings forth basic information on the method of creative drama as well as its application in both school and after-school musical education.
Źródło:: The New Educational Review; 2004, 2; 119-130
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:: The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Rodzina polska w świetle wyników NSP 2002
Polish Family and the National Census 2002
Autorzy:: Slany, K.
Kluzowa, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137779.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: household
family-based household
collective household
family
young families
reconstructed family
family with dependent children
marriages without children
partners with children
partners without children
single-parent families
source of income of families
gospodarstwo domowe
gospodarstwo domowe rodzinne
gospodarstwa zbiorowe
rodzina
rodzina młoda
rodzina zrekonstruowana
rodzina z dziećmi na utrzymaniu
małżeństwa z dziećmi
małżeństwa bez dzieci
partnerzy z dziećmi
partnerzy bez dzieci
rodziny monoparentalne
źródło utrzymania rodzin
Opis:: The article is devoted to the description of Polish families in view of the National Census 2002 and it takes into account the changes, which occurred in the family structure since the National Census 1988 and other prior censuses. We have particularly focused on the following issues: the family composition of households, types of families in house-holds, families with dependent children, families in collective households. The article also summarizes the main conclusions regarding the current structure of Polish families and the characteristic directions of changes. We found the continuation of nuclearization of families, the decline in the number of households with multiple children and young families, rise in the number of people living in informal relationships and a significant rise in the number of families deriving their income from other sources than earned income. Key words: household, family-based household, collective household, family, young families, reconstructed family, family with dependent children, marriages without children, partners with children, partners without children, single-parent families, source of income of families.
Opracowanie poświęcone jest charakterystyce polskich rodzin w świetle wyników Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego 2002 przy uwzględnieniu zmian, jakie zaszły w zakresie ich struktury od czasu przeprowadzenia spisów poprzednich (przede wszystkim spisu z 1988) roku). W opracowaniu dokonano analizy następujących zagadnień: skład rodzinny gospodarstw domowych, typy rodzin w gospodarstwach domowych, rodziny z dziećmi na utrzymaniu, rodziny w gospodarstwach zbiorowych. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono najważniejsze wnioski dotyczące aktualnej struktury polskich rodzin i charakterystycznych kierunków jej przemian. Stwierdzono m.in.: kontynuację procesu nuklearyzacji rodzin, spadek udziału rodzin wielodzietnych oraz rodzin młodych, wzrost liczby osób żyjących w związkach nieformalnych, wyraźny wzrost udziału rodzin utrzymujących się ze źródeł niezarobkowych.
Źródło:: Studia Socjologiczne; 2004, 1(172); 47-63
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:: Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Bony w wychowaniu domowym dzieci polskich w latach 1850-1914
Nursemaids in Household Education of Polish Children in the Years 1850-1914
Autorzy:: Nawrot-Borowska, Monika
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/956036.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2005
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Nursemaids
Household Education of Polish Children
bony
wychowanie domowe dzieci polskich
Źródło:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2005, 21/22; 25-50
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Families with intellectually disabled children - psychosocial problems and support in the Republic of Bułgaria
Autorzy:: Stancheva-Popkostadinova, Vaska
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/528620.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2005
Wydawca:: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:: children with intellectual disabilities
psychosocial problems
family support
Opis:: Families with intellectually disabled children face many problems and difficulties in the process of care, which are influenced by their psychosocial functioning. The aim of the paper is to present the current problems of parents with a moderately intellectually disabled. child, based on results of the study conducted with 80 families in the Bułgaria. The results show that the main problems of the parents are connected with lack of adequate support and services for their children. There is a discussion about current changes and development of a policy for family support for children with intellectual disability during the last ten years.
Źródło:: Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2005, 3; 113-122
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:: Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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