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Tytuł:
The metacognitive self fosters the drive for self-knowledge: The role of the metacognitive self in the motivation to search for diagnostic information about the self
Autorzy:
Brycz, Hanna
Wyszomirska-Góra, Magdalena
Konarski, Roman
Wojciszke, Bogdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127268.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
biases
metacognition
self
motivation
diagnostic information
Opis:
We presented 3 studies on the relation between metacognitive self, that is self- awareness of biases, and the drive to posses information that is diagnostic about the outcome. First study (N=184) showed that high MCS participants sought self- diagnostic information significantly more often then their low MCS counter partners. Second study is devoted to the development of the new measure SDMS (N = 555), that is the motive to look for self – diagnostic information. The last study (N = 90) presented that high MCS participants in contrary to low MCS ones, posses higher drive for looking self- diagnostic information when feedback about the outcome is negative. We discuss the results in line with Taylor & Brown (1988) reasoning on self- regulatory functions of biases.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2018, 49, 1; 66-76
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heuristics and biases as sources of negotiators’ errors in the pre-negotiation phase. Review of literature and empirical research
Autorzy:
Adamus-Matuszyńska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128470.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
heuristics
biases
negotiation
pre-negotiation phase
Opis:
Purpose – Heuristics and biases are simplifying strategies that people (in the analysed issue – negotiators) use in the decision-making process, even when they can take advantage of supporting tools (e.g. Negotiation Support System), which will allow them to make the optimal choice [Wachowicz, 2006]. Many empirical studies have found that decision makers use heuristics and are biased [Bateman, Zeithaml, 1989; Jackson, Dutton, 1988; Kahneman et al. 1982; Zajac, Bazerman, 1991]. Therefore, the question should be asked: are negotiators, like managers (whose decisions were examined), instead of consciously and intentionally using tools supporting decision-making during negotiations, subject to heuristics and cognitive errors? As a consequence of this general question one may ask the specific research questions: (1) What heuristics do the negotiators undergo? (2) How do heuristics influence the decision-making process? (3) How can the impact of heuristics and biases be minimized by taking advantage of negotiation support tools? Research methods – The article is a review of psychological, sociological and management sciences theories, concepts and empirical researches on heuristics and biases. The review was made according to the following categories: (a) theories that recognize the inevitability of heuristics in the decision-making process, (b) theories that attempt to identify opportunities to minimize or even reduce the impact of heuristics on decisions, and (c) those that offer alternative solutions. Results – The summary highlights those heuristics which might occur in the decision-making process in the pre-negotiation phase. Originality/value – There is no research exploring the role of specific heuristics and biases in particular stages of negotiations.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2020, 3(101); 79-90
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Attention-driven bias for threat-related stimuli in implicit memory. Preliminary results from the Posner cueing paradigm
Autorzy:
Traczyk, Jakub
Matusz, Paweł J.
Sobków, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430320.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
attention
emotional expressions
emotional reactivity
cueing
memory
biases
Opis:
An implicit memory advantage for angry faces was investigated in this experiment by means of an additional cueing task. Participants were to assess the orientation of a triangle's peak, which side of presentation was cued informatively by angry and neutral face stimuli, after which they immediately completed an unexpected “old-new” task on a set of the previously presented faces and new, distractor-faces. Surprisingly, the RTs were similarly long on the invalid trials for angry and neutral facial cues in the Posner task. However, performance on the “old-new” task was better for angry than neutral faces. A strong correlation between RTs in angry-invalid trials and confidence ratings for these angry faces was observed only in highly reactive participants. These results suggest that presentation of threatening material can induce enhanced incidental encoding which can result in stronger familiarity for such material, and this effect is driven by attentional bias in highly reactive individuals.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2010, 41, 4; 163-171
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Don’t fight the tape! Technical Analysis Momentum and Contrarian Signals as Common Cognitive Biases
Autorzy:
Zielonka, Piotr
Białaszek, Wojciech
Biedrzycki, Paweł
Dzik, Bartłomiej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-02
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
technical analysis
pattern recognition
cognitive biases
momentum
contrarian
Opis:
Purpose: Stock market participants use technical analysis to seek trends in stock price charts despite its doubtful efficiency. We tested whether technical analysis signals represent typical and common cognitive biases associated with the continuation or reversal of the trend. Methodology: We compared investors’ opinions about the predictive power of technical analysis signals grouped into five conditions: real technical analysis signals associated with trend continuation (real momentum signals) or trend reversal (real contrarian signals), fake momentum or fake contrarian signals, and fluctuation signals. Findings: Investors assigned larger predictive power to real and fake signals associated with trend continuation than to signals associated with trend reversal. Fake signals, which represented cognitive biases, elicited similar predictions about trend continuation or reversal to real technical analysis signals. Originality: Market players assess momentum signals to have greater predictive power than contrarian signals and neutral signals to have the least predictive power. These results are independent of whether technical analysis signals were well-known to investors or made up by experimenters. The hardwired propensity of our brains to detect patterns combined with the non-natural environment of the stock market creates the illusion of expertise that is not easy to dispel.
Źródło:
Central European Management Journal; 2020, 28(2); 98-110
2658-0845
2658-2430
Pojawia się w:
Central European Management Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of metacognitive self on confirmation bias revealed in relation to community and competence
Autorzy:
Brycz, Hanna
Wyszomirska-Góra, Magdalena
Bar-Tal, Yoram
Wiśniewski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430841.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metacognitive self
social perception
community
competence
cognitive biases
confirmation bias
Opis:
The main goal of our study was to investigate the role of insight into one’s own biases (metacognitive self) in the process of hypothesis validation in accordance to the two fundamental social perception domains (community and competence) on the example of confirmation bias. The study was conducted on a group of 593 participants with the use of a confirmation bias procedure, a free recall procedure and the Metacognitive Self scale. We manipulated with the domain and the value of information given to the respondents. We suspected that individuals with a high metacognitive self, in opposition to low metacognitive self ones, would not process the given information according to the two fundamental social perception domains. The results verified the existence of an interaction effect of the metacognitive self (MCS) and the domain of the information given about a perceived person on the susceptibility to follow the confirmation bias. Contrary to the low metacognitive self individuals, who show a higher tendency for the confirmation bias within the competence than the community domain, persons with a high insight into their own biases express the same level of confirmation bias in no respect to the domain of the information. The value of the information has no significant influence.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2014, 45, 3; 306-311
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Why Don’t Local Governments Buy Catastrophe Insurance? Biased Decision-Makers
Autorzy:
Swacha-Lech, Magdalena
Gawin, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2166144.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
catastrophe insurance
low-probability and high-consequence risk
human biases and heuristics
Opis:
Theoretical background: Incorporating behavioral analysis into finance allows for finding responses to many questions that researchers have not been able to answer by relying on assumptions characteristic of the traditional, normative approach. One of the areas where recently the achievements of behavioral finance have been used to analyze selected problems is public finance. In this article, we use the achievements of psychology, incorporating them into public finance, which allows us to shed new light on decisions made by public managers in Poland. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to present the reasons why local governments do not buy insurance that would protect them against potential losses resulting from the occurrence of a catastrophic event. In this paper, we rely on responses from 303 municipalities, following the premise that an obvious way to learn about motives, constraints, and the decision-making process is to ask decision-makers. Research methods: This paper examines the influence of behavioral determinants and the level of tax revenue per capita on the decisions made by public managers. The CART method was used for this purpose. The necessary empirical data were obtained through a CAWI survey conducted in 2020 between August 1 and September 21 by a consortium of two research agencies: Biostat Research & Development Sp. z o.o. and Biostat Sp. z o.o. Main findings: The analysis conducted in this paper demonstrates that behavioral factors significantly impact public managers' decisions not to purchase catastrophe insurance. Our results confirm the significant role of a decision maker's traits, judgments, views, feelings, and experiences in the decision-making process.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2022, 56, 3; 149-169
0459-9586
2449-8513
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Types of anxiety and depression: toward overlapping and distinctive features in affective and attentional functioning
Autorzy:
Domaradzka, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2121678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
anxiety
depression
structure of affect
attentional biases
cognitive emotion regulation
personality types
Opis:
Studies based on the most common diagnostic categories do not bring conclusive results concerning the overlapping and distinctive features of anxiety and depression, especially in the areas of attentional functioning, structure of affect, and cognitive emotion regulation. However, a new typology has been proposed which treats anxiety and depression as personality types (Fajkowska, 2013). These types – arousal and apprehension anxiety as well as valence and anhedonic depression – are constructed based on two criteria: specific structure and functions (reactive or regulative). The present paper critically examines the empirical evidence related to this approach. The data mostly confirmed the prediction that the similarities and differences in attentional and affective functioning among the anxiety and depression types would be related to their shared and specific structural and functional characteristics. The new typology turned out to be suitable for integrating the existing research findings by relating them to the structure and functions of anxiety and depression. As a result, it is useful in explaining some of the inconsistencies in literature, as it allows to identify the overlapping and distinctive features of the anxiety and depression types. It also helps to understand the mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression, which might be useful in diagnosis and treatment. However, even though Fajkowska’s approach is an important contribution to the understanding of anxiety and depression, it is not exhaustive. Its limitations are discussed, along with proposed modifications of the theory, as well as further research directions.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2019, 50, 1; 1-12
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Linguist’s Guide to Human Fallibility and Biases: their Evolution, Cognitive Significance and Impact in Decision Making
Des Linguisten Einführung zu menschlicher Fehlbarkeit und kognitiven Verzerrungen: deren Evolution, kognitiver Stellenwert und Einfluss auf die Entscheidungsfindung
Autorzy:
Breyl, Michael
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16454384.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-07-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
Tematy:
perception
cognitive biases
linguistic theory
linguistic methodology
Perzeption
kognitive Verzerrungen
linguistische Theoriebildung
linguistische Methoden
Opis:
Most people, including many scientists, readily assume that human perception depicts reality truthfully, that human thought processes are essentially rational, and that episodic memory aptly stores and recalls factual information about personal experiences. However, these notions are only partially true. Of course, evolutionary pressures have culminated in an overall quite powerful cognitive system that allows humans to adequately cope with the circumstances present within their ecological niche(s), but nevertheless, perception of the outside world is subject to the brain’s “motivated” interpretation out of imperfect input, thinking is guided by heuristic shortcuts as well as a plethora of unconscious biases, and memory shows itself to be imperfect as well as malleable to a variety of influences. As a result, intuitive judgments on reality are, in principle, to a certain degree unreliable. Cognitive shortcomings constitute an intrinsic condition of human nature and profoundly impact how people interpret the world and interact with their material and social surroundings. This paper is motivated by the fact that many scholars within linguistics, as well as most students of the field, have little to no awareness of the pertinent literature, even though these biases may directly or indirectly influence their work. The following therefore aims to present a concise introduction to the topic, from the evolutionary background to practical implications within linguistic research.
Die meisten Menschen, darunter auch viele Wissenschaftler, nehmen bereitwillig an, dass die menschliche perzeptuelle Erfahrungswelt die objektive Realität in einer wahrhaftigen Art und Weise abbildet, dass menschliche Denkprozesse im Grunde rational sind und dass das episodische Gedächtnis faktisch korrekte Informationen über persönliche Erlebnisse dokumentiert sowie abruft. Allerdings sind diese Annahmen nur teilweise korrekt. Natürlich kulminierten evolutionäre Prozesse in einem sehr leistungsfähigen kognitiven System, das Menschen erlaubt, mit den Anforderungen ihrer ökologischen Nische(n) adäquat umzugehen, doch die Wahrnehmung der Umwelt geschieht dennoch unter dem Einfluss der „motivierten“ Interpretation des Gehirns aus unvollständigem Input, das Denken ist geprägt von heuristischen Abkürzungen sowie einer Vielzahl kognitiver Verzerrungen und das Gedächtnis zeigt sich als fehlbar und durch eine Fülle von Einflüssen beeinflussbar. Dementsprechend sind intuitive Einschätzungen über die Realität ganz prinzipiell bis zu einem gewissen Grad unzuverlässig. Kognitive Defizite stellen eine intrinsische Eigenschaft der menschlichen Natur dar und haben einen umfangreichen Einfluss darauf, wie Menschen die Welt interpretieren und mit ihrer materiellen respektive sozialen Umwelt verfahren. Der vorliegende Artikel ist durch den Umstand motiviert, dass viele Wissenschaftler innerhalb der Linguistik sowie die meisten Studierenden dieser Disziplin sich bzgl. der Sensibilitäten der einschlägigen Literatur wenig bis nicht bewusst sind, obwohl ihre Arbeit durch jene kognitiven Verzerrungen direkt oder indirekt beeinflusst werden kann. Der nachfolgende Überblick hat daher zum Ziel, eine kompakte Einführung in die Thematik anzubieten, von evolutionären Hintergründen bis zu praktischen Implikationen für die linguistische Forschung.
Źródło:
Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław; 2023, 23; 17-37
2084-3062
2657-5647
Pojawia się w:
Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Фактор «дорога» в обеспечении БДД
The factor of “the road” in ensuring trafic safety
Autorzy:
Kurakina, E. V.
Evtukov, S. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2068345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
droga
nawierzchnia drogowa
chropowatość powierzchni
nachylenie
widoczność geometryczna
road
paving
roughness
biases
geometrical visibility
Opis:
Рассмотрены показатели качества и безопасности автомобильной дороги, позволяющие определить состояние покрытия, ее геометрию, видимость и т.п., влияющие на механизм дорожно-транспортного происшествия (ДТП). Дорожно-транспортная экспертиза призвана устанавливать все причины и условия, способствовавшие исследуемому ДТП. В статье авторами представлены значения ровности полотна, нормы геометрических характеристик автомобильной дороги, значения поперечного уклона в зависимости от покрытия, требования к дорожной инфраструктуре, в том числе установка или реконструкция знаков, нанесение разметки. К изучаемым дорожным характеристикам относят ширину проезжей части и обочин, геометрическую и метеорологическую видимость поверхности автомобильной дороги и встречного транспортного средства, радиусы кривых в плане и продольном профиле, ровность, шероховатость и сцепные качества покрытия, уровень содержания дороги (полная или частичная счистка покрытия от снега, грязи или обледенения), наличие или отсутствие дорожных знаков, разметки, технических средств организации движения.
Expert characteristics of the highway, allowing to define condition of a covering, its geometry, visibility, etc., influencing the road accident (RA) mechanism are considered. Road transport examination is urged to establish all reasons and the conditions promoting studied road accident. Values of cloth flatness, standard of geometrical characteristics of the road, value of a cross bias depending on covering, requirements to road infrastructure, including installation or reconstruction of signs, drawing a marking are considered. To studied road characteristics carry width of the carriageway and roadsides, geometrical and meteorological visibility of a surface of the highway and the counter vehicle, radiuses of curves in the plan and a longitudinal profile, flatness, a roughness and coupling qualities of a covering, level of the contents are expensive (a full or partial schistka of a covering from snow, dirt or frostings), existence or lack of road signs, marking, technical means of the organization of movement.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo; 2015, 21 (171); 168--176
0860-7214
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Towards Behaviorally Informed Public Interventions
Autorzy:
Olejniczak, Karol
Śliwowski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/417336.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
heuristics
biases
behaviorally informed interventions
NUDGE
THINK
STEER
MINDSPACE
public policy design
public policy evaluation
Opis:
Purpose: This article informs readers about the theoretical and practical origins of the behaviorally informed interventions (BIPI), analyzes examples of the BIPI from different policy sectors and strategies they offer for policy and regulatory design, and discusses applications and implications of BIPI for public interventions. Methodology: This paper is based on a review of literature, as well as an inspection of administrative practices in OECD countries. It encompasses a systematic analysis of scientific papers from the SCOPUS database and a query carried out at the library of George Washington University. Findings: The traditional approach to public policy research is based on rational choice theory. It offers limited support, because by assuming perfect rationality of policy decisions, it overlooks existence of systematic errors and biases of human decision-making. The authors argue that behaviorally informed public interventions (BIPI) might contribute to improving the effectiveness of a number of public measures – regulation, projects, programs, and even entire policies. Practical implications: The behavioral approach allows decision-makers to better understand the decisions and behaviors of citizens, as well as to design more effective interventions with minimum effort by adapting the existing solutions to real decision mechanisms of citizens. Originality: By combining the concepts of traditional approach with the growing behavioral approach, the authors aim to propose a new theoretical framework (BIPI) to be used as a tool for policy design, delivery and evaluation.
Źródło:
Management and Business Administration. Central Europe; 2015, 2; 61-91
2084-3356
Pojawia się w:
Management and Business Administration. Central Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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