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Wyszukujesz frazę "alternative transport" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
River tramway - an alternative solution for sustainable passenger urban transport system
Żegluga śródlądowa w komunikacji miejskiej jako czynnik zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu
Autorzy:
Jastrzębski, T.
Sułek, J.
Tołkacz, L.
Żurawski, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906981.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Inland Shipping
transport
zrównoważony
alternatywny
projekt
sustainable
alternative
design
Opis:
The development of sustainable transportation means and systems is one of the European policies. Different criteria are taken into consideration to find an optimum solution when urban transport is investigated - in both traditional and innovative technical solutions. In the paper an alternative proposal to inland systems is proposed and the concept of design solutions is presented as well. The proposal is addressed partly to the local waterways in Szczecin and western Pomerania region and is based on a sustainable passenger traffic analysis. It may also be interesting for application in the conditions of other cities and regions - Wroclaw, Dresden and Praha.
Rozwój środków i systemów transportu zrównoważonego stał się jedną z naczelnych dyrektyw Unii Europejskiej. Badania nad środkami transportu miejskiego, w dwóch aspektach - tradycyjnym i innowacyjnym, wymagają wzięcia pod uwagę wielu różnych kryteriów i poszukiwania optymalnego rozwiązania. W publikacji przedstawiono propozycję alternatywnego wykorzystania dróg śródlądowych w celach transportu miejskiego. Zaproponowano wstępną koncepcję rozwiązania projektowego. Rozwiązanie przystosowane jest do warunków panujących na lokalnych drogach wodnych Szczecina i rejonu Pomorza Zachodniego i spełnia warunki uzyskane z analizy zrównoważonego transportu pasażerskiego. Rozwiązanie to może stanowoć ciekawą alternatywę również dla innych miast - Wrocławia, Drezna i Pragi.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2005, 9 (81); 75-86
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cars in the first years of 21st century
Autorzy:
Szczepaniak, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242723.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
vehicles
ultra light automobiles
alternative cars
Opis:
The fact that we live in a new era of informational civilization compels us to fulfil new requirements also in the area of transportation and motorization. The paper deals with the problems of the cars of the first years of our century. Basic assumptions for the concepts of such cars are as follows: alternative forms of personal transportation are inevitable, cars must be environment friendly and friendly for human beings, and general design concept of the cars will not be changed. Some examples of such vehicles are presented using the concept of ultra light automobiles described by Q .R. Riley. The paper also describes "zero emission" cars and there are mentioned ideas of the vehicles with engines which are yet known in the sphere of science-fiction only. Design requirements for construction of future cars, ideas on construction of cars of the future as well as requirements which should realize motor vehicles friendly to humans and the environment, example solutions of various technical nature which can contribute to fulfilment of requirements imposed on SPNS and the proposal according to the author (R. Q. Riley) of Alternative cars in the 21st Century [3] are represented in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 4; 487-492
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New European biofuels for diesel engines
Autorzy:
Sitnik, L. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243532.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
combustion engines
alternative fuels
biofuels
butanol
Opis:
The World is strongly dependent on crude oil for its transport needs. In order to diminish this dependence, we need to introduce clean, CO2-efficient, secure and affordable transportation fuels. The development of innovative biofuel technologies will help to cover significantly (up to 25% in Europe) road transport fuel needs. Biofuels production of 33 billion litres in 2004 is small compared to 1200 billion litres of gasoline produced annually worldwide. The current production of liquid biofuels in the EU 25 is about 2 Mtoe, which is less than 1% of the market. Recent assessments have concluded that the 2010 targets, 18 Mtoe used in the transport sector, are unlikely to be achieved. There can be three basic possibilities of accomplishing this target: i) use of alcohols (first of all ethanol) and their mixing with petrol; ii) use of fatty acids esters (methyl or ethyl) of vegetable oils and their mixing with diesel fuel, iii) use of synthetic hydrocarbons of the synthetic gas coming from biomass resources and eventually their mixing with other ,,classical" hydrocarbons. This paper presents a novel way of utilizing alcohols as fuels for a diesel engine. It is proposed to use heavy alcohols as a mix with conventional diesel fuel. The possibility to use a mix of butanol (as heavy alcohol) with conventional diesel fuel is demonstrated. Butanol has some key advantages over ethanol and light hydrocarbons (petrol), including higher energy content and better transport characteristics. Moreover, butanol is hydrophobic, so a new logistic infrastructure is not necessary. This paper demonstrates that a diesel-butanol fuel mixture is supplied to a diesel engine without any problems. A consumption of proposed biofuel mixture from +35% to -35% of typical diesel fuel depends on many factors not only on fuel energy density. A near-term effort of BP Biofuels and DuPont to develop and commercialize biobutanol is well-known. Here, it is proposed a new technological process combining electricity generation in fuel cells with electrolysis and a production of butanol from ethanol, which gives an opportunity to reduce today,'s over production of ethanol without a necessary change of existing infrastructure.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 3; 487-491
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transestrification of biofuel, yes but why?
Autorzy:
Sitnik, L. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242003.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
diesel engines
fuels
alternative fuels
biofuel
Opis:
This paper presents a novel way of utilizing alcohols as fuels for a diesel engine. It is proposed to use heavy alcohols as a mix with vegetable oils and conventional diesel fuel. It is presented the another way to use alcohols. Namely, the use of heavy alcohols as a solvent for vegetable oil (named the biomix or BM) and after the obtainment of the thickness, which would be approximate to diesel fuel, mixing the biomix with diesel fuel to obtained biomix diesel (BMD). This solution will be shown for example with butanol as heavy alcohol, rape oil as vegetable oil and conventional diesel fuel. The investigations are carried out with a simple diesel engine on the engine test bed. Main parameters of engine (power output, torque, specifically fuel consumption) and the main exhaust gas component (in this case CO, NOx, PM) will be investigated. There were better results achieved than one expected. Opposed to existing experiences, the maximum of power output and the torque of engine are higher in the whole range of the rotatory speed of the engine crankshaft when the engine biomix diesel (BMD) is reinforced. The addition of the component biomix to fuel influences the specific fuel consumption. Generally with the larger part of the component biomix the specific fuel consumption grows. Because the power of engine also grows up one should expect that in exploitation the specific fuel consumption should not increase. Transestrification process in the proposed solution does not appear. This has large economic meaning. The investment amount (the transestrification plant) is not necessary. The power consumption to get fuel is lower. Vegetable oils are fully used (glycerine is not produced). BMD has stable parameters. The usage of existing infrastructure to this transportation is enough. Very important is that this fuel could be used to reinforce old, existing now and the future diesel engines. The production of butanol is known. It will be interesting to use for the production an electrolysis process, especially in the proposed new plant where the electrolysis process is connected with the process to get the electrical energy from byproducts of electrolysis (i.e. hydrogen and oxygen) in the fuel cell. It seems to be more efficient. The possibility to get butanol from ethanol gives a very good perspective for the use of ethanol from today's overproduction and moreover without the essential change of infrastructure.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 4; 537-544
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparison of unburnt hydrocarbon emissions for diesel engines fueled by diesel oil and rapeseed fuel
Autorzy:
Rusin, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245894.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
CI internal combustion engines
motor fuels
alternative fuels
toxic exhaust emissions
Opis:
The article presents the results of the of the HC emissions composition for the compression ignition - diesel engine fuelled with rapeseed fuel (a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids - RSME). The investigations were conducted on a turbocharged, four-cylinder compression-ignition engine type T370 (of 80 hW power at 2400 rpm engine speed and maximum torque of 400 Nm at 1440 rpm engine speed, with bore/stroke 110 mm /l20 mm, displacement volume 4560 cm3, compression ratio 17). For the exhaust toxicity investigations the eauipment of Signal and AVL companies was used, and for composition of nonregulated hydrocarbons emissions investigations the Hewlett Packard Company chromatograph type HP-5890II was used. The investigations were conducted under engine full load at maximum torque speed and for engine rotational speed of the rated power. Chromatographic test for emissions were collected using special equipment and special procedures. The article presents the results of chromatographic investigations focusedon: benzene, toluene and acetaldehyde. It was found that the percentage of emission of individual components in the total emissions of HC was independent of the fuel used. However, due to the fact that in the case of rape fuel, emission of unburned HC was smaller and smaller were the absolute amounts of emissions components. Thus, emissions from combustion of rape fuel are less harmful than emissions from the engine fuelled with diesel oil.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 4; 549-555
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reduction emission level of harmful components exhaust gases by means of control of parameters influencing on spraying process of biofuel components for aircraft engines
Autorzy:
Jankowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
aircraft engines
alternative fuels
fuel atomization
exhaust gas emissions
Opis:
The aim of the research is to test the fuel additives which decrease dimensions of atomised fuel drops, by applying changes to the specific parameters which impact the atomisation process. Those parameters include density, surface tension, viscosity and the viscosity index. Dimensions of drops of biofuels are much bigger compared to hydrocarbon fuels. By modifying the physical and chemical parameters of biofuels, dimensions of drops in an atomised fuel stream should become smaller. Those dimensions play a major role for the level of emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, as well as mainly nitrogen oxides and particulates. The research on emissions of toxic components of fuel is relatively advanced today in the field of piston combustion engines, especially for use in car vehicles. However, the dynamic development of the air transport brings more pressure on the issue of toxic emissions in the case of aircraft engines. The level of toxic emissions from aircraft engines may be from ten up to even several thousand times greater than the level of emissions from piston engines. The issue of how biofuel additives can affect the process of fuel atomisation and thus enable the control over the atomisation to obtain the smallest possible drops leading to reduced nitrogen oxides emissions is a new and original issue. The reduced nitrogen oxides emissions in the case of biofuels is of utmost significance because, according to latest knowledge, those levels are increasing.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 129-134
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes of the modal split of traffic in Europe
Autorzy:
Sierpiński, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/393299.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Stowarzyszenie Telematyki Transportu
Tematy:
modal split
sustainable development
alternative transportation
podział zadań przewozowych
rozwój zrównoważony
transport alternatywny
Opis:
Many cities in the world, including cities in Europe, implement a policy aimed at improving the attractiveness of alternatives modes to a private car. The literature often shows impressive changes in the modal split in favour of environmentally friendly means of transportation (public transportation, cycling, going on foot). Because individual cases do not decide of the success of European policies in the field of sustainable transport development, the article summarizes the statistics of modal split of traffic for more than 300 cities in the last 10 years. The data present a problem in Europe and contribute to the debate on changing the current approach to the issue.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport System Telematics; 2013, 6, 1; 45-48
1899-8208
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport System Telematics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Europejska strategia w zakresie paliw alternatywnych
Autorzy:
Dyr, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/314765.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
paliwo alternatywne
strategia Unii Europejskiej
rynek przewozów pasażerskich
alternative fuel
European Union strategy
passenger transport
passengers traffic market
Opis:
Rozwój rynku paliw alternatywnych - jak podkreślono w strategii - jest obecnie hamowany przez niedociągnięcia technologiczne i handlowe, niedostateczną akceptację konsumentów i brak odpowiedniej infrastruktury. Obecne wysokie koszty innowacyjnych zastosowań paliw alternatywnych są w dużej mierze następstwem tych niedociągnięć. W tej sytuacji, kreując strategię, wykorzystano wyniki prac realizowanych wspólnie z przemysłem, organami publicznymi i społeczeństwem obywatelskim. Uwzględniając znaczenie przyjętej strategii dla rozwoju europejskiego rynku paliw, w niniejszym artykule omówiono jej założenia oraz wskazano na skutki dla rynku autobusowych przewozów pasażerskich.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2013, 14, 11; 16-21
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Future mobility without internal combustion engines and fuels?
Czy w przyszłości transport będzie mógł funkcjonować bez silników spalinowych i paliw?
Autorzy:
Lenz, H. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133507.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
transport
combustion engines
engine fuels
alternative powertrain
alternative fuels
silnik spalinowy
paliwa silnikowe
napęd alternatywny
paliwa alternatywne
Opis:
For many decades to come, and in the foreseeable future, internal combustion engines – in many cases with electric motors – will be with us, just like the liquid fuels they require. The importance of crude oil will decline, as these fuels will be increasingly produced on a synthetic basis without CO2 emissions. The answers to the question "Future Mobility without internal Combustion Engines and Fuels?" are "no" in both cases. Purely battery-electric mobility will be applied in the future only in specific areas. fuel-cell vehicles will hardly be used because of the extreme infrastructure investment costs. In contrast, liquid fuels will ensure the future of mobility. in this scenario, energy such as solar or wind energy will be generated without CO2 emissions.
Silniki spalinowe funkcjonują jako źródła napędu pojazdów już ponad 100 lat i w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości wciąż będą powszechnie stosowane, podobnie jak paliwa płynne potrzebne do ich zasilania. Znaczenie ropy naftowej będzie jednak powoli malało w miarę wzrostu skali produkcji paliw syntetycznych, w procesach zapewniających małą emisję CO2. Odpowiedź na pytanie: czy transport w przyszłości będzie odbywać się bez silników spalinowych i paliw brzmi: nie. Napęd elektryczny stosowany będzie tylko na wybranych obszarach. Pojazdy wykorzystujące ogniwa paliwowe nigdy nie osiągną większej popularności ze względu na wysokie koszty budowy niezbędnej infrastruktury. Tylko paliwa płynne będą w stanie zaspokoić przyszłościowe potrzeby transportu. Do ich wytworzenia wykorzystywana będzie jednak energia ze źródeł o zerowej emisji CO2, jak na przykład baterie słoneczne, czy farmy wiatrowe.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 4; 3-15
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New insights into functional roles of nitric oxide in roots
Autorzy:
Gupta, K.
Igamberdiev, A.
Kruger, N.
Kaiser, W.
Ratcliffe, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/80596.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
conference
nitric oxide
nitrate reductase
electron transport chain
mitochondrion
root
proton pumping
alternative oxidase
Źródło:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology; 2013, 94, 2
0860-7796
Pojawia się w:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the biological relevance of alternative splicing in plants: dual function of an Arabidopsis membrane transporter
Autorzy:
Doque, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/81202.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
eukaryotic gene
mRNA
alternative splicing
plant
protein function
proteome
Arabidopsis thaliana
auxin transport
root
stress tolerance
plasma membrane
Źródło:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology; 2013, 94, 3
0860-7796
Pojawia się w:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perspektywa wykorzystania napędu alternatywnego w lubelskiej komunikacji trolejbusowej. Cz. II
Prospect of using the alternative drive in the Lublin trolleybuses. Part II
Autorzy:
Bartłomiejczyk, M.
Połom, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/250347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy TTS
Tematy:
Lublin
trolejbus
transport publiczny
transport masowy
napęd alternatywny
trolleybus
public transport
mass transport
alternative propulsion
Opis:
Założenia projektowanych tras z wykorzystaniem przejazdu bezsieciowego.
Źródło:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego; 2013, 10; 26-32
1232-3829
2543-5728
Pojawia się w:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sposoby povyšeniâ èkonomičeskoj effektivnosti perevozok na sudah vnutrennego plavaniâ
Ways to improve economic efficiency of inland shipping
Autorzy:
Semenov, Û.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359918.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
eco-friendly shipping
innovative solutions
resource – efficient transport
alternative fuels
transport ekologiczny
innowacyjne rozwiązania
oszczędność energii
paliwa alternatywne
Opis:
Inland shipping is the most eco-friendly way to move goods. This transport mode creates smaller external costs in comparison with road transport. The paper presents both inland shipping market analysis and innovative solutions for river ships with the purpose of EU transport policy realization, including environmental negative impacts reduction, minimization of oil-fuel consumption and cleaner energy use through alternative fuels and new propulsion systems.
Внутренний водный транспорт является наиболее экологичным способом перевозки грузов. Этот вид транспорта также генерирует значительно меньшие внешние издержки по сравнению с автомобильным транспортом. В статье представлен анализ европейского рынка перевозок внутренними водными магистралями. Предложено ряд инновационных изменений на речных судах с целью реализации основных направлений транспортной политики ЕС до 2050 г., включая снижения выброса вредных веществ и минимализации расхода нефтепродуктов путем перехода на альтернативные виды топлива и внедрение новых типов двигателей.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2013, 33 (105); 91-95
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Future of electric cars in the EU
Autorzy:
Gis, W
Waśkiewicz, J
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
cars
transport
carbon dioxide emissions
alternative drives
Opis:
The article presents scenarios for the EU and national development of passenger electric and hybrid cars. The forecast for 2030 of the shares of such vehicles in the total number of new passenger cars sold in various categories in the EU, has been presented. The expected carbon dioxide emissions for this time horizon, in so-called, life cycle of cars in the EU and in Poland, in relation to conventionally powered passenger cars and electric and hybrid cars, have also been presented The results of surveys conducted by the Motor Transport Institute on the interest of residents of the Polish agglomerations in the acquisition and operation of the electric cars in the coming years have been d. Questions and answers referred to the socio - demographic structure of the respondents and their households, the number of classes of the cars owned, monthly household income and self-evaluation of the quality of the income management. Also, the questions were asked about the ownership and extent of use (frequency of use of a car owned and the average annual mileage) and the criteria for the current and future choices of passenger cars (e.g. price class, purpose). The questions also concerned the technical and economic knowledge of electric cars (such as the impact on the natural environment, operating costs), as well as willingness to incur possible costs associated with the purchase of an electric car. The focus was also placed on getting to know the vulnerability of the consumers to the influence of the actions of the propaganda, administrative and economic nature, which may affect the consumers’ decisions concerning the purchase of electric cars and learning about the reasons for any reluctance to use such vehicles.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 83-88
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of combustion process in dual fuel diesel engine
Autorzy:
Żółtowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
road transport
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
alternative fuels
combustion
Opis:
In this paper are presented results of dual fuel diesel engine bench testing carried out by author. The engine was fuelled parallel with two fuels. The second, additional fuel was compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG was injected into engine inlet system before inlet to engine turbocharger. There was installed a pressure transducer in one of engine cylinders and cylinder pressure was registered at the time of testing. There is discussed place and way of pressure sensor installation and impact on quality of indicating signals of the channel connecting the transducer with combustion chamber. The carried out investigations included measurement of emissions and engine indicating completed with the heat release characteristics. There was considered influence of CNG on CO, NOx, THC and NMHC emissions, especially how pollutant emissions depend on the share of methane in fuel. The effect of using natural gas as an additional fuel injected to regular CI engine on heat release rate was investigated, as well as its rate and duration. Discussed the differences between combustion of methane and diesel oil and ways of spreading flames into air-fuel mixture for these two mixed fuels The processes of combustion of diesel oil and methane are totally different. The study searches for the limits of methane content due to knocking combustion. Additive of methane to the diesel fuel is a reason of retarded heat release, decrease of engine efficiency, greater fuel consumption and changes in emissions corresponding to the lag of self-ignition
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 303-309
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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