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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 88
Tytuł:
Tradycja grunwaldzka w Polsce po 1918 roku. Między polityczną koniecznością a społecznym oczekiwaniem
Autorzy:
Gorycki, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436748.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
historia Polski
Zakon Krzyżacki
Opis:
Among the numerous problems that arose along with the regaining of independence, the question of Poles’ national identity played an important role. Naturally, the Polish victory in the battle of Grunwald in 1410 appeared to be an almost perfect binder for the citizens of independent Poland. “Nationalists,” for whom the German threat was the major concern, were basing their ideology on building the national identity around that event. The official governmental factors, however, saw the main enemy of the new Polish nationality in the East, in the Soviet Russia. The lack of official support caused that the Grunwald tradition did not become the leading idea of the national reunion during the interwar period. The memory of “the glory of the Grunwald battlefield” was incorporated into the official governmentpropaganda during the months preceding the German assault on Poland in 1939. Only then it turned out how deeply this tradition is entrenched in the awareness of the Polish society.The September defeat caused that “the second Grunwald” became a slogan of all political powers in occupied Poland and on emigration. The thought of making amends for the crueltiesof the German occupation in the form of “the second Grunwald” was also popular in wide circles of the Polish society. That is why both the powers politically representing pre-war Poland and the new player on the political stage – the Communists supported by the Soviet Union – tried to make use of this idea.The post-war distribution of power in Europe and in the world caused that Poland got into the Soviet zone of influence. The idea of Grunwald constituted a perfect element of theCommunists’ ideology of “the Slavic unity in the fight with the German imperialism.” It led to the renaissance of the Grunwald tradition. Simultaneously, the Grunwald victory becamea subject of numerous abuses of the official propaganda. It resulted in the strengthening of the falsified image of the battle and its significance. After the fall of Communism, the Grunwald tradition which used to be extremely popular among Poles, yielded to commercialisation deepening the plastic, almost “fabulous” image of the battle which was getting further and further from the historical truth.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 170-185
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Parchamy z zamków Krzyżackich - technika budowy i zabudowa
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
architektura
zamki
Zakon Krzyżacki
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2015, 288, 2; 269-280
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy duchowni kronikarze potraĮ li opisać „wielkie starcie”? Uwagi o bitwie, liczebności i stratach obu armii w świetle źródeł i nowszej historiograĮ i polskiej
Autorzy:
Rajman, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436762.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
późne średniowiecze
Grunwald
Zakon Krzyżacki
Opis:
The author of the article presents an in-depth analysis of nar rative sources about the battle, namely: “The chronicle of the conflict between Wladyslaw, King of Poland and the TeutonicKnights” (“Kronika konfliktu Władysława króla polskiego z krzyżakami”), “Continuation” of the Teutonic chronicle of Johann von Posilge, a comprehensive description by Długosz in the9th book of his Yearbooks (Roczniki) as well as the account of so-called Toruń Annalist. The author confronts this analysis with the findings published in the most impor tant works ofPolish historians, archaeologists and historical geographers. Particularly controversial is the issue of the armies’ strength. The author believes that the calculations presented in the morerecent literature, especially those per taining to the Teutonic army, are not reliable. He also indicates that the issue of the number of casualties in both armies should be re-discussed. Theauthor depicts the battle on the basis of narrative sources from which he tr ies to pick up the elements that could have come from the witnesses and participants of the battle and separatethem from the authors’ own combinations. “The chronicle of the conflict” does not provide any details concerning the strength of the Jagiellonian and Teutonic armies, shows some omissionsin recounting the episodes of the battle known from Długosz’s account and generally perceived as authentic. It does not provide any information on the fall of the gonfalone with the eagleduring the encounter of the Great Chorągiew of Cracow. No mention of the heroic behaviour of the Smolensk Chorągiew and of the abandonment of the battlefield by the mercenary CzechChorągiew (events accepted by the Polish historians) need to be enumerated among the most important omissions of “The chronicle.” The Teutonic “Continuation” and the account of theToruń Annalist are characterised by brevity consisting in using just a couple of sentences to describe a day-long battle. Długosz created his depiction of the battle of Grunwald when notonly the outcome of the Great War had already been known but also the effect of all other wars with the Teutonic Order, including the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–66). While the author of“The chronicle” wanted to create the account mainly of the facts, Długosz wanted to describe the reasons as well. He blamed Vytautus and the Lithuanians as well as a couple of Cracovianmagnates for the withdrawal form the siege of Malbork. He could not, however, decide whom to blame for the course of the battle of Grunwald. The author of the article believes that Długosz gives the same account of the battle as “The chronicle of the conflict,” but he falsely described the stance of the Lithuanian army failing to mention an extremely important fact i.e. the return of the Lithuanian army to the battlefield. Initially, the Cracovian historian also falsely described the alleged passivity of the king towards the approaching Teutonic army, on the morning of the 15th of July. From the whole Długosz’s descr iption emerges an image of a king skilfully commanding his army.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 26-74
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Armia króla Władysława Jagiełły w drodze pod Grunwald
Autorzy:
Grabarczyk, Tadeusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
późne średniowiecze
Grunwald
Zakon Krzyżacki
Opis:
For years, the route followed by the Polish-Lithuanian army on its way to Grunwald in 1410 has been arousing controversy as the sources do not allow for its clear-cut determination.From the moment when Jagiello’s army crossed the Vistula river at Czerwińsk (3rd July) until it reached the fields of Grunwald only some of its halting-places are known. The passagefrom Dąbrówno to the battlefield covered on the 15th of July is given special attention in the historians’ discussion. S. Ekdahl claims that the Polish-Lithuanian army pitched a camp tothe north of Dąbrówno and stormed the town from that direction. Other historians incline towards the opinion that the army’s camp was situated to the south of Dabrówno, near the village Kalbornia. As a consequence they assume that the town was also attacked from the south. A few routes of the march from Dąbrówno to the site where the battle was supposed to take place were suggested in the present literature. According to S. Ekdahl, Jagiello’s army moved from the camp situated to the north of Dąbrówno to the east through Samin to stop near Grunwald. In the newest monograph of the 1409-1411 war it was stated that Jagiello’s army got to Grunwald by a route running through previously captured Dąbrówno and later on through Samin to Grunwald Jagiello’s army, after breaking up its camp at Kolbornia, moved east to turn north after a few kilometres and continue its march through Osiekowo, Łodgowo. A. Nadolski did not agree with those assumptions as he believed that from the camp in Dąbrówno the army headed for Turowo and then marched north towards Mielno circumventing the Ulnowo Lake from the east. The author of the article propounds a hypothesis that Jagiello’s army could act both to the north and south of Dąbrówno where the main camp of the Polish-Lithuanian forces was situated. He also considers that the conception of S. Kuczyński criticised by A. Nadolski and S. Ekdahl concerning the final phase of the march should still be taken into consideration as very probable. The author believes that there was no serious discussion on the Grunwald campaign during the last twenty years in Poland. Both the last monograph of the 1409–1411war and this article show that a new view on that topic is still possible.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 7-25
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Społeczno-gospodarcze kontakty rycerzy z państwa zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach z Toruniem do połowy XV wieku
Social-economical contacts of the Teutonic State in Prussia with Torun until the mid-15th century
Gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Kontakte von Rittern aus dem preußischen Deutschordensstaat nach Thorn bis zur Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts
Autorzy:
Mutrynowska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529605.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
Tematy:
Toruń
zakon krzyżacki
Teutonic State
Źródło:
Rocznik Toruński; 2015, 42; 185-202
0557-2177
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Toruński
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w pracach historyków litewskich
Autorzy:
Baranauskas, Tomas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436760.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
późne średniowiecze
Grunwald
Zakon Krzyżacki
Opis:
The author of the article explores the onomastic conceptions of the battle of Grunwald appearing in the Lithuanian literature. The name „Žalgirio mūšis,” which is a translation ofthe German “Grünwald” into Lithuanian, was adopted. The author discuses the works of the Lithuanian historians which were developed in a strong opposition to the Polish apprehensionwritten by Karol Szajnocha. The main reason for the criticism of Szajnocha’s work, as well as of numerous other Polish studies, was that they uncritically adopted Długosz’s version about theLithuanians’ abandonment of the battlefield. The Lithuanian historiography has always been sensitively reacting to any attempts of belittling the importance of the Lithuanian army andVytautas’ role in the battle of Grunwald. Instead, the Lithuanian historians were developing a conception of a diversionary flight manoeuvre which was generally accepted before SvenEkdahl published the famous letter of a Teutonic commander. For a long time, a thesis that the Polish army was unwilling to fight and the whole burden of combat in the battle of Grunwaldwas borne by the Lithuanians was prevailing in many works of the Lithuanian historians. The author shows that the tense Polish-Lithuanian relationships during the interwar period had influence on the historiography. The Lithuanian literature attaches much importance to the account of Bychowiec’s Chronicle which is usually disregarded by the Polish historians and considered rather unreliable. With the course of time, analyses of various aspects of the battle conducted mainly from the military point of view, started to appear (the place of the battle, the route of the march, the strength of the army, the ar t of the war fare and thecourse of the battle). Many aspects, i.e. the strength of the army, are still discussed in the works of the Lithuanian authors. In the most recent literature the issue of the diversionaryflight manoeuvre still arouses controversy. The manoeuvre is almost commonly accepted as a historic fact, however, the historians dispute whether the Lithuanians culled it from theTatars or was it an immanent feature of their art of war fare. The author concludes his article with a discussion of the latest treaties by M. Jučas, R. Batūra, E. Gudavičius, K. Gudmantas, R.Petrauskas. The significant role of the Lithuanians in the initial and final stages of the battle is contemporarily commonly accepted. The author concludes that for a long time theLithuanian historiography has been presenting the battle of Grunwald as an epoch-making event that led to the destruction of the power of the Teutonic Order.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 75-91
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uwarunkowania rozwoju tradycji grunwaldzkiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku
Autorzy:
Hampel, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
historia Polski
bitwa grunwaldzka
Zakon Krzyżacki
Opis:
On the cusp of the 19th and 20th centuries the Grunwald tradition was becoming one of the basic instruments of forming the historical awareness, especially among the plebeians, andthe feeling of unity in the period between the annexations. A number of factors that led to the revival of the Grunwald tradition which had been disrupted by the partitions appearedin the 19th century. These factors also influenced the change of the character of the Grunwald tradition, its social perception and mythologization. The process should be associated withthe current state of the “Polish affair” and “Lithuanina affair”, the course of the nationbuilding processes and the international events. The development of historical writing, political thought and literary works of Romanticism, the programmes of the Spring of Nations, cultural and national emancipation as well as the autonomic freedoms of Galicia also had an impact on the revival. The germinasational policy of the Prussian and German authorities was a significant impulse to develop a stereotype of a German resembling a Teutonic Order Knight. The Grunwald celebrations organised in 1902 and 1910 in Galicia, by their course, mass participation and ideological content revealed the extent of the changes that had taken place in the historical awareness of the Polish society in the 19th century. They also showed the role of the Grunwald tradition in the process of nationalisation of the plebeians, especially the peasants. It were the last celebrations, combined with the unveiling of the Grunwald Monument in Cracow, lasting three days and having a central character, with the participation of delegations from other partitions that reverberated not only in the Polish society.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 126-134
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zamek w Działdowie na tle architektury obronnej Zakonu
Autorzy:
Knyżewski, Marcel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365118.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
Działdowo
architektura
Zakon Krzyżacki
fortyfikacje
zamki
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2015, 288, 2; 255-267
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
[Recenzja]: Sławomir Jóźwiak, Adam Szweda, Dwór wielkich mistrzów zakonu krzyżackiego w Malborku. Siedziba i świeckie otoczenie średniowiecznego władcy zakonnego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, Toruń 2022, ss. 375, ISBN 978-83-231-4630-8
Autorzy:
Włodarski, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/33339941.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
dwór
rezydencja
Malbork
Prusy
zakon krzyżacki
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2023, 121; 625-630
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Beneficjenci Wielkiej wojny wśród rycerstwa polskiego
Autorzy:
Sperka, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436758.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
późne średniowiecze
Grunwald
Zakon Krzyżacki
rycerstwo
Opis:
In the article I tried to present those of Polish knights whom the “Great War” brought measurable benefits, whose political and clerical careers were boosted and fortunes increased. They achieved that thanks to King Wladyslaw Jagiello who knew how to appreciate people serving him faithfully as well as those who proved courageous in that great campaign. In the per iod from the middle of July 1410 to the middle of March 1411, the king rewarded 23 knights bestowing them with 10 villages and charging the crown land with the sum of 2310 grzywnas which meant that the goods were actually transferred into a private property. Adding the bestowals from the autumn of 1411, which can be associated with the Great War, we will have 26 rewarded and the amount of grzywnas will increase to 3310. Among thebestowed included were indigent knights as well as magnates who came from all over the Kingdom of Poland, although the majority was from Małopolska. A dozen of people who weregranted offices or were promoted should be also included into the circle of the beneficiaries. In both cases this certainly was not everyone. Analysing the later careers of the knights, theheroes of the war enumerated in Jan Długosz’s chronicle, one thing can be noticed i.e. the king felt a sentimental attachment to those knights who fought in the battle of Grunwald, especially those who were exceptionally courageous and did not spare their own blood in the battle. Those of whose reward we do not know could later on count on the king’s clemency. The majority of the knights who courageously fought in the first ranks during the battle of Grunwald and Koronowo took land offices, starosties or were taken in the court by clemency of the king in the later years. The battlefields of “the Great War” turned out to be a kind of “purgatory” for those knights who had formerly fallen into disgrace (e.g. Jakub from Kobylany, Mikołaj Chrząstowski). Finally, it is necessary to mention the largest group of “the Great War” beneficiaries, unfortunately almost entirely anonymous, namely hundreds of knights who enriched themselves with trophies obtained during the campaign.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 92-112
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wizerunek bitwy pod Grunwaldem w podręcznikach szkolnych Litwy z lat 1906–2010
Autorzy:
Karvelis, Deimantas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/436752.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
historia Polski
bitwa grunwaldzka
Zakon Krzyżacki
Litwa
Opis:
Grunwald has occupied an important place in every Lithuanian history textbook, in most of them the event is devoted a separate chapter. The author of the article states that the oldertextbooks provided no information on the significance of the battle of Grunwald for Poland. In the interwar period the battle was only a component of Vytautas’ portrayal, a symbol ofthe ruler’s military victories. Grunwald was also used to show historic differences between Poland and Lithuania. We do not come across an interpretation where the Grunwald victorywould not be considered the greatest triumph of the Lithuanian army achieved by the Prince of Lithuania Vytautas the Great – a military genius. In the Soviet period, attempts were made to use the Grunwald victory in politics, as an instrument for the creation of an everlasting friendship between Lithuania and Russia as well as for strengthening the enmity towards the Western countries, especially West Germany. Contemporary textbooks show some remains of the former stereotypes concerning the behaviour of the Polish chivalry on the battlefield. The author looks for the reason for such a state of affairs in inadequate competence of the authors, lack of critical attitude towards the material presented in the former textbooks and their negligent revision. He also shows that the advantage of the contemporary textbooks is that they are based on systematized achievements of historiography. On the cusp of the 20th and 21st centuries, the textbooks started to display the features of the scientific objectivism. Thanks to that, the students can fully realize how meaningful the battle of Grunwald was for Lithuania. The importance consisted in the increase of the authority of Vytautas the Great, reclaiming Samogitia and undermining the military power of the Teutonic Order. As a permanent aftermath of the battle the author also mentions the prevention of a perennialunion of the Prussian and Livonian branches of the Teutonic Order and the creation of firm premises for an immediate baptism of Samogitia. The students also find out that thebattle of Grunwald became an effective prevention of the Teutonic Order’s further conquest of Lithuania, destruction of the Lithuanian nation, ruining its culture and wealth. It is alsoemphasized that Lithuania and Poland became the greatest political power in Eastern Europe. A predominant problem connected with the battle of Grunwald appearing in the textbooks is the person of the Prince Vytautas the Great. The question of the diversionary flight manoeuvre became an undisputable didactic truth. The problem arousing the greatest controversy is the role of King Wladyslaw Jagiello and the Polish army. The author of the article also explores the issue of how the Lithuanian textbooks serve the development of the discourse about the historical memory.
Źródło:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2011, 11; 135-146
2450-4475
Pojawia się w:
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zamek w Świeciu. Topografia i technika budowy zamku krzyżackiego.
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364550.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
Świecie
zamek w Świeciu
zamek krzyżacki
kasztel
zakon krzyżacki
Opis:
The construction of the castle in Świecie began around 1335. It was located on the fork of the Vistula and Wda rivers. The Vistula initially passed directly under the southern walls of the castle, while the Wda was separated from it. The outer ward protected the wide moat from the west. The next moat surrounded the upper castle on three sides. The outer ward had a plan similar to that of a rectangle. To the west there was a gate with a tower and a cowshed, from the south – the house of the commander and stables, and from the north perhaps also the armoury and infirmary. Surrounded by the parcham, the convent house was built on a square plan with a cylindrical “bergfried” (tower) in the north-west corner and three lower cylindrical towers in the other. It had two fully raised wings – in the north it housed, amongst others, a chapel and refectory, and in the eastern wing a brewery, bakery and dormitory. From the south and west there were single storey buildings present in the Middle Ages, housing a kitchen (in the south) associated rooms and a basement (in the western wing). Based on the analysis of architecture and the results of archaeological research it is possible to reconstruct the stages and techniques of construction. After setting the proportions of the building by the “ad quadratum” method, a perimeter curtain wall was first built. Subsequently, the internal buildings were successively constructed from the main (northern) wing. The area of the courtyard and the parcham were raised by 2–3 metres. Subsequently, the upper floors of the “Bergfried”, the parcham wall, and, finally, the outer ward were erected.
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2018, 300, 2; 211-237
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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