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Tytuł:
Ozdoby stroju wykonane z paciorków w kulturze wielbarskiej
Costume decorations made of beads in Wielbark culture
Autorzy:
Żyto, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/681883.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
kultura wielbarska
paciorki
kolie
dekoracje
aplikacje
Wielbark culture
beads
necklaces
decorations
applications
Opis:
The main purpose of the article is to present various forms of costume decoration in Wielbark culture. The analysis was based on well-known burials with an intact arrangement of monuments in the burial cavern. On this basis, decorations made of beads were highlighted. In addition to the necklaces that adorned the area of the neck and chest, vertical compositions are particularly noteworthy, in which the beads were discovered in a line from the level of the neck to the waist level. In addition, beads were used to trim robes in the form of applications. Another type are beads decorating belt and sachets or purses.
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Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2018, 33; 75-92
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Endokanibalizm – rytualny posiłek jako element kultu przodków
Endocannibalism – a ritual meal as part of ancestors’ worship
Autorzy:
Żychliński, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023856.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-16
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Endocannibalism
ancestors’ worship
Wielbark culture
Wielkopolska (Greater Poland)
Opis:
This article presents the hypothesis concerning the practicing of ritual eating of dead bodies of family members by people of Wielbark culture in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) in the Roman Period. Such practices are called as endocannibalism and this custom is connected very closely with ancestors’ worship. It is an expression of love to a dead family member and an attempt of assimilating his best features. Such a possibility is suggested by archaeological discoveries made at Wielbark culture cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland). Endocannibalism was noticed in the past, but is also recorded in modern times.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2018, 23; 231-243
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fenomen „situli”? – znaczenie naczyń glinianych określanych mianem „situl” w obrządku pogrzebowym ludności kultury wielbarskiej w Wielkopolsce
Autorzy:
Żychliński, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023925.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Wielbark culture
“situlas”
burial rite
cemeteries
settlements
Opis:
The aim of this article is to present issues concerning the presence of so called situlas (pottery vessels, no bronze) in Wielbark culture inventories from Wielkopolska. These vessels are very rare within cemeteries and settlements as well. And until now the criteria of such spatial distribution have remained unknown. In this paper so called situlas from Wielkopolska will be characterised, particularly in the context of their deposition in individual graves and within the necropolises, as well as within settlements. Further parts of this article deal with research problems connected with the role and meaning of so called situlas in Wielbark culture burial rite in Wielkopolska, in particular in the light of anthropological analysis results. The paper also presents the hypothesis explaining sparsity of so called situlas occurrence and very specific localisation of these vessels in the area of Wielkopolska. At the end of the article research demands and questions will be presented. They will enable and give direction for further discussion on the compelling issue of phenomenon of so called situlas of full spatial and chronological aspects of their occurrence.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2015, 20; 557-567
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Roman denarii in the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures
Denary rzymskie w kulturach bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej
Autorzy:
Zapolska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
Bogaczewo culture
Sudovian culture
Wielbark culture
West Balts
denarii
sestertii
hoards
cemeteries
settlements
Opis:
Since the majority of coins found on the territory of the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures are sestertii, the bulk of silver coins sum up to only a few percent of all coin finds. They have been discovered mainly on the cemetries (in graves and as surface finds) and in hoards. They have been scarcely found in settlements. Grave finds yielded silver coins, just like sestertii, along with other artefacts charactersitic for late Roman period. The fact that all these silver coins and sestertii are dated to 1st to 2nd century A.D. suggests that they could have come simultanously. Silver coins have appeared both in homogenous hoards and together with copper-alloy coins, as in the case of Scandava and other collective finds. The bulk of silver coins from collective finds is also similar to the bulk of copper-alloy coins: the oldest coins are dated to Vespasian’s reign and the majority of coins are dated to the Antonines period. Denarii appeared in the West Balts circle as a result of the contacts between the Balt tribes and the representatives of German tribes from the Wielbark culture. We should also consider another direction of the influx of denarii to the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures, i.e. through Sambia, where they could have come from Scandinavia (2 maps, 3 tables, 6 diagrams).
Denary oraz inne monety srebrne należą do rzadkości wśród znalezisk z terenów kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej. Wśród przeważającej masy sesterców stanowią niewielki procent wszystkich znalezisk. Znajdowane były przede wszystkim na cmentarzyskach (w grobach oraz luźno na powierzchni) i skarbach. Sporadycznie występowały na terenie osad. W znaleziskach grobowych występują, podobnie jak sesterce, wraz z zabytkami typowymi dla późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich. Są to również najczęściej monety bite w I i II wieku po Chr., co sugeruje, że napłynęły w tym samym czasie, co monety brązowe. W znaleziskach gromadnych mogą występować wraz z monetami brązowymi (np. depozyt ze Skandawy) lub w skarbach jednorodnych. W tym przypadku pula monet srebrnych również pokrywa się z pulą monet brązowych — przeważają tu monety bite za panowania dynastii Antoninów, a najstarsze emitowane były za panowania Wespazjana. Przyczyną występowania denarów w kręgu zachodniobałtyjskim były najprawdopodobniej kontakty plemion zachodniobałtyjskich z germańskimi sąsiadami — przedstawicielami kultury wielbarskiej. Pod uwagę należy również wziąć możliwość, że napływ monet srebrnych na tereny kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej mógł odbywać się za pośrednictwem Sambii, gdzie denary napłynąć mogły ze Skandynawii.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2008, 52, 2(186); 139-165
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nowe materiały ze schyłku okresu wpływów rzymskich i początków okresu wędrówek ludów z okolic Wyszogrodu, w pow. płockim
New Materials from the End of the Roman Period and the Beginning of the Migration Period from the Vicinity of Wyszogród, Płock County
Autorzy:
Woźniak, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551142.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-28
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
kultura wielbarska
późny okres wpływów rzymskich
okres wędrówek ludów
zapinka
sprzączka
okucie końca pasa
Wielbark Culture
Late Roman Period
Migration Period
brooch
belt buckle
strap-end
Opis:
The collection of the Muzeum Wisły Środkowej i Ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej (Vistula River and Wyszogród Land Museum) in Wyszogród contains hitherto unknown artefacts from the end of the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. These include: a late brooch with returned foot of Almgren VI,2 series (Fig. 2:1), fragment of a plate-headed brooch (Fig. 2:2), and a beak-shaped strap-end (Fig. 2:3), discovered at Rębowo, Płock County (Fig. 1), and a belt buckle with a thickened frame (Fig. 3) from Wyszogród, Płock County (Fig. 1). All artefacts are made of copper alloy. These forms are typical of the latest phase of the Wielbark Culture in the area of Mazovia on the right bank of the Vistula and in Podlachia. Of particular importance is the fact that they were discovered in an area that, to a large extent, has not been archaeologically explored and which – in light of the material known so far – was devoid of settlement at the end of the Roman Period and at the beginning of the Migration Period.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 246-249
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zbiór fibul z okresu wpływów rzymskich z okolic Ostrowa Lednickiego. Przyczynek do pełniejszego rozpoznania przemian kulturowych w pierwszych wiekach naszej ery w rejonie jeziora Lednica
A collection of fibulae from the period of Roman influence from the area of Ostrów Lednicki. A contribution to a more complete recognition of cultural change in the first centuries A.D. in the area of Lake Lednica
Autorzy:
Wawrzyniak, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
Tematy:
projekt badawczy
prospekcja terenowa
jezioro Lednica
zapinki
okres wpływów rzymskich
kultura przeworska
kultura wielbarska
a research project
surface prospection
Lake Lednica
pins
a period of Roman influence
the Przeworsk culture
the Wielbark culture
Opis:
Trzy lata temu, za wiedzą i przy wsparciu służb konserwatorskich Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy, wspólnie ze Stowarzyszeniem Wielkopolska Grupa Eksploracyjno-Historyczna „GNIAZDO”, rozpoczęto powierzchniową penetrację obszarów położonych wokół jeziora Lednica w ramach Projektu Lednica. Dotychczasowe badania, przeprowadzone przy wykorzystaniu najnowszych technik teledetekcyjnych i pomiarowych, przyniosły rozliczne znaleziska zabytków metalowych o chronologii rozpiętej od epoki brązu po czasy współczesne, w tym dwadzieścia cztery fibule z okresu wpływów rzymskich. Ich analiza formalna stanowi treść niniejszego artykułu.
Three years ago, with the knowledge and support of the restoration services of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, together with the Wielkopolska Exploratory and Historical Group ‘GNIAZDO’ Association, surface penetration of the areas located around Lake Lednica began, within the Lednica project. So far, the research conducted with the use of the latest remote sensing and measurement techniques has yielded numerous finds of metal relics, with a chronology spanning from the Bronze Age to the present day. The finds include twenty four fibulae from the period of Roman influence. Their formal analysis is the subject of this article.
Źródło:
Studia Lednickie; 2021, 20; 9-31
0860-7893
2353-7906
Pojawia się w:
Studia Lednickie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bronze Tripartite Belt Hooks from Pomerania as Proof of Cultural Connections in the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Period
Autorzy:
Strobin, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-28
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
bronze tripartite belt hooks
Oksywie Culture
Jastorf Culture
Wielbark Culture
Late Pre-Roman Period
Roman Period
Opis:
Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late Pre-Roman Period in Pomerania. Here, belt hooks from 31 sites have been collected, all of them related to the Oksywie or Wielbark Cultures, or to the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Finds from outside of Pomerania are also included as comparative objects. The most common form of such belt hooks in Pomerania was type IIIb, being in use from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Roughly at the same time, these belt hooks appeared in Brandenburg. Belt hooks of type IIIa are somewhat older, while belt hooks of type IIIc are younger, as they were in use from phase A3 up to phase B2 of the Roman Period. Chronology of the artefacts, indicates that Pre-Roman traditions persisted in the Roman Period, even though belt buckles had been already introduced.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 3-42
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niepublikowane materiały z cmentarzyska w Żukczynie, powiat gdański (dawn. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) w świetle archiwum Józefa Kostrzewskiego
Unpublished Material from the Cemetery at Żukczyn, Gdańsk County (fmr. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) in Light of Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive
Autorzy:
Strobin, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048843.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
Pomorze
kultura oksywska
kultura wielbarska
cmentarzysko
młodszy okres przedrzymski
okres wpływów rzymskich
Pomerania
Oksywie Culture
Wielbark Culture
cemetery
Late Pre-Roman Period
Roman Period
Opis:
The scientific archive of Professor Józef Kostrzewski is kept in the collection of the C. Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Zielona Góra. Portfolio 13: Pomorze Gdańskie, okres lateński (Gdańsk Pomerania, La Tène Period) consists mostly of unpublished notes and sketches of artefacts, drawn by the researcher, related to archaeological discoveries at the cemeteries at Żukczyn (fmr. Gross Suckczin aka Suckschin), Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship (cards 568–604). The site at Żukczyn was mentioned in the literature several times. The first news about discoveries in the village comes from the end of the 19th century, when a sword and two spearheads from a cremation grave (Fig. 1) were presented to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum. In 1901, further metal artefacts were collected from the surface of a field (Fig. 2, 3), and Dr. Paul Kumm, museum curator, carried out rescue excavations. As a result, 20 cremation graves were discovered (Fig. 4–11); grave goods, together with stray finds, were turned over to the museum in Gdańsk. In 1945, as a result of warfare, all artefacts from Żukczyn were destroyed or lost. The information from Kostrzewski’s archive indicates that 19 cremation graves and two pit burials (graves X and XI) were discovered at Żukczyn. A total of seven brooches, including types A, J, N (Fig. 4:b.c, 7:a–c) and presumably K (Fig. 4:d) came from graves and stray finds. Swords are represented by eight specimens: five double-edged with iron scabbards (Fig. 2:a.b.d, 3:a, 4:a.b) and three single-edged (Fig. 1, 2:a, 7:c). Two ring buckles (Fig. 3:c) and two hoops found with a sword and scabbard in grave II (Fig. 4:b) should be associated with a sword-belt. Parts of a shield – bosses and their rivets – came from two graves with weapons (Fig. 4:a.b); one boss was a stray find (Fig. 2:c). Spearheads were numerous (13 specimens) (Fig. 1, 2:b.c, 3:b, 4:b, 7:c, 8:b); some of them were decorated (Fig. 1, 2:c). In three cases, they were accompanied by butts (Fig. 3:c, 4:b, 7:c). Tools and utensils included knives (Fig. 4:a.b, 7:d), razors (Fig. 7:a, 8:b), scissors (Fig. 2:d) and pliers (Fig. 2:d). Pottery was discovered in all the graves. The vast majority are vessels of the Oksywie Culture (phases A2–A3); at least two vessels, from graves VI (Fig. 5:c) and XIV (Fig. 6:c), may come already from the Roman Period. The second stage of research at the cemetery at Żukczyn took place in the 1970s. At that time, 134 graves dating from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period to phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period were discovered. The entire material and documentation of these works are stored in the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk. Unpublished information concerning the cemetery at Żukczyn, contained in Kostrzewski’s archive, is an important source that complements our knowledge about this necropolis. The inventory numbers of artefacts contained there are also important for attempts to restore former archaeological collections of the Museum in Gdańsk. Verification of sketches of artefacts drawn by Józef Kostrzewski with drawings included in Martin Jahn’s work, Herbert Jankuhn’s scientific archive (Fig. 11) as well as with photographs of artefacts from Żukczyn (cf. Fig. 10) yields positive results. This means that in his graphic documentation, Kostrzewski took into account characteristic and important features of artefacts, which further enhances the value of this source.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 269-287
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Z zagadnień rzymskich importów z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Górzycy na Ziemi Lubuskiej
On the issue of the Roman imports from a cemetery of the Wielbark Culture in Górzyca in Lubusz Land
Autorzy:
Socha, Krzysztof
Sójkowska-Socha, Julianna
Tyszler, Lubomira
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
kultura wielbarska
Ziemia Lubuska
Górzyca
importy rzymskie
terra sigillata
Culture of Wielbark
the roman imports
Opis:
The archaeological site no. 20 in Górzyca is one of the newly identified biritual cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture in the Middle Odra Region. There were conducted intensive rescue researches in the years 2008–2010. Several characteristic burial structures, namely stone pavements and stone wreaths were discovered in the exposed part of the cemetery. In the inventories of many burials the Roman imported artifacts were found. The most numerous among them are glass and amber beads, usually the components of necklaces which were the equipment of rich women (ob. 828, ob. 85) and a child (ob. 198). Two fibulae made of bronze stand out from the rest artifacts, one of Riha 7.11.1 type or Feugere 25a type (ob. 440) and the second, damaged with an enamel (?) of Thomas A type (ob. 459). To the findings from the rich graves belong two damaged coins, presumably subaerati. A 22–25 year old young woman’s burial had particularly rich equipment (grave no. 9/ob/85), containing imported objects, a rich necklace composed of i. a. numerous glass and amber beads, and a relief bowl of Drag. 37 type from Lezoux. The imported vessel, originated from the workshop of Laxtucissa (145–170 or 150–170) or Laxtucissa-Paternus II (160–170/180), allows us to propose a determination of the lower date of burial for about 150/160 or 160/170 (depending on the established attribution of vessel). The manufactures of listed potters belong to the horizon of the Marcomanni wars and are found in many sites in Pannonia in the layers of destruction from the aforementioned wars. The cartographical study of the distribution of Laxtucissa’s and Paternus II’s (or Paternus) vessels discovered in areas to the north of the middle Danube indicates their presence in Lower Austria, Czech, Moravia, Slovakia, between Pannonia and Dacia, and in Poland. The Roman imports, identified in the cemetery in Górzyca, proves contacts between the South and Lubusz Land especially in the phases B2/C1–C1a.
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Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2016, 31
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ostrogi krzesłowate w okresie wpływów rzymskich – stan i potrzeby badań
Chair-shaped Spurs in the Roman Iron Age – The State and Prospects of Research
Autorzy:
Smółka-Antkowiak, Emilia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
okres wpływów rzymskich
młodszy okres przedrzymski
ostrogi
ostrogi krzesłowate
Celtowie
Trewerowie
Germanie nadłabscy
kultura wielbarska
kultura przeworska
ostrogi kabłąkowe
Roman Iron Age
early Pre-Roman Iron Age
spurs
chair-shaped spurs
Celts
Treveri
Elbe Germanic
Wielbark culture
Przeworsk culture
bow-shaped spurs
Opis:
In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East. 
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Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2016, 31
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ze studiów nad obrządkiem pogrzebowym społeczności kultury wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Gnieźnieńskim. Przykład cmentarzyska w Palędziu Kościelnym (stan. 1) w powiecie mogileńskim
Autorzy:
Smaruj, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023904.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Roman Iron Age
cemetery
burial mound
funeral riteS
Wielbark culture
Palędzie Kościelne
Gniezno Lake District
Opis:
This paper presents the results of archaeological excavations at the burial mound cemetery used by a Wielbark culture community at Palędzie Kościelne, in the Gniezno Lake District. The sources provide further contribution to a better understanding of the funeral rites of the communities occupying north-east Wielkopolska during the Roman Iron Age.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2016, 21; 459-490
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trup nieobecny?... czyli o brakujących szczątkach kostnych w grobach kultury wielbarskiej
The corpse missing?... Or, missing bone remains in graves of the Wielbark Culture
Autorzy:
Skóra, Kalina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
kultura wielbarska
rytuały pogrzebowe
kenotafy
groby symboliczne
analizy antropologiczne
the Wielbark Culture
funerary rituals
cenotaphs
symbolic graves
anthropological analyses
Opis:
In cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture we notice inhumation or cremation graves, in which there are either no human bones, or merely a small part of them (cenotaphs, symbolic graves, partial burials). This paper discusses reasons behind this absence. First of all, we face the following problem: do we observe a custom of commemoration of the absent dead in the funeral rite, or is it rather our present-day cultural construct? At the moment, it seems rather impossible to correctly describe this phenomenon and to identify its scope. It is first of all natural causes leading to a decomposition of the skeleton that can be made responsible for the absence of bones in the grave. On the other hand, a custom of commemorating of the absent dead must be considered. This custom is testified to in many societies, regardless of their level of civilisation. A death in circumstances which render a burial by relatives or in a home cemetery impossible is not an uncommon phenomenon, especially in turbulent times of military conflicts or in periods of migrations. An empty grave can also be a result of exhumation, undertaken for many a reason: migration and a need for transposition of remains, annihilation of remains of the dead due to personal animosities, for the purpose of political or religious ostentation, post mortem penal activities or anti-vampire practices. A removal of the dead from the grave can be an element of actions which are included in the term of damnatio memoriae. Throwing away of the dead from their places of rest can be a result of new orders, be it political or social ones. Bodies may have also been removed during a robbery. The paper also discusses the issue of a too small weight of burnt human bones which found their way to cremation graves in cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture. The average weight of bones calculated for all the cemeteries which were included in the analysis (from 8.7 g – Kutowa, to 1092 g – Grębocin) significantly differs from expected values (c. 1.5-3 kg, depending on the age and sex). An analogously low result was received for mass graves, where the presence of bones of two (usually) or more dead persons (sporadically) was identified. A low weight of bones in cremation graves can also be due to circumstances and ways of cremation or to taphonomic processes. Another possibility implies that only part of ashes was put into the grave, while for the remaining such as, among others, storing in houses or scattering in various places: in necropoles, throwing into watercourses (as a particular form of sacrifice), a burial of the dead in several graves, deposition in the border space of inhabited places, scattering in the landscape or division of remains between mourners as a physical trace of memory. One of possible reasons for scattering of burnt remains may be a need for a quicker physical destruction of the body. In some cultures this is a condition for a transformation of the dead and obtaining of the status of an ancestor. An overview of discoveries from cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture demonstrated a complexity of interpretation problems. The eponymous issue calls for a development and precise research at the level of individual cemeteries, for, e.g., geochemical examinations of contents of grave pits and the help of anthropology in explanations of proposed hypotheses.
Źródło:
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 45-68
0065-0986
2451-0300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kruchy luksus. Dwa niezwykłe rzymskie naczynia szklane z Czarnówka na Pomorzu Wschodnim
Fragile Luxury. Two Extraordinary Roman Glass Vessels from Czarnówko in Eastern Pomerania
Autorzy:
Schuster, Jan
Andrzejowski, Jacek Andrzejowski
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328245.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
Pomorze
kultura wielbarska
okres wpływów rzymskich
Czarnówko
naczynia szklane
szklane ryby
grupa bird and flower
Pomerania
Roman Iron Age
Wielbark culture
glass vessels
glass fish
bird and flower group
Opis:
W 2015 roku w Czarnówku na Pomorzu Wschodnim odkryto dwa wyjątkowe rzymskie naczynia szklane. Stanowisko – duże, liczące ponad 2000 grobów cmentarzysko z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpływów rzymskich – położone jest na nadzalewowym tarasie rzeki Łeby w pobliżu Lęborka, ok. 25 km od dzisiejszego wybrzeża Bałtyku (Ryc. 1). <br></br> Obok przeciętnie lub ubogo wyposażonych grobów ciałopalnych i inhumacyjnych odkryto tam kilka obiektów kultury wielbarskiej, które ze względu na bogate wyposażenie określić można mianem „książęcych”. Należy do nich także obiekt 1793 – grób z pochówkiem inhumacyjnym złożonym w trumnie kłodowej. Bezpośrednio nad tym obiektem stał budynek, którego betonowa płyta fundamentowa nakrywała i, paradoksalnie, ochraniała sam grób, mimo iż podczas prac budowalnych zapewne zniszczono najwyższe warstwy jego wypełniska. Zachowany strop grobu odsłonięto na głębokości ok. 40‒50 cm poniżej dzisiejszego poziomu gruntu. Zorientowana po osi N-S jama grobowa naruszona została przez starożytny wkop wtórny, który niemal całkowicie zniszczył jej centralną i południową część. We wkopie znaleziono fragmenty ceramiki, zapinkę ze stopu miedzi, kilka paciorków szklanych i bursztynowych, przęślik gliniany i fragment igły/szpili ze stopu miedzi, a także niewielkie skupisko przepalonych kości ludzkich (być może kobiety); na dnie jamy, na krawędzi trumny kłodowej leżał trójwarstwowy grzebień z poroża i kolejny przęślik. Wkop zawalono trzema dużymi głazami i kilkunastoma mniejszymi kamieniami, które pierwotnie mogły zalegać w górnych warstwach wypełniska właściwej jamy grobowej (Ryc. 2:A–C). <br></br> Oba naczynia szklane ‒ puchar na nóżce i butla w kształcie ryby – odsłonięto w północnej, nienaruszonej części jamy grobowej. Obok nich stały dwa lepione ręcznie naczynia gliniane, na S od nich leżała srebrna zapinka oraz kilka paciorków szklanych i bursztynowych. Odkryte tu in situ ułamki szkliwa zębów wskazują, że zwłoki skierowane były głową na północ (Ryc. 2:D). <br></br> Naczynia z obiektu 1793 są znaleziskami wyjątkowymi, tak z uwagi na ich klasę i rzadkość występowania podobnych wyrobów, jak i fakt, iż są pierwszymi naczyniami swoich typów odkrytymi w środkowo- i północnoeuropejskim Barbaricum. <br></br> Szklany puchar na nóżce wzoru Isings 86 (Ryc. 3) wykonany jest w technice swobodnego dmuchania. Bezbarwne szkło, pierwotnie przejrzyste, zmętniało pod wpływem chemicznych procesów glebowych. Krawędź jest wychylona na zewnątrz a niemal cylindryczny korpus zwęża się ku dołowi. Pod wylewem korpus naczynia okala nitka z półprzejrzystego szkła niebieskiego. Główną dekorację stanowi fryz złożony z sześciu białych (nieprzezroczystych) i sześciu niebieskich (półprzezroczystych) aplikowanych aplikacji w kształcie ptaków wodnych, wykonanych ze spłaszczonych szklanych kęsów, ułożonych w ukośnych rzędach (na przemian niebieskich i białych). Ptaki zostały spłaszczone narzędziem o kratkowanej powierzchni. Pod tym fryzem znajduje się rząd czterech ornamentów z falistej nitki – trzech niebieskich i jednego białego. Wysokość naczynia wynosi 22,4 cm, średnica wylewu 9,0 cm, średnica stopki 7,3 cm; naczynie ma pojemność ok. 1,0–1,1 l. Drugie naczynie to butla w kształcie ryby wzoru Isings 95a (Ryc. 4), także wykonana w technice swobodnego dmuchania. Szkło jest jasnozielone, półprzezroczyste, miejscami z liniami małych pęcherzyków powietrza. Ogon ryby, wykonany poprzez spłaszczenie szkła szczypcami lub podobnym narzędziem, jest lekko wygięty ku górze. W okrągłym pyszczku znajduje się otwór; nieznaczny, pierwotny odprysk szkła w tym miejscu jest ‒ poza utratą czubka piątego ząbka płetwy grzbietowej ‒ jedynym uszkodzeniem naczynia. Białe faliste nitki z nieprzezroczystego szkła (trzy po lewej stronie, cztery po prawej) wyobrażają skrzela, z takiego samego szkła sporządzono długą płetwę grzbietową i małe płetwy: piersiową, brzuszną i odbytową, zaś oczy w postaci półkulistych guzków – ze spiralnie wymieszanego niebieskiego szkła przezroczystego i czerwonego nieprzezroczystego. Długość naczynia 22,3 cm, największa szerokość 5,8 cm, wysokość (bez płetw) 6,7 cm, waga 129 g; naczynie ma pojemność ok. 225 ml. <br></br> Oba naczynia zdobione są nakładanymi szklanymi nitkami, należą więc do dużej grupy tzw. snake-thread glass (Germ. Schlangenfadengläser). Na ziemiach polskich grupa ta najczęściej reprezentowana jest przez puchary typu Eggers 189. Przyjmuje się, że technika zdobienia nitkami wężowatymi wywodzi się ze Wschodu, skąd pod koniec II lub na początku III wieku CE zapożyczona została przez rzemieślników szklarskich działających w na Zachodzie. Naczynia szklane z wężowatymi nitkami z (południowo-) wschodniego regionu Morza Śródziemnego są w większości bezbarwne lub zielonkawe, a ich aplikacje nie odbiegają kolorem od szkła bazowego. Druga grupa snake-thread glasses pochodzi z prowincji Germania inferior, gdzie prześledzić można ich ewolucję od naczyń bezbarwnych z takimi samymi nitkami do naczyń bezbarwnych, ale dekorowanych nitkami kolorowymi; często nitki tych naczyń są karbowane. Trzeci zespół naczyń z nitkami wężowatymi tworzą szkła z Panonii (Ryc. 13). Szkło bazowe i aplikacje naczyń tej grupy są często bezbarwne lub zielonkawe, ale zdarzają się też nitki niebieskie i białe. Znaleziska z Panonii datowane są głównie na pierwszą połowę III wieku CE. <br></br> Właśnie w tej ostatniej grupie znaleźć można najlepsze odpowiedniki dla przedstawień ptaków na pucharze z Czarnówka, należącego do tzw. flower and bird group (Ryc. 8); także widoczny na tym naczyniu odcisk w kształcie szachownicy uważany jest za jedną z charakterystycznych cech panońskich szkieł grupy flower and bird. Fragmenty szkieł z bezbarwnymi ptakami z odciskami wzoru tzw. plastra miodu znamy z Carnuntum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria), fragmenty z jasnozielonego i białego szkła, w jednym wypadku z niebieskim ptakiem (wszystkie z motywem plastrów miodu) z Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Węgry), a fragment z bezbarwnego szkła z niebieskim, nieprzezroczystym ptakiem o płaskiej powierzchni z Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Węgry). Nota bene, właściwie jedynymi panońskimi naczyniami z przedstawieniami ptaków są właśnie puchary. I wreszcie z Panonii znana jest również dekoracja z niebieskich nitek, jak w dolnym fryzie na pucharku z Czarnówka. Przyjąć więc można za najbardziej prawdopodobne panońskie pochodzenie tego pucharka. <br></br> Butla ta jest jednym z najlepiej zachowanych naczyń w kształcie ryby na świecie. Podobne butle, różniące się kształtem i szczegółami, rozsiane są na całym terenie Imperium Rzymskiego, ale tylko jedna jest mniej lub bardziej dokładnie datowana (cmentarzysko przy Luxemburger Straße w Kolonii, grób 60), choć zwarty charakter tego zespołu wcale nie jest pewny. Z Kolonii pochodzą jeszcze dwa naczynia tego typu. W przeciwieństwie do ryby z Czarnówka naczynia kolońskie wykonano jednak w taki sposób, że mogą stać samodzielnie (Ryc. 11). Przyjmuje się, że są one flakonami na perfumy, i najpewniej taka właśnie była pierwotna funkcja naczynia z Czarnówka. Właśnie „ryby” kolońskie są jego najbliższymi stylistycznymi odpowiednikami, najprawdopodobniej więc i ono została wykonane w prowincji Germania inferior, w Kolonii lub w okolicy tego miasta. <br></br> Sądząc po rozmiarach śladów trumny kłodowej, lokalizacji okruchów zębów, składzie inwentarza grobowego oraz identyfikacji przepalonych kości z wypełniska wkopu w jamę grobową jako najpewniej kobiecych, możemy wnioskować, że w grobie z Czarnówka pochowano dziewczynę lub młodą kobietę o wysokim statusie społecznym. Analiza elementów tego inwentarza, przede wszystkim obu zapinek, pozwala na precyzyjne datowanie pochówku, a tym samym obu naczyń szklanych. Srebrna, zdobiona pozłacaną folią srebrną i srebrnym beaded wire zapinka z ma kolankowaty kabłąk, wydatny grzebyk na główce i wysoką pochewkę (Ryc. 6:6). Odpowiada ona typowi Almgren 132, choć z uwagi na jubilerski, jednostkowy charakter wyrobu nie znajduje bezpośrednich analogii morfologicznych. Niemniej z terenu kultury wielbarskiej znamy kilka podobnie bogato zdobionych zapinek tego typu wykonanych ze stopów miedzi bądź – rzadziej – srebra i żelaza (Ryc. 12). Wszystkie pochodzą z zespołów z fazy B2/C1–C1a. Druga zapinka to „zwykła” fibula z wysoką pochewką ze stopu miedzi, najbliższa typom Almgren 193 i 202 (Ryc. 6:7). Podobne zapinki występują na terenie kultury wielbarskiej powszechnie także w fazie B2/C1–C1a. Nie wcześniej niż na tę fazę datować też trzeba paciorki: miniaturowe z pomarańczowego szkła opakowego typu TM53, rurkowate z przeźroczystego szkła bezbarwnego ze spiralnymi nitkami z opakowego szkła białego i czerwonego typu TM304z, mozaikowe typu TM366 i rurkowate o sześciobocznym przekroju z opakowego szkła niebieskiego typu Lind 16, a być może także duże kuliste z przeźroczystego szkła zielonego typu TM13 (Ryc. 7:8). „Czysto” późnorzymski jest wreszcie – na mocy definicji – trójwarstwowy grzebień z poroża (Ryc. 7:9). Pozostałe zabytki nie mają tak dobrych walorów datujących (paciorki szklane i bursztynowe typów TM 182, dwustożkowate grupy TM IV, beczułkowate paciorków bursztynowe typu TM392, gliniane miski typu XbA, pucharki typu XIIIB, wazki typu XIV; Ryc. 5, 7:8) bądź też nie mają ich w ogóle (igła/szpila ze stopu miedzi, przęśliki; Ryc. 7:10.11). Ostatecznie zatem uważamy, że pochówek z obiektu 1793 z Czarnówka można pewnie datować na stadium C1a młodszego okresu wpływów rzymskich, tj. na ostatnie dwie dekady II wieku lub na sam początek III wieku CE. <br></br> Nieliczne okazałe groby z tych czasów odkryte w basenie Morza Bałtyckiego, a zwłaszcza na Pomorzu, wydają się odzwierciedlać wydarzenia czasu wojen markomańskich i bezpośrednio po nich. Wydarzenia związane z tymi wojnami markomańskimi zmieniły w decydujący sposób polityczną topografię Germania magna. Powstały nowe ośrodki bogactwa i władzy, zaczęła się zmieniać struktura osadnicza, rozbudowano ponadregionalne sieci komunikacyjne elit, wyłoniły się nowe ponadplemienne koalicje. Z tych nowych warunków skorzystały m.in. społeczności północnej części Europy Środkowej i południowej Skandynawii, co odzwierciedla wzmożony napływ importów rzymskich na te tereny. Często docierały one z prowincji położonych nad środkowym Dunajem, przy czym starsze kontakty nie uległy zerwaniu, np. z Nadrenią. Oba te kierunki kontaktów zdają się znajdować swój indywidualny wyraz w naczyniach szklanych z obiektu 1793 w Czarnówku na Pomorzu Wschodnim.
In 2015, two unique Roman glass vessels were discovered in Czarnówko, East Pomerania. The site – a large cemetery of more than 2,000 graves from the Late Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Period – is located on a fluvial terrace of the Łeba River near Lębork, about 25 km from the current Baltic Sea coast (Fig. 1). <br></br> In addition to averagely or poorly furnished cremation and inhumation graves, the site yielded several Wielbark culture features, which can be described as “princely” due to their rich grave goods. One of them is feature 1793 – a grave with an inhumation burial placed in a log coffin. The feature was located directly under a building whose concrete bedplate covered and, ironically, protected the grave itself, even though the uppermost layers of its fill were proba-bly destroyed during construction works. The preserved top level of the grave was uncovered at a depth of about 40−50 cm below the present-day ground level. Oriented along the N-S axis, the burial pit was disturbed by an ancient secondary cut, which almost completely destroyed its central and southern parts. Pottery fragments, a copper-alloy brooch, several glass and amber beads, a clay spindle whorl and a copper-alloy needle/pin fragment, as well as a small cluster of cremated human bones (possibly female) were found in the cut; at the bottom of the pit, a three-layer antler comb and another spindle whorl lay on the edge of a log coffin. The cut was piled with three large boulders and a dozen smaller stones, which may have originally been located in the upper layers of the fill of the grave pit proper (Fig. 2:A–C). <br></br> The two glass vessels – the footed beaker and the fish-shaped bottle – were uncovered in the intact northern part of the grave pit. Two hand-made clay ves-sels were standing nearby, while a silver brooch and several glass and amber beads were lying to the South. Fragments of tooth enamel discovered in situ indicate that the body was oriented with its head to the north (Fig. 2:D). <br></br> The vessels from feature 1793 are exceptional finds, not only because of their quality and the rarity of similar wares, but also due to the fact that they are the first vessels of their type discovered in central and northern European Barbaricum. <br></br> The footed glass beaker of Isings type 86 (Fig. 3) was made using the free-blowing technique. The colourless, originally transparent, glass has hazed as a re-sult of chemical soil processes. The edge is everted, and the nearly cylindrical body tapers downward. The body of the vessel is encircled under the rim by a thread of semi-transparent blue glass. The main decoration is a frieze of six white (opaque) and six blue (semi-transparent) applications in the shape of water birds, made of flattened glass pieces arranged in diagonal rows (blue and white by turns). The birds were flattened using a tool with chequered surface. Under the frieze, there is a row of four ornaments – three blue and one white – of wavy thread. The vessel measures 22.4 cm in height, 9.0 cm in rim diameter and 7.3 cm in foot diameter; it has a capacity of about 1.0−1.1 l. <br></br> The second vessel is a fish-shaped bottle of Isings type 95a (Fig. 4), also made using the free-blowing technique. The glass is light green, translucent, with lines of small air bubbles here and there. The tail of the fish, made by flattening the glass with tongs or a similar tool, is slightly curved upward. Slight primary chipping of the glass near the hole in the round fish mouth is, aside from the missing tip of the fifth tooth of the dorsal fin, the only damage sustained by the vessel. White wavy threads of opaque glass (three on the left, four on the right) represent gills. The same glass was used to make the long dorsal fin and small pectoral, ventral and anal fins, while the eyes in the form of hemispherical knobs were shaped from spirally mixed transparent blue glass and opaque red glass. The length of the vessel is 22.3 cm, the greatest width is 5.8 cm, the height (without fins) is 6.7 cm. The artefact weighs 129 g and has a capacity of about 225 ml. <br></br> Both vessels are decorated with overlayed glass threads, which attributes them to the large group of so-called snake-thread glass (Germ. Schlangenfadengläser). In Poland, this group is most often represented by cups of Eggers type 189. It is assumed that the technique of snake-thread decoration originated in the East, from where it was borrowed in the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE by glassmakers operating in the West. Snake-thread glass vessels from the (south-)eastern Mediterranean region are usually colourless or greenish, with applied elements of the same colour as the base glass. The second group of snake-thread glasses comes from the province of Germania inferior, where they evolved from colourless vessels decorated with likewise colourless threads to colourless vessels adorned with coloured threads; the threads were often notched. The third group of snake-thread vessels consists of glasses from Pannonia (Fig. 13). The base glass and applied decorations of vessels from this group are often colourless or greenish, however, blue and white threads can also occur. Finds from Pannonia are mainly dated to the first half of the 3rd century CE. <br></br> It is this last group that yields the best counterparts of the depictions of birds on the Czarnówko beaker, which belongs to the so-called flower and bird group (Fig. 8). Likewise, the chequerboard-shaped imprint visible on the vessel in question is considered to be one of the characteristic features of Pannonian glassware of the flower and bird group. Fragments of glass with colourless birds with imprints of the so-called honeycomb pattern are known from Carnun-tum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria); fragments of light green and white glass, in one case with a blue bird (all with a honeycomb motif), come from Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Hungary), and a fragment of colourless glass with an opaque blue bird with a flat surface was found in Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Hungary). Nota bene, beakers are in fact the only Pannonian vessels featuring depictions of birds. Finally, decoration of blue threads, such as the one on the lower frieze of the Czarnówko beaker, is also known from Pannonia. Thus, we can assume that this vessel is most likely of Pannonian provenance. <br></br> The bottle described above is one of the best-preserved fish-shaped vessels in the world. Similar bottles, varying in shape and detail, are scattered through-out the Roman Empire, but only one is more or less accurately dated (from the cemetery by Luxemburger Straße in Cologne, grave 60), although the closed nature of that assemblage is not at all certain. Two more vessels of the same type come from Cologne. Unlike the Czarnówko fish, however, the Cologne ves-sels were made in such a way that they could stand on their own (Fig. 11). It is assumed that they are perfume bottles, and most likely this was also the original function of the Czarnówko vessel. With the Cologne “fish” as its closest stylistic counterparts, the artefact in question was most likely also made in the province of Germania inferior, in or around Cologne. <br></br> Judging by the size of the marks left by the log coffin, the location of the tooth fragments, the composition of the grave goods, and the identification of the cremated bones from the fill of the burial pit as most likely female, we can conclude that a girl or young woman of high social status was buried in the Czar-nówko grave. An analysis of the grave contents, the two brooches in particular, makes it possible to precisely date the burial and thus the two glass vessels. The silver brooch, decorated with gilded silver foil and silver beaded wire, has a knee-shaped bow, a prominent crest on the head and a high catch-plate (Fig. 6:6). It corresponds to Almgren type 132, although, due to its unique nature, this jewellery piece does not find direct morphological analogies. Nevertheless, sever-al similarly richly decorated brooches of this type, made of copper alloys or, less frequently, silver and iron, are known from the Wielbark Culture area (Fig. 12). They all come from assemblages from phase B2/C1−C1a. The second brooch is a “plain” copper-alloy fibula with a high catch-plate, most resembling Almgren types 193 and 202 (Fig. 6:7). Similar brooches are also commonly found in the Wielbark Culture area during phase B2/C1−C1a. The miniature beads of opaque orange glass of type TM53, tubular beads of transparent colourless glass with spiral threads of opaque white and red glass of type TM304z, mosaic beads of type TM366, tubular beads with a hexagonal cross-section of opaque blue glass of type Lind 16 and, possibly, large spherical beads of transparent green glass of type TM13 (Fig. 7:8) should also be dated to the phase in question at the earliest. Finally, the three-layer antler comb (Fig. 7:9) is, by definition, of “purely” late Roman provenance. The remaining artefacts have features of either poor chronological value (glass and amber beads of type TM 182, biconi-cal beads of type TM IV, barrel-shaped amber beads of type TM392, clay bowls of type XbA, beakers of type XIIIB, small vases of type XIV; Fig. 5, 7:8) or no such value at all (copper-alloy needle/pin, spindle whorls; Fig. 7:10.11).Therefore, we ultimately believe that the burial from Czarnówko feature 1793 can be confidently dated to stage C1a of the Late Roman Period, i.e., the last two decades of the 2nd century or the very beginning of the 3rd century CE. The few similarly dated stately graves discovered in the Baltic Sea basin, especially in Pomerania, seem to be a reflection of the events of the Marcomanni wars and the period immediately after them. As a result of these happenings, the political topography of Germania magna underwent a decisive transfor-mation, with the rise of new centres of wealth and power, changes to the settlement structure, expansion of supra-regional elite communication networks and emergence of new supra-tribal coalitions. Among others, these new conditions benefited the communities of northern Central Europe and southern Scandi-navia, as reflected in the increased influx of Roman imports to these areas. The items often arrived from the provinces along the Middle Danube River. At the same time, older contacts, such as with the Rhineland, remained intact. Both these directions of contact seem to find their individual expression in the glass vessels from feature 1793 at Czarnówko, East Pomerania.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 131-156
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Głos tradycji. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich w Wyszomierzu Wielkim, pow. zambrowski
The Voice of Tradition. A Cemetery from the Roman Period at Wyszomierz Wielki, Zambrów County
Autorzy:
Rakowski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048857.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
okres wpływów rzymskich
kultura wielbarska
cmentarzyska
groby z bronią
gry planszowe
Roman Period
Wielbark Culture
cemeteries
weapon graves
board games
Opis:
The site at Wyszomierz Wielki, Zambrów County, is located on the border of the Northern Mazovian Lowland and North Podlasie Lowland in NE Poland. A cemetery from the Roman Period was situated at the edge of a vast wet meadow north-west of the village and south of a kame-moraine forming the characteristic landscape of this area – a cluster of longitudinal elevations called Czerwony Bór (Fig. 1). Rescue excavations at the site took place in 2015 during works preceding the expansion of the European route E67, the so-called Via Baltica (Fig. 2). The cemetery is interesting and unusual in many ways. It was located not on the top of the local elevation, which is common for Mazovian cemeteries from that period, but on a slope of a smaller nearby hill (Fig. 1, 3). It is also surprisingly small – 12 cremation graves, located on the NE-SW line, with a length of about 30 m, were discovered there. Some of the graves seem to be paired (features 138 and 139, 109A and 109B, 236 and 108, and 110 and 111) (Fig. 21:A). Eleven graves, including those with Almgren 41 type brooches (Fig. 4:1, 9:5.6, 10:5.6, 11:3.4, 13:1–4), one-layer combs of the Thomas AI type and antler pins (Fig. 4:3, 9:2, 10:1.9, 11:5), should be dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, i.e. the oldest horizon of the Wielbark Culture in Mazovia and Podlachia. The lack of inhumation burials is also characteristic of this initial phase, which corresponds to the historical migration of the Gothic tribes. The grave goods and results of anthropological bone analysis allow us to conclude that a man (feature 139) and women (features 109A, 111, 227 and 228, possibly also features 108 and 235) were probably buried there; feature 235 also contained the bones of a newborn, which may suggest the burial of a woman who died in childbirth. A several-year-old child was buried separately, in feature 229. The sex of the deceased from three graves (features 138, 109B and 236) cannot be determined (Fig. 21:B). The most interesting feature is the richly furnished grave of a warrior, who died at the age of about 40 (feature 110) (Fig. 5–8). Iron shield fittings, including a ritually destroyed boss with a blunt spike of type Jahn 7a and an iron grip with simple, undefined plates of type Jahn 9/Zieling V2 from the 5th and 6th group of armaments according to K. Godłowski and dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, were found in the grave. The most interesting elements of weaponry, with Scandinavian references, are a spearhead with the blade constricted in the middle, corresponding to spearheads of type 6 from a bog deposit from Illerup, Jutland, and a bent javelin head with large, asymmetrical barbs, whose curved ends point towards the socket, corresponding to type 8 of spearheads from Illerup, i.e. of the Scandinavian Simris type. In the areas north of the Baltic Sea, both of these types are dated to phase C1. Fragments of two rings made of deer antlers and delicate trough-shaped fittings made of copper alloy, probably from the edge of a decorative waist belt, are the only decorations and dress accessories found in the grave (Fig. 7:15–18). Two glass counters (Fig. 7:13.14, 15:8.9), and possibly traces of the third one (Fig. 7:10) are probably all that remains of a larger set, while a few iron fittings are most likely parts of a wooden folding game board. The ring and handle were probably used to open and close the board, while two corner fittings must have strengthened its edges (Fig. 7:7.10–12, 15:5). Similar objects, in addition to a full (?) set of counters, were found in the late Roman grave 41 from Simris in Scania, where a warrior was also buried (Fig. 16:1.2)62. Although no board hinges, as the ones known from the ‘Doctor’s grave’ from Stanway, SE England (Fig. 16:4–8), dating to the middle of the 1st century CE64, dating to the middle of the 1st century CE, were found in the grave from Wyszomierz Wielki, it seems that the two ornamental iron fittings attached with three rivets each could have fastened a leather belt that acted as such a hinge (Fig. 7:8.9, 15:4). This is supported by the shape and width of the fittings, and by the number of rivets, suggesting that they pressed against some not preserved element. Carefully bent nails of the handle, corner fittings and alleged hinges may indicate that the board formed a kind of a ‘container’ for counters when folded (Fig. 17). Fragments of an imported vessel of the terra sigillata type were also found in the grave (Fig. 8:19,15:6.7). The vessel that served as a cinerary urn (Fig. 8:20, 13:5) was wheel-made, i.e. made using a technique that was only just beginning to come into use in the lands north of the Carpathians in phase B2/C1–C1a93.95.96. The burial from feature 110 shows features characteristic of the Przeworsk Culture – primarily, the set of ritually destroyed weapons, although it should be noted that both spearheads are not typical of this culture 72.73.80. In phase B2/C1-C1a, only relicts of the settlement of the Przeworsk Culture, identified with the ‘Vandal’ peoples, were present in right-bank Mazovia, and the population of this culture had been replaced by the people of the Wielbark Culture, identified with the ‘Gothic’ tribes. It is then possible – as the other graves from this cemetery, undoubtedly attributed to the Wielbark Culture, seem to indicate – that it is a rare case of a burial with a weapon of a ‘Gothic’ warrior of this particular culture. Although Wielbark weaponry is very poorly known, it has Scandinavian references in the Late Roman Period123. The man buried in this grave, most likely a member of the local elite, must have been affiliated with an older cultural tradition. What is more, this tradition still had to be legible and acceptable for the people organising funerary rituals. Grave 110 from Wyszomierz Wielki is another of the burials from the end of the Early Roman/beginning of the Late Roman Period, combining features of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures, that are being discovered more and more often in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia128–130 and constitute an important contribution to the study of the processes of cultural (and political) change that took place in Barbaricum during this turbulent period.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 319-353
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Plant exploitation by the inhabitants of the Wielbark culture settlement complex near the village Ulów, SE Poland, at the background of the natural environment
Autorzy:
Pidek, Irena Agnieszka
Wasylikowa, Krystyna
Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52589906.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
pollen analysis
fruits
seeds
wood charcoals
Wielbark culture
Roman period
Polska
Opis:
Palynological and archaeobotanical investigations were carried out on a large settlement complex of the Wielbark culture dated to the late Roman and early Migration periods, situated near the village Ulów in the Middle Roztocze, SE Poland. Pollen diagrams which covered the Subboreal and Subatlantic periods revealed the development of forests with European hornbeam Carpinus betulus, lime Tilia sp., oak Quercus sp. and common beech Fagus sylvatica in the Subboreal and the spread of silver fir Abies alba in the Subatlantic phase. Pollen spectra from both periods provided the evidence of cereal cultivation and animal grazing in the neighbourhood of the settlement. The analysis of daub coming from the Wielbark culture features documented the predominance of common barley Hordeum vulgare and common millet Panicum miliaceum among the cereals and probably lesser significance of wheat, emmer Triticum dicoccon or einkorn T. monococcum. Charcoal assemblages were examined from the settlement and from the cemetery. Taking into account the number of charcoal fragments, Quercus sp. was the most abundant taxon, followed by Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, and birch Betula sp. Other taxa were only occasionally found. The taxonomic lists were very similar in the settlement and the cemetery, but there was a discrepancy between the predominating taxa since birch was the most frequent at the cemetery and oak in the settlement.
Źródło:
Folia Quaternaria; 2017, 85; 81-108
0015-573X
2199-5915
Pojawia się w:
Folia Quaternaria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 41

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