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Tytuł:
Between Genocide and War Crime – Legal-Cultural Analysis of the Russian Aggression in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Siekiera, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40250200.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ukraine
Russia
war
war crime
genocide
Opis:
The cultural context, where two neighboring Slavic nations are in a state of war and the Russian imperialistic approach has never gone away for good, must be taken seriously into consideration. The international legal analysis of the Russo-Ukrainian war is not enough to truly understand the essence – rationale – of this armed conflict and then to find a solution to how to solve it and punish the perpetrator – the Russian Federation. The arguments gathered here by the author come from her own experience during trips to Russia and Ukraine, as well as military courses facilitation where students are taught that in modern warfighting it becomes more and more valid to change the (Western) lens and begin thinking as the perpetrator does. Only then we are objectively able to see and understand if the atrocities committed by Russian troops in Ukraine bear the hallmarks of a war crime or an act of genocide.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, Special Issue; 55-76
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
“Inter Arma Silent Musae”. Destroying Museums, Historical Buildings, and Monuments during the War in the Ukraine as War Crimes within the Meaning of International Law
Autorzy:
Główczewska, Aleksandra
Zawacka-Klonowska, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40255058.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
international law
museum
destroying monuments
war crime
Hague Convention
Opis:
The article summarizes the situation related to the armed conflict in Ukraine in the context of the destruction of monuments and cultural objects as a war crime. The considerations relate to the provisions of international and European law, as well as to the positions developed by international case law. The stands of the international organization and community alongside the bodies of the European Union have been indicated. Poland’s efforts to help Ukrainian monuments are also discussed. Reference is made to the activities of the Polish Support Center for Culture in Ukraine established in Poland, within the structure of the National Heritage Institute and the Committee for Aid to Museums of Ukraine.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, Special Issue; 133-153
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Security Council and the Obligation to Prevent Genocide and War Crimes
Autorzy:
Zimmermann, Andreas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706797.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Security Council
Geneva Convention
Genocide Convention
genocide
war crime
Opis:
This article addresses the question of the obligations of both the Security Council as such, as well of its individual members (including the five permanent members), when faced with genocide or in situations where violations of the Geneva Conventions are being committed, given that the contracting parties of the Genocide Convention are under a positive obligation to prevent genocide and are under an obligation to secure respect for the provisions of the Geneva Conventions.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2012, 32; 307-314
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
War and the problem of personal responsibility
Autorzy:
Kumankov, Arseniy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430919.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
war
responsibility
Walzer
Arendt
McMahan
war crime
wojna
odpowiedzialność
zbrodnia wojenna
Opis:
In this article, the author addresses the question whether individual citizens are responsible for the aggressive policy of their national leader by comparing the views of Hannah Arendt, Michael Walzer and Jeff McMahan on the problem of personal responsibility. The author agrees with Arendt and McMahan that responsibility presupposes thinking. Taking into account a number of arguments, the author claims that responsibility should be interpreted as a collective duty. Guilt, however, is found at the individual level. A person may be guilty for his own decisions and be responsible for the decisions of the government, but he could not be condemned for the crimes of the latter. In conclusion, the author claims that this idea applies at the international level as well, because states are collectively responsible for maintaining justice and peace in the world.
Źródło:
Studia Philosophiae Christianae; 2017, 53, 3; 115-126
0585-5470
Pojawia się w:
Studia Philosophiae Christianae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Holocaust and Hiroshima. Moral otherness and moral failure in war
Autorzy:
Zimmermann, Rolf
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/431394.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Holocaust
Hiroshima
moral otherness
war crime
political responsibility
Holokaust
zbrodnia wojenna
odpowiedzialność polityczna
Opis:
The 20th century was an age of extremes. In this article I concentrate on two disasters, the Holocaust and Hiroshima, in order to develop a philosophical reading of moral extremes under circumstances of war. My aim is to differentiate between these two events by exposing a normative framework. The significance of the Holocaust points to the phaenomenon of a rupture of species, which stands for a moral transgression never thought of. In analytical terms, this confronts us with the clashing of two normative orders: Firstly, the universal moral respect of every human being; secondly, the radical particularism of Nazism. To denounce the moral otherness of the latter is to highlight the war aims of Nazism: imperial aggression to dominate Europe, and annihilation of the Jews as a world-historical mission. In view of both aims, war against Nazism was just. The moral disaster of Hiroshima, however, stands in marked contrast to this characterization. The political leaders of the US did not intend to annihilate the Japanese people; they thought they would end war by making use of a nuclear weapon. It is, therefore, a misleading metaphor to speak of a “nuclear holocaust”, or to allude to a genocidal action in this case. This does not mean at all that dropping the bomb was justified. Quite contrary to the US official stance, it is important to consider this event in moral terms by relying on precise historical circumstances and well-founded critical analysis. There is strong evidence that it was a moral failure to opt for the bomb. This comes close to the diagnosis of a war crime within a just war framework. Nevertheless, this diagnosis must be kept distinct from the type of crime involved in the Holocaust.
Źródło:
Studia Philosophiae Christianae; 2017, 53, 3; 127-148
0585-5470
Pojawia się w:
Studia Philosophiae Christianae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Lubanga Reparations Decision: A Missed Opportunity?
Autorzy:
Swart, Mia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706877.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Lubanga
International Criminal Court
ICC
international law
international criminal law
reparations
war crime
justice
Opis:
In March 2012 the ICC delivered its first and long-awaited judgment in Prosecutor v Lubanga. Trial Chamber I found Thomas Lubanga guilty as co-perpetrator of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children into the armed forces. The guilty verdict was followed by a reparations decision on 7 August 2012. This article examines the extent to which the ICC has successfully fulfilled its mandate to formulate reparations principles. The position of reparations within international law generally is discussed. This is followed by an explanation of how the ICC reparation regime functions. The bifurcated reparations mandate of the ICC is also explained. The focus of the article is on a critical assessment of the Lubanga reparations decision. The Court’s treatment of the harm requirement and the requirement of causation is examined. It is argued that the Court’s failure to clarify the requirements of “harm” and “causation” meant that it did not fulfil its mandate to formulate reparations principles.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2012, 32; 169-188
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Katyń Massacre before the European Court of Human Rights: A Personal Account
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706836.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Katyn, war crime, NKVD, Janowiec
Opis:
The author of this article, the lead lawyer for the applicants in the case relating to the 1940 Katyń massacre (Janowiec and Others v. Russia), provides a personal account of the case that was heard twice by the European Court of Human Rights, first as a chamber of seven judges and then in its Grand Chamber formation. The case concerned the key question of whether the Strasbourg Court is competent to adjudicate on the effectiveness of a domestic investigation when the triggering act (killing) precedes the ratification date of the European Convention on Human Rights. For the first time in its entire history, the Strasbourg Court examined whether its competence could be based on the “need to ensure the respect for the Convention’s founding values”, one prong of the test elaborated in the Silih judgment in 2009. The critical assessment of the Grand Chamber’s Katyń judgment offered in this article is based on two considerations: what the Court omitted (the applicants’ arguments referring to the relevant international law practice) and what the Court finally elaborated as its understanding of the two tests establishing the Court’s competence ratione temporis (the “genuine connection” test and “Convention values” test).
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 205-226
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How Could It Go So Wrong? Reformatio in Peius before the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR in the case Janowiec and Others v. Russia (or Polish Collective Memory Deceived in Strasbourg)
Autorzy:
Sanz-Caballero, Susana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706824.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Katyn, war crime, NKVD, Janowiec
Opis:
During Perestroika, Russian authorities admitted publicly that, during Stalinism, a single order led to the extrajudicial execution of 26,000 Polish nationals (in what became known as the “Katyń forest massacre”). In 1990 Russia commenced criminal investigations, but they were discontinued and results were classified as secret in 2004. Following years of silence under communism, families of the victims demanded information from the Russian authorities, without results. The ECHR entered into force in Russia in 1998. This article analyzes the case Janowiec and Others v. Russia, brought before the Strasbourg Court by the relatives of the victims of the Katyń massacre. The applicants maintained that Russia violated the ECHR by discontinuing the investigation and failing to account for the fate of prisoners. In their opinion, Article 2 (right to life), and Article 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment) had been violated. This article compares the reasoning of the Court in the Chamber (2012) and Grand Chamber (2013) rulings. The latter produced a reformatio in peius with respect to the applicants’ interests. Grand Chamber ruled it had no competence either over the atrocity or over the subsequent improper treatment by Russian authorities. With this verdict, it deprived the applicants of the only claim upon which the Chamber had earlier ruled in their favour.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 259-278
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Do the “Underlying Values” of the European Convention on Human Rights Begin in 1950?
Autorzy:
Schabas, William
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706941.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Katyn, war crime, NKVD, Janowiec
Opis:
Prior to its ruling in Janowiec and Others v. Russia, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights had recognised a “humanitarian exception” to the general rule by which the procedural obligations imposed by articles 2 and 3 of the European Convention only arise if the substantive violation of the Convention occurs after the entry into force of the Convention for the respondent State. In Janowiec, the Court was invited to apply this “humanitarian exception” to one of the great unpunished atrocities perpetrated on European soil in the past century. The Court declined to do so, mechanistically imposing its own temporal limitation on the “humanitarian exception” by which the substantive violation of the right to life and the prohibition of ill treatment must take place after the adoption of the Convention on 4 November 1950. The essay concludes that this limitation is questionable, that the reasoning behind it is dubious, and that the result is a regrettable confirmation of a situation of impunity.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 247-258
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Janowiec and Others v. Russia: A Long History of Justice Delayed Turned into a Permanent Case of Justice Denied
Autorzy:
Citroni, Gabriella
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Katyn, war crime, NKVD, Janowiec
Opis:
The European Court of Human Rights ruled on whether Russia is responsible for human rights violations in relation to the Katyń massacre. Two of the major issues that had to be dealt with were the Court’s competence ratione temporis to assess the violation of the procedural obligations related to the right to life, and whether the applicants could be considered victims of inhumane treatment because of the failure of Russian authorities to provide information on the fate and whereabouts of their relatives. If the first judgment issued by the Chamber on 16 April 2012 was criticized because of its restrictive approach, the one issued by the Grand Chamber on 21 October 2013 took an even more controversial turn. The reasoning of the Court does not seem to be particularly sound and the outcome is a denial of justice. The comparison with the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in similar cases makes this all the more evident, suggesting that the application of different interpretative criteria would have been possible.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 279-294
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Case of Janowiec and Others v. Russia: Relinquishment of Jurisdiction in Favour of the Court of History
Autorzy:
Kozheurov, Yaroslav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706762.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Katyn, war crime, NKVD, Janowiec
Opis:
In the Janowiec and Others v. Russia case, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), trying to find its way between the Scylla of humanitarian ideals and the Charybdis of State sovereignty, demonstrated its unwillingness to deal in detail with the black pages of Europe’s past, handing this right over to historians. The article first draws parallels between temporary jurisdiction of the Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and the ECtHR. Both of them found ways to overcome the non-retroactivity principle, but by using different techniques. Secondly the article analyzes how the presumption of death became the factor severing the link between the substantive and procedural limbs of violation of the right to life, turning the latter aspect into a detachable autonomous obligation. Finally, the author of the article expresses his regrets that the Court and the applicants missed the chance to develop the “right to the truth”, using, inter alia, the potential of Art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 227-246
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kwalifikacja prawna antykurdyjskiej operacji al-Anfal
Legal characterisation of the anti-Kurdish al-Anfal campaign
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485579.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Europeistyki
Tematy:
kampania al-Anfal
broń chemiczna
ludobójstwo
zbrodnia wojenna
al-Anfal campaign
chemical weapons
genocide
war crime
Opis:
Acts of mass killing committed against the Kurdish population during the so-called al-Anfal operation in 1988 constituted - even if one assumes the lowest number of estimated victims, i.e. that only 50-100 thousand people were murdered - a case of genocide understood in international law as actions undertaken with the intention to destroy a certain group in its entirety or in part. It was ordered that following interrogations all males at the age ranking between 15 and 70 were to be executed in the al-Anfal operation area. The al-Anfal crimes were deemed an act of genocide at the perpetrators' trials, first of all that of Ali Hassan al-Majid (nicknamed Chemical Ali), and in resolutions as well as declarations adopted in several countries. The use of chemical weaponry against the Kurdish population can be perceived either as an element of the crime of genocide or as an act of war crime. In 1988, Iraq was a stateparty both to the 1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, and the 1958 Forth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. The latter treaty provides for rules applicable to internal arm conflicts (Article 3). But irrespective of the relevant treaty law, the use of chemical weapon was considered, at the time of al-Anfal operation, as contrary to universally binding international customary law. This prohibition applied to armed conflicts of both international and internal character.
Źródło:
Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego; 2018, 16; 115-129
1730-4504
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Attacks against cultural objects and the concept of victimhood in international criminal law. A critical analysis
Ataki przeciwko dobrom kultury i koncepcja wiktymności w międzynarodowym prawie karnym. Analiza krytyczna
Autorzy:
Gacka, Patryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/499567.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
victim
harm
war crime of attacking cultural objects
ofiara
szkoda
atakowanie dóbr kultury jako zbrodnia wojenna
Opis:
This is a critical study of the relation between the concept of victimhood and the war crime of attacking cultural objects. The article consists of four substantive parts devoted to: the concept of victimhood and harm; the conceptual relations between harm and the principle of legal goods; an analysis of attacks against cultural objects as a war crime; and first and foremost to the determination of who the victims of the attacks against cultural objects are (according to the International Criminal Court) and should be. In the opinion of the author, the International Criminal Court should adopt a narrow understanding of the notion of harm. Instead of espousing a complex perspective of victimhood consisting of those whose harm is identifiable (i.e. psychological harm of natural persons) or even quantifiable (i.e. material harm of legal persons), and those who are harmed only indirectly or remotely (i.e. international community), the Court should limit the attribution of harm and – as a result – the determination of the victim status only to the former group of ‘real victims of international crimes’. Otherwise, if the ICC continues this already applied extensive policy, the concept of victim will remain vague and imprecise to the detriment of those who have genuinely suffered harm.
Artykuł stanowi krytyczną analizę relacji zachodzących pomiędzy koncepcją wiktymności (victimhood) a rodzajem zbrodni wojennej polegającym na atakowaniu dóbr kultury. Artykuł składa się z czterech części merytorycznych poświęconych: koncepcji wiktymności i szkody (krzywdy); relacji pomiędzy szkodą (krzywdą) a koncepcją dobra prawnego; analizie normatywnej ataków przeciwko dobrom kultury jako typu zbrodni wojennej; oraz przede wszystkim określeniu kto jest (de lege lata) oraz kto powinien być (de lege ferenda) kwalifikowany jako ofiara ataków przeciwko dobrom kultury przez Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny. Zdaniem autora, Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny powinien przyjąć wąskie rozumienie pojęcia szkody (krzywdy). Zamiast przyjmowania szerokiego rozumienia wiktymności obejmującego tych, których szkoda (krzywda) jest możliwa do zidentyfikowania (np. krzywda psychologiczna osób fizycznych) albo nawet mierzalna (np. szkoda materialna osób prawnych), oraz tych, którzy zostali pokrzywdzenie wyłącznie pośrednio (np. społeczność międzynarodowa), Trybunał powinien ograniczyć przypisywanie szkody (krzywdy), a tym samym przyznawanie statusu ofiary, tylko do pierwszej spośród wskazanych grup, tj. do prawdziwych ofiar zbrodni międzynarodowych. W przeciwnym razie, jeżeli MTK będzie kontynuował tę stosowaną dotychczas ekstensywną strategię, koncepcja ofiary pozostanie nieczytelna i nieprecyzyjna, co będzie działało na szkodę tych, którzy rzeczywiście zostali pokrzywdzeni wskutek popełnienia zbrodni międzynarodowej.
Źródło:
Zeszyt Studencki Kół Naukowych Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UAM; 2018, 8; 25-41
2299-2774
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyt Studencki Kół Naukowych Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UAM
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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