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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of budget deficits and macroeconomic fundamentals: A VAR-VECM approach
    Autorzy:
    Epaphra, Manamba
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522020.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
    Tematy:
    Budget deficit
    Macroeconomic variables
    Vector Autoregression
    Vector Error-Correction Model
    Opis:
    Aim/purpose – This paper examines the relationship between budget deficits and selected macroeconomic variables in Tanzania for the period spanning from 1966 to 2015. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses Vector autoregression (VAR) – Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and variance decomposition techniques. The Johansen’s test is applied to examine the long run relationship among the variables under study. Findings – The Johansen’s test of cointegration indicates that the variables are cointegrated and thus have a long run relationship. The results based on the VAR-VECM estimation show that real GDP and exchange rate have a negative and significant relationship with budget deficit whereas inflation, money supply and lending interest rate have a positive one. Variance decomposition results show that variances in the budget deficits are mostly explained by the real GDP, followed by inflation and real exchange rate. Research implications/limitations – Results are very indicative, but highlight the importance of containing inflation and money supply to check their effects on budget deficits over the short run and long-run periods. Also, policy recommendation calls for fiscal authorities in Tanzania to adopt efficient and effective methods of tax collection and public sector spending. Originality/value/contribution – Tanzania has been experiencing budget deficit since the 1970s and that this budget deficit has been blamed for high indebtedness, inflation and poor investment and growth. The paper contributes to the empirical debate on the causal relationship between budget deficits and macroeconomic variables by employing VAR-VECM and variance decomposition approaches.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Economics and Management; 2017, 30; 20-57
    1732-1948
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Economics and Management
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ światowych cen ropy naftowej na ceny w Polsce
    World oil price impact on prices in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Baranowski, Paweł
    Sztaudynger, Jan Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424758.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
    Tematy:
    oil price
    producer price
    consumer price
    Vector Error Correction Model
    Opis:
    The world oil price is an exogenous as well as key component and factor influencing domestic prices (especially transportation). The question is: how the oil price influences producer and consumer prices. We focus on a short- and long-term relationship between the domestic prices and oil price (expressed in Polish zloty). We use Vector Error Correction Models, with cost-based specification, i.e. including additionally wages and euro-zloty exchange rate. The degree of estimated long-term pass-through oil prices to producer and consumer prices is 0,15 and 0,05, respectively. Both producer and consumer prices have comparable size of short-term reaction to an oil price shock, but the producer price reaction is more prolonged.
    Źródło:
    Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2014, 2(44); 9-16
    1507-3866
    Pojawia się w:
    Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Crude Oil Price and Speculative Activity: A Cointegration Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Socha, Robert
    Wdowiński, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076245.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    crude oil price
    speculation
    futures
    cointegration
    vector error correction model
    Opis:
    The aim of the study is to discuss the relationship of the crude oil price, speculative activity and fundamental factors. An empirical study was conducted with a VEC model. Two cointegrating vectors were identified. The first vector represents the speculative activity. We argue that the number of short noncommercial positions increases with the crude oil stock and price, decreases with the higher number of long non-commercial positions. A positive trend of crude oil prices may be a signal for traders outside the industry to invest in the oil market, especially as access to information could be limited for them. The second vector represents the crude oil price under the fundamental approach. The results support the hypothesis that the crude oil price is dependent on futures trading. The higher is a number of commercial long positions, the greater is the pressure on crude oil price to increase.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2018, 3; 263-304
    2080-0886
    2080-119X
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A price transmission analysis of pasteurised liquid milk in South Africa: granger causility approach
    Autorzy:
    Ramoshaba, Tshegofatso
    Belete, Abanet
    Hlongwane, Johanes Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1902627.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-28
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    price transmission
    Granger causality
    pasteurized liquid milk
    Vector Error Correction model
    Opis:
    Price transmission studies have become increasingly important in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past decades because of its nature of providing clear and insightful information into these markets. In this study, the price transmission mechanism is described with an agricultural product within the dairy industry, namely pasteurized liquid milk. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the nature of the price transmission mechanism for pasteurized liquid milk in South Africa. The study used secondary time series data that covered a sample size of 17 years (2000–2016) for pasteurized liquid milk. The Granger causality test and the Vector Error Correction Model were used for data analysis. The Granger causality tests suggest that a bidirectional causal relationship exists between processor and farmgate prices, and also between retail and processor prices. On the other hand, retail prices were found to have a unidirectional causality effect on farmgate prices. The VECM results showed asymmetric price transmission, implying that retailers and processors react quicker to a price increase than to a price decrease. A price monitoring policy is suggested to be put in place in order to protect the consumers from unfair prices passed on by the retailers.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2019, 54, 4; 345-353
    1899-5241
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Model monetarny kursu równowagi złoty/euro: analiza kointegracyjna
    The Monetary Model of the Zloty-Euro Equilibrium Exchange Rate: Cointegration Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Wdowiński, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574303.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
    Tematy:
    Frankel monetary model
    zloty/euro equilibrium exchange rate
    cointegration analysis
    vector error correction model
    Opis:
    The author carries out a cointegration analysis for the nominal exchange rate of the zloty against the euro according to a monetary theory developed by U.S. economist Jeffrey A. Frankel (1979). Wdowiński estimates a cointegration vector for the period 1999M7-2008M9. Long-term estimates show that the euro exchange rate depends on changes in industrial production and on short- and long-term interest rates, the author says. The influence of M1 money supply proves to be statistically insignificant. The departure of the euro rate from a state of monetary equilibrium was corrected slowly, the author says, because the half-life of the divergence was almost two years. The solution of the model showed that the euro exchange rate diverged significantly from a state of equilibrium determined by fundamental factors in the 1999M7-2004M1 period, while showing smaller deviations in the 2004M2-2008M9 period. Overall, the author observed periods when the zloty was both overvalued and undervalued against the euro due to a long-term equilibrium rate. The deviations stabilized noticeably from May 2003. In the 2003M5-2006M3 period, the zloty was overvalued by 9.6% on average, while in the 2006M4-2008M9 period it was undervalued by 9.3%. In the short term, the zloty tended to appreciate as a result of increases in short-term interest rates. According to the author, fundamental economic factors in Poland and the euro area point to the existence of a trend whereby the zloty is gaining ground against the euro, while short-term changes in this rate may be significant due to a growing macroeconomic risk.
    Źródło:
    Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2011, 246, 3; 67-86
    2300-5238
    Pojawia się w:
    Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The response of Zimbabwe tobacco exports to real exchange rates volatility
    THE RESPONSE OF ZIMBABWE TOBACCO EXPORTS TO REAL EXCHANGE RATES VOLATILITY
    Autorzy:
    Mutodi, Knowledge
    Chuchu, Tinashe
    Maziriri, Eugine Tafadzwa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1892227.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-07-08
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    Real exchange rate (RER)
    Real exchange rate volatility (RERV)
    Vector error correction model (VECM)
    Opis:
    The focus of this study was on investigating the response of tobacco exports to real exchange rates and real exchange rate volatility and other factors in Zimbabwe using secondary data spanning from 1980 to 2019. Bilateral nominal exchange rates and time-variant weights of Zimbabwe’s 10 major trading partners were calculated and used to compute the real exchange rate index. The time-dependent weighting system was used to better represent the evolution of trade patterns in the index. The arithmetic method was employed for computing the index. Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) models were used to generate the real exchange rate volatility index. The export response function was adopted as the tobacco exports response model. The variables in the tobacco exports response model were the realworld Gross Domestic Product (GDP), real exchange rate, terms of trade, real exchange rate volatility and dollarization. A vector error correction model (VECM) was used to estimate the response of tobacco exports to real exchange rate, real exchange rate volatility and other factors. The VECM results indicated that real world GDP was insignificant in both the short and long run. In the long run, the real exchange rate appreciation had a negative impact on tobacco exports. Conversely, in the short run, the depreciation of real exchange rate had a positive impact on tobacco exports. Hence, the government has to adopt other mechanisms that reduce uncertain movements of exchange rates.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2020, 56, 2; 201-219
    1899-5241
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Long-Run Relationship between Daily Prices on Two Markets: The Bayesian VAR(2)–MSF-SBEKK Model
    Autorzy:
    Osiewalski, Krzysztof
    Osiewalski, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/483271.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    Bayesian econometrics
    vector error correction model
    hybrid MGARCH-MSV processes
    financial markets
    commodity markets
    Opis:
    We develop a fully Bayesian framework for analysis and comparison of two competing approaches to modelling daily prices on different markets. The first approach, prevailing in financial econometrics, amounts to assuming that logarithms of prices behave like a multivariate random walk; this approach describes logarithmic returns most often by the VAR(1) model with MGARCH (or sometimes MSV) disturbances. In the second approach, considered here, it is assumed that daily price levels are linked together and, thus, the error correction term is added to the usual VAR(1)–MGARCH or VAR(1)–MSV model for logarithmic returns, leading to a reduced rank VAR(2) specification for logarithms of prices. The model proposed in the paper uses a hybrid MSVMGARCH structure for VAR(2) disturbances. In order to keep cointegration modelling as simple as possible, we restrict to the case of two prices representing two different markets. The aim of the paper is to show how to check if a long-run relationship between daily prices exists and whether taking it into account influences our inference on volatility and short-run relations between returns on different markets. In the empirical example the daily values of the S&P500 index and the WTI oil price in the period 19.12.2005 – 30.09.2011 are jointly modelled. It is shown that, although the logarithms of the values of S&P500 and WTI oil price seem to be cointegrated, neglecting the error correction term leads to practically the same conclusions on volatility and conditional correlation as keeping it in the model.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2013, 5, 1; 65-83
    2080-0886
    2080-119X
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tendencje zmian cen na światowym rynku ropy naftowej po 2000 roku
    Analysis of Oil Market Trends Post-2000
    Autorzy:
    Socha, Robert
    Wdowiński, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/575879.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
    Tematy:
    ceny ropy naftowej
    OPEC
    kointegracja
    model wektorowej korekty błędem
    oil price
    cointegration
    vector error correction model
    Opis:
    This paper aims to analyse changes in the oil market during the “third oil price shock” in 2007 and 2008. It is particularly important to investigate the influence of disruptions in oil production (in both OPEC and non-OPEC countries) on crude oil prices and consumption. The authors conduct an empirical investigation of this problem, estimating a vector error correction model and an impulse-response function. Based on the empirical data, we noticed that from 2004 to 2008 the growth in oil demand was not compensated by an appropriate increase in oil production. The results of impulse-response functions show that, with the improvement in global demand, we should rather expect OPEC production to increase. Moreover, this kind of reaction in OPEC is delayed by about four months, which can be explained by the restrictions on OPEC’s spare capacity. This limits the room for a short-term increase in OPEC production. Unexpected demand shocks or price innovations increase the level of both OPEC and non-OPEC production, but the response of OPEC is more significant. These findings may be considered as a point of departure for future analyses of OPEC production adjustments.
    Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy zmian zachodzących na rynku ropy naftowej w okresie trzeciego szoku cenowego w latach 2007-2008. Szczególnie istotna z punktu widzenia poruszanego problemu badawczego jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaki wpływ na ceny ropy naftowej i wielkość konsumpcji tego surowca mają zaburzenia w wielkości wydobycia w grupie państw OPEC lub w państwach niestowarzyszonych w kartelu. W części empirycznej artykułu dokonano estymacji parametrów modelu wektorowej korekty błędem oraz analizy funkcji reakcji na impuls. Na podstawie wstępnej analizy danych statystycznych można zauważyć, iż wysokie tempo popytu w latach 2004-2008 nie było kompensowane przez odpowiednią dynamikę wydobycia. Na podstawie analizy funkcji reakcji na impuls można zauważyć, iż zaburzenie światowego popytu na ropę naftową wiąże się z pozytywną reakcją wydobycia państw kartelu, co skłania ku refleksji, na ile brak reakcji w latach 2007–2008 stanowił strategię polityki wydobywczej, a na ile pozostawało to poza decyzjami OPEC. Z drugiej strony pozytywna reakcja podaży OPEC na szok popytowy jest opóźniona o 4 miesiące, co daje podstawy do przypuszczeń, że natychmiastowe, krótkookresowe zwiększanie podaży w tej grupie państw jest ograniczone. Szoki wynikające z nieoczekiwanego wzrostu popytu na surowce lub zaburzeń w równaniu cen prowadzą do wzrostu produkcji w obu grupach państw. W obu przypadkach reakcja OPEC jest silniejsza.
    Źródło:
    Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2018, 293, 1; 103-135
    2300-5238
    Pojawia się w:
    Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rationalization of the energy consumption of road transport for sustainable development
    Autorzy:
    Szaruga, Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135696.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
    Tematy:
    energy consumption
    freight road transport
    rationalization
    steady-state economy
    sustainable development
    vector error correction model
    Opis:
    This paper presents an approach to rationalize the energy consumption of road transport towards sustainability in a steady-state economy. The research hypothesis is that the rationalization of the energy consumption of road transport is affected by drift and shocks, which desynchronizes the adjustment mechanism from equilibrium. The objective of this research was to incorporate the model of energy consumption of road freight transport with the goals of sustainability by considering ecological and constructivist rational orders, the issue of order drift, and the occurrence of shocks. The research investigated Poland from the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2018. A model for rationalizing the energy consumption of road transport was constructed using the vector error correction model and cointegration techniques. The model revealed one cointegrating relationship and showed statistically significant unlimited drift. The level of changes to long-term equilibrium appeared respectively for GDP – 1.8%, PPI for energy – 7.3%, and for energy consumption – 10.9%. We observed a weak sustainability between the energy consumption of road transport and GDP and a strong sustainability between energy consumption of road transport and PPI energy. It was determined that price shocks had a positive impact (at the estimated point level around 0.06) and supply and demand shocks had a negative impact (at the level estimated point around –3).
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 62 (134); 36-42
    1733-8670
    2392-0378
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of cocoa beans exports in Nigeria (1961-2017)
    Autorzy:
    Obi-Egbedi, O.
    Hussayn, J.A.
    Oluwatayo, I.B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2080922.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    cocoa
    competitiveness
    market share
    trade liberalization policy and vector error
    correction model
    Opis:
    The cocoa sector in Nigeria has experienced decline in production, yield, exports coupled with its inability to attain global standards and targets and, gradual loss of competitiveness at the world market. Trade liberalization was government’s panacea to the sector’s problem although, cocoa competitiveness remains an issue since liberalization. Therefore, the relationship between trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of Nigeria’s cocoa exports was examined in this study using data for the period 1961-2017. Cocoa market share was used to measure competitiveness while analytical tools employed were: ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and the vector error correction model (VECM). Market share, quantity of cocoa export and inflation rate were stationary at original level while others, at first difference. The co-integration test showed seven co-integrating equations. Trade liberalization policy was found to be an important driver of competitiveness. In addition, area harvested, production quantity and export quantity positively influenced competitiveness while world price of cocoa, interest rate on agricultural loans, exchange rate and trade liberalization influenced negatively. Therefore, appropriate trade policy formulation and implementation is recommended while, specific attention should be paid to monetary policies and cocoa production by the government.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego; 2021, 21[36], 1; 4-15
    2081-6960
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Impact of international trade on employment in orange industry of South Africa
    Autorzy:
    Molepo, Nkoti Solly
    Belete, Abenet
    Hlongwane, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1886408.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-07-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    South African orange industry
    employment, wages
    international trade
    Johansen cointegration
    vector error
    correction model
    Opis:
    The purpose of the study is to analyse the long-run and short-run dynamic relations amongst total employment (lnEMPGt), export output (EXPOt) and import output (IMPOt) from 1990 to 2018, by applying a time-series analysis. The study adopts the secondary data for total employment from the Citrus Growers Association of South Africa, while both export and import output were sourced from the Global Trade Atlas. The multivariate cointegration approach is adopted in the study to identify any causal relationships amongst the concerned variables. The chosen optimum lag selection criterion was the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) due to its association dependence on the log-likelihood ratio. The third lag was selected for the entire analysis. The results from the cointegration test and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggest a positive long-run effect between total employment and export output, while import output is negatively associated with total employment. The adjustment term of lnEMPGt, EXPOt and IMPOt suggests that the previous year’s errors are corrected for the current year at a convergence speed of 0.002, 1.11 and 25.37 percentage points, respectively. The results of the Granger causality test show that there are bidirectional causality effects between export output and total employment in the long run, while there are no causality effects between import output and total employment. The overall conclusion is that export outputs positively impact employment, while import outputs impact it negatively in the South African orange industry.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2021, 60, 2; 193-201
    1899-5241
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Studying the Stock Market – Economic Activity Nexus in Poland with a VAR‑VECM Approach
    Badanie współzależności pomiędzy rynkiem akcji a poziomem aktywności gospodarczej w Polsce z wykorzystaniem metodologii VAR‑VECM
    Autorzy:
    Pietraszewski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/655935.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    WIG
    produkt krajowy brutto
    autoregresja wektorowa
    kointegracja
    model korekty błędem
    Gross Domestic Product
    vector autoregression
    cointegration
    error correction model
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono związki pomiędzy koniunkturą giełdową a realną aktywnością gospodarczą oraz przedstawiono wyniki badania współzależności pomiędzy zmianami głównego indeksu akcji na GPW w Warszawie (WIG) oraz PKB w Polsce w latach 1995–2019. W wielu studiach empirycznych dla krajów wysoko rozwiniętych wykazano istnienie nie tylko dynamicznych interakcji krótkookresowych, ale również długoterminowej relacji kointegrującej pomiędzy poziomami indeksu i produktu. Dotychczasowe badania dla Polski wskazywały głównie na związki krótkookresowe pomiędzy stopami zwrotu z akcji a zmianami aktywności gospodarczej, podczas gdy dowody na istnienie długookresowej relacji kointegrującej są jak dotąd nieliczne. W artykule zastosowano metodologię VAR‑VECM oraz procedurę Johansena do badania kointegracji dla znacznie dłuższego szeregu danych kwartalnych niż w prowadzonych do tej pory badaniach. Badanie wykazało, że stopy zwrotu z akcji są przyczyną w sensie Grangera dla zmian PKB, przy czym wyprzedzenie w czasie sięga do trzech kwartałów. Znaleziono również dowody na istnienie długoterminowej relacji kointegrującej.
    The paper discusses the links between stock market performance and real economic activity and presents results of an empirical inquiry into dynamic relationships between the main stock index quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG) and GDP in Poland over the years 1995–2019. In many empirical studies for highly developed countries not only short‑run dynamic interactions but also a long‑run cointegrating relationship between the stock index and output have been found. Previous studies for Poland reported mainly short‑run linkages between stock returns and changes of economic activity whereas the evidence for a long‑run cointegrating relationship is still quite scarce. In this paper, the VAR‑VECM methodology with the Johansen tests for cointegration is used to study a substantially longer quarterly data interval than has been investigated so far. Research results show that stock returns Granger‑cause GDP growth with up to three‑quarters lead. The evidence for the existence of a long‑term cointegrating relationship has also been found.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2020, 3, 348; 65-89
    0208-6018
    2353-7663
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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