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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 246
Tytuł:
Statystyczna analiza ryzykownych sytuacji decyzyjnych
Statistical analysis of risky situations
Autorzy:
Ostasiewicz, Stanisława
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434066.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
risks classification
utility maximization
risk theories
subjective utility theo-ries
Opis:
The paper contains a new classification of risk situations, which enables the unified treatment of all kinds of problems concerning risk and uncertainty. One of the implications which one can draw from this classification is that there is no sense to formu-late general risk theories. In majority of situation the so called risk management is based on common sense supported by past experiences and some analytical tools. However, there are situations of a particular practical significance which for nearly one hundreds of years have been intensively investigated. As a result of these endeavors a number of models have been developed, particularly models known as expected utility models, and non-expected utility models. One of the main goals of this paper is to highlight the mean-ing of the basic notations used in these models: utility and subjective expected utility.
Źródło:
Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny; 2015, 13 (19); 111-130
1644-6739
Pojawia się w:
Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Utilitas publica z perspektywy prawa rzymskiego i polskiego
Autorzy:
Sitek, Bronisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2231094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Roman law
public utility
powers of the State
private utility
Opis:
The concept of „public utility”, used in contemporary language of the law and juridical language, was also used in Roman law as utilitas publica. This concept allows to separate the public sphere from the private sector. However, the boundary between sphere of public sphere and private sector have not always been blurred since ancient times. In ancient Rome, the boundary between what was public and what was private was changing and depended on a type of political system, an understanding of the public good or the boundaries of individual’s autonomy. In contemporary times there is also a debate over how far should the powers of the State reach. There is even a discussion about the redefinition of the State, and even about the need for withdrawing the State from the areas of activities traditionally belonging to its empire. It is assumed that the public utility is a service as well as leading production used to meet the needs of all people in a continuous manner. It is not required, that this availability is truly enjoyed by all.
Źródło:
Themis Polska Nova; 2014, 1(6); 21-35
2084-4522
Pojawia się w:
Themis Polska Nova
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of GIS Application for Water Company Needs
Autorzy:
Mickrenska-Cherneva, Christina
Mladenov, Radoslav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1837990.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
GIS
underground utility infrastructure
underground utility facilities
industrial models
geospatial data
spatial registration of utility infrastructure data
Opis:
The process of designing and implementing industrial models (or GIS) for underground utility infrastructure (UUI) includes a number of activities related to the analysis of source data to identify objects, pre processing the initial data, creating spatial database and development of relevant graphic (maps) and text (registers) products. Nowadays, every organization needs to be flexible and able to respond in a timely and adequate manner to the changes that occur in a complex and dynamic external environment. This is the reason why the paper proposes an approach for the design and development of a geoinformation system (GIS), through the capabilities of modern software for a part of the water supply and sewerage network for the needs of Water Supply and Sewerage Berkovitsa LTD. The purpose of the paper and GIS for maintaining data on UUI is to provide access to digital data for underground utility infrastructure and their characteristics, as well as to assist in the easy creation of references to underground utility infrastructure data in digital and graphic form.
Źródło:
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering; 2020, 14, 4; 47-56
1898-1135
Pojawia się w:
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moralność wyalienowana. Bernarda Williamsa krytyka utylitaryzmu
Autorzy:
Łukomska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2188280.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-10-24
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie. Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii
Tematy:
utility
practical identity
integrity
Opis:
Alienated morality. Bernard Williams’ critique of utilitarianism: The paper aims at reconstructing Bernard Williams’ critique of utilitarianism, in order to show that it is primarily motivated by the British philosopher’s opposition to this theory’s understanding of the relationship between the agent and her actions. After discussing Williams’ arguments against what he sees as the oversimplified moral psychology of utilitarianism, and his doubts regarding the coherence between utilitarian objectives and utilitarian methods, the paper will focus on his “argument form integrity”. As we will see, it allows Williams to question utilitarianism’s ability to account for the relationship between the identity of the agent and her actions, and as a result, deny the effectiveness of the notion of utility as a source of moral motivation.
Źródło:
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal; 2022, 12, 1; 75-92
2083-6635
2084-1043
Pojawia się w:
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ESTIMATING INEQUALITY AVERSION FROM SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF THE JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES IN WELFARE
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality
aversion
income
utility estimation
Opis:
Research background: In Economics, the concept of inequality aversion corresponds with the concept of risk aversion in the literature on making decision under uncertainty. The risk aversion is estimated on the basis of subjective reactions of people to various lottery prospects. In Economics, however, an efficient method of estimating inequality aversion has not been developed yet. Purpose of the article: The main aim of this paper is to develop the method of estimating inequality aversion. Methods: The method is based on two income thresholds which are subjectively assessed by surveyed respondents. Given the level of household income, just noticeable worsening of household welfare is perceived below the first threshold, whereas just noticeable improvement of household welfare is perceived above the second threshold. The thresholds make possible effective calculations of the parameter of the Arrow-Pratt’s constant inequality aversion utility function. In this way, an individual utility of income becomes an empirically observable economic phenomenon. Findings & Value added: In this paper, two theorems are proved which provide the guidance on how to identify a proper version of the above function. The proposed method is tested on the basis of statistical data from the archival survey conducted among Polish households in 1999. The statistical analysis of those data reveals the appearance of convex utility functions as well as concave ones. Nevertheless, the prevailing part of the Polish society exhibited inequality aversion in the year 1999. Another result of this paper is that inequality aversion diminishes as income increases.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 1; 123-146
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rationality as the condition of individual rights in David Gauthier’s "Morals by Agreement"
Rationalität als Bedingung für individuelle Rechte in David Gauthiers "Morals by Agreement"
Autorzy:
Saar, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034035.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Rationality
utility
rights
Gauthier
choice
Opis:
The topic of this paper is the foundation for individual rights proposed by David Gauthier in his seminal 1986 book Morals by Agreement, and particularly the role of conception of rationality in this foundation. The foundation of rights is a part of Gauthier’s broader enterprise: to ground morals in rationality – more specifically, in the economic conception of rationality. Because of the importance of this conception for the whole of Gauthier’s project, we reconstruct first the conception of rationality which can be found in decision theory and game theory, presenting simultaneously in a relatively non-technical way some basic concepts of the aforementioned disciplines. We proceed then to reconstruction of the foundation of rights itself – it turns on Gauthier’s interpretation of the so-called “Lockean proviso.” Lastly, we turn to the connection between rationality and foundation of rights. It is to be found in the narrow compliance – the disposition to enter only into cooperation which satisfies conditions of fairness set out in part by the Lockean proviso.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica; 2021, 38; 115-130
0208-6107
2353-9631
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fungal aerosol in public utility buildings in the city of Kraków
Aerozol grzybowy występujący w budynkach użyteczności publicznej na terenie miasta Krakowa
Autorzy:
Lenart-Boroń, Anna
Wolny-Koładka, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1177601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
bioaerosol
mold
public utility buildings
Opis:
Introduction. The quality of indoor air is one of the most important factors affecting health and well-being of people, who inhale 10 m3 of air every day and spend 80–95% of life indoors. The aim of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of airborne fungi, along with assessment of air pollution and microbiological hazard for humans, in 45 public utility buildings in Cracow. Material and methods. The study was carried out in four groups of buildings, including teaching facilities of the University of Agriculture and Jagiellonian University, churches, shopping malls and hospitals with outpatient clinics. Four sites located in the open air were chosen as control. The air sampling was carried out with MAS-100 impactor. Fungi were enumerated on Malt Extract Agar and the results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per m3 of air. The isolated fungi were identified by comparing macroscopic and microscopic observations with taxonomic monographs. Results. Mean concentration of airborne fungi was highest in the teaching facilities (1970 CFU/m3). These were also the sites where the largest range of fungal concentration was observed, i.e. from 0 to 23,300 CFU/m3. The lowest mean concentration (99 CFU/m3) including range was observed in hospitals (from 0 to 327 CFU/m3). Species identification of the fungal isolates revealed the presence of allergenic fungi (Alternaria and Cladosporium) in the examined spaces. Moreover, some strains were also identified as potentially toxigenic species, such as Penicillium expansum or Aspergillus niger. Conclusions. The concentration range of airborne fungi varied significantly between the tested spaces. Although the observed concentration of airborne fungi in the majority of buildings was quite low, detection of potentially toxigenic fungi indicates the need for monitoring of both concentration and composition of fungal aerosol in public utility buildings.
Wstęp. Ludzie każdego dnia wdychają 10 m3 powietrza oraz spędzają 80–95% czasu w pomieszczeniach, dlatego jakość powietrza we wnętrzach jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników wpływających na ludzkie samopoczucie i zdrowie. Celem badań była ocena stężenia grzybów pleśniowych w powietrzu oraz zagrożenia mikrobiologicznego związanego z kontaktem z zarodnikami grzybów pleśniowych w 45 budynkach użyteczności publicznej w Krakowie. Materiały i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w czterech grupach budynków użyteczności publicznej – pomieszczeniach dydaktycznych Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie oraz Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, kościołach, galeriach handlowych oraz ośrodkach zdrowia. Grupę kontrolną stanowiły punkty pomiarowe zlokalizowane w środowisku zewnętrznym. Próbki powietrza pobierano przy użyciu impaktora MAS-100. Stężenie grzybów oznaczano na agarze słodowym a wyniki przedstawiono jako liczbę jednostek tworzących kolonie na podłożu hodowlanym (jtk), obecnych w 1 m3 pobranego powietrza. Przynależność systematyczną wyizolowanych grzybów oznaczano porównując obserwacje makroskopowe i mikroskopowe z kluczami diagnostycznymi. Wyniki. Najwyższe średnie stężenie grzybów stwierdzono w powietrzu pomieszczeń dydaktycznych (1970 jtk/m3). Tam też zaobserwowano największy zakres stężenia grzybów, tj. od 0 do 23300 jtk/m3. Najniższe średnie stężenie (99 jtk/m3) oraz jego zakres stwierdzono w ośrodkach zdrowia (od 0 do 327 jtk/m3). Identyfikacja gatunkowa wskazała na obecność w badanych budynkach grzybów potencjalnie alergennych, należących do rodzajów Alternaria i Cladosporium. Ponadto wśród badanych izolatów zidentyfikowano potencjalnie toksynotwórcze gatunki grzybów pleśniowych – Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger. Wnioski. Stwierdzono szeroki zakres stężenia grzybów pleśniowych w powietrzu badanych budynków. Pomimo, że obserwowane stężenie grzybów w powietrzu większości budynków nie było wysokie, stwierdzenie obecności potencjalnie toksynotwórczych gatunków podkreśla konieczność monitorowania koncentracji i składu aerozolu mikrobiologicznego w budynkach użyteczności publicznej.
Źródło:
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine; 2015, 18, 1; 18-24
1505-7054
2084-6312
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Propozycja syntetycznego miernika oceniającego działalność instytucji użyteczności publicznej
Autorzy:
Biernacki, Marek
Ejsmont, Wiktor
Łyko, Janusz
Maciuk, Arkadiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/639329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
public utility services, synthetic index
Opis:
The proposal measure synthetic evaluation of the activities of public institutions Presented article is continuation previous paper [Biernacki, 2010]. Author proposes own evaluation method in 5 dimensions of public utilities: (1) economic (effeciency); (2) professional (effectiveness); (3) process; (4) personal (customer satisfaction); (5) social (improvement in public welfare). This paper presents comprehensive evaluation method in activity public utilities, based on standardized and comparable method in five dimensions. Empirical examples present core methotology.
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Publiczne; 2013, 2(22)
2084-3968
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Publiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYER UTILITY FUNCTION WITH TAX OPTIMIZATION AND FISCAL FRAUD ENVIRONMENT (Funkcja indywidualnej uzytecznosci podatnika z uwzglednieniem optymalizacji i oszustw podatkowych)
Autorzy:
Pankiewicz, Pawel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599718.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
TAX EVASION
TAXATION THEORY
TAXPAYER UTILITY
Opis:
In this paper I examine a taxpayer utility function determined by the extended set of variables - i.e. consumption, labor and tax-evasion propensity. This constitutes the main framework for the analysis of taxpayer's decision making process under assumption that in the economy there exist two main reduction methods: a) access to tax optimization techniques, which may decrease effective tax burden and are fully compliant with binding laws, but generate transactional costs and 2) possibility of fiscal fraud - in particular tax evasion, as the alternative method of reducing tax due, which has no direct transactional costs, but involves tax litigation risk.
Źródło:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse; 2011, 7, 3; 52-58
1734-039X
Pojawia się w:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determinants of the operation of Poland’s water utilities
Autorzy:
Chudziński, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419661.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
benchmarking
water utility
efficiency
water tariffs
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present the situation of Polish water utilities from the perspective of cost benchmarking against the background of international experience, and to discuss the merits of using benchmarking with a view to improving water utilities efficiency. The text examines the income side of the issue by focusing on the water tariff levels used by Polish water utilities. The author’s experience is that the first effects of using benchmarking in cost management are achieved after about three years of participating in benchmarking project. Another important threat is the difficulty in finding benchmarking partners or a proper benchmarking project. The third one, in the author’s view the most significant, is an inadequate preparation of benchmarking indicators. The implementation of benchmarking of cost management at Aquanet SA produced measurable results, presented in this paper. It could be concluded, therefore, that using this method of cost management contributes to cost efficiency and, as a result, increases the efficiency of water utilities.
Źródło:
Nauki o Zarządzaniu; 2018, vol. 23 no. 1; 13-19
2080-6000
Pojawia się w:
Nauki o Zarządzaniu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reflections on Rationality, Utility, University, Mass Culture and Unsustainable Society
Autorzy:
Śleszyński, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-08-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
education
mass culture
rationality
utility
university
Opis:
This paper is an expression of gratitude, remembrance and honour the jubilee of Prof. Tomasz Żylicz. As I have been invited to write a paper for a special issue of the CEEJ journal, I sincerely wanted to express regarding my friendship and my research that have been binding me with Tomasz in my more than 40-year work in the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw. Our cooperation was varied and rich including joint articles, research projects and our work for the Ministry of the Environment. In this paper, after friendly acknowledgment, I decided to propose my polemical answer to the paper ‘Is reason valued now?’ written by Tomasz. The subject of my reply is primarily the rationality in general and in the institution of university in the context of teaching and practicing science, including first of all economics and ecological economics. The method applied in this paper is my descriptive and polemical reference to Tomasz's theses with the analytical use of literature, both classics and very current references. The basic topic of the paper focuses on the fact that modernity continues in an increasingly inertial movement towards mass culture and is dominated by three criteria in this mechanism namely usefulness, non-exclusion and accessibility. I analyse these three fetishes in our dynamic times and with particular emphasis on their negative role in academic education. In my conclusions I categorically state that scientific knowledge and education, perfectly represented by universities, were formed and developed in an alliance with usefulness and utility, but never only thanks to them and never only for them.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2021, 8, 55; 180-190
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uwarunkowania przeciwdziałania zjawisku dyskryminacji osób niskich w przestrzeni publicznej i projektowaniu użytkowym – w perspektywie stanowienia i stosowania prawa
Legal conditions for counteracting the phenomenon of discrimination against short people in public space and utility design from the perspective of enacting and enforcing law
Autorzy:
Przystaś, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409266.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
discrimination
heightism
architectural barriers
utility design
Opis:
The study is devoted to legal and factual conditions of the social situation of short people, in particular, in terms of actual and potential areas of risk of discrimination based on height, that does not correspond to the average in a given society. The article indicates the extent of height discrimination, referred to as heightism, and deals with social behaviours that can be classified as unfair and violating the subjective rights of a group of people who are characterized by their below-average height compared to the social average. This manifests itself in various aspects, including communication practices established in society, such as the infantilization of short people, which in turn negatively affects other spheres of these people’s social functioning. Moreover, discrimination in the social sphere is also evident in the employment opportunities offered to people of short stature – they are perceived as less experienced and less competent. It is also a problem that employers set requirements regarding the parameters of job applicants in situations where these is not actually necessary for the proper performance of the tasks required. What’s more, there is discrimination hindering, and sometimes severely limiting, the possibility of using public utility facilities (functioning in the public sphere), and utility items referring to the private sphere.Based on the analysis of case-law related to the situation of people of short stature and also anti-discriminatory solutions functioning in other countries, specific remedies for discrimination against short people have been proposed, which should be applied both in Polish legislation and in the implementation of existing law. The idea here is to expand the guarantee norms contained in the Polish constitution so that they explicitly prohibit discrimination on the grounds of height.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2023, 2 (42); 95-120
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Response to Wysocki on indifference
Autorzy:
Block, Walter
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2140682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-11-08
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
indifference
supply
diminishing marginal utility
praxeology
Opis:
Nozick (1977) was a critique of the view of Austrian economics which rejected the notion of indifference in human action. This author claimed that this stance was incompatible with the notion of the supply of a good, and, also, with diminishing marginal utility, both of which were strongly supported by this praxeological school of thought. Block (1980) was an attempt to rescue the Austrian school from this brilliant intellectual challenge. Hoppe (2005; 2009) rejected Nozick’s challenge, and, also, Block’s (1980) response. Block (2009a) and Block and Barnett (2010), defended Block’s (1980) analysis of indifference. The latest contribution to this ongoing discussion is Wysocki (2021) who maintains that Hoppe was correct in his rejection of Nozick, while Block was not. The present paper is a rejoinder to Wysocki (2021).  
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2022, 72; 37-62
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
INVESTORS’ PREFERENCES AND PAYOFFS FROM STRUCTURED PRODUCTS
Autorzy:
Zatoń, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453473.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
structured financial products
utility function
prospect theory
Opis:
The attractiveness of structured products is mainly due to the fact that the diversity of their structures corresponds to the specific preferences of different groups of investors. To determine the appropriate investment product for an investor it is necessary to identify investor preferences, attitude toward risk. The paper contains an analysis of investors preferences in relation to the payoffs from the typical structured products. Investors’ preferences are based both on the rational choice theory and the prospect theory.
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2013, 14, 2; 279-288
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of licenses in public utility services provision – 19th century experiences
Autorzy:
Adamczyk, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1683795.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
natural monopoly
license
public utility
competition
municipalization
Opis:
The subject of this article is a part of a broader debate related to the participation of the private sector in the execution of public services. It concerns those services which are provided to recipients in the conditions of a natural monopoly, based on a license (so with the privilege of exclusivity) awarded to private companies for executing the state’s tasks. This paper aims at outlining the reasons behind the implementation of similar solutions and the problems related to entrusting the private party with satisfying public needs – problems which revealed a conflict of interest between the parties of the licensing contract.
Źródło:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae; 2015, 33; 3-18
0081-6485
Pojawia się w:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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