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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 108
Tytuł:
Stosunki handlowe Unii Europejskiej i USA w warunkach współpracy transatlantyckiej
Trade relations between the European Union and the United States in the framework of transatlantic cooperation
Autorzy:
Czermińska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505252.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
transatlantic cooperation
trade policy
trade policy instruments
trade liberalization
Opis:
United States and the European Union are the two main centers of the world economy. Both of these centers are each important trading partners in the field of trade in goods and services, capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment. The European Union’s relations with the United States there is both collaboration and competition. Despite the emerging tensions or even conflicts in the relationship both partners are allies and have a decisive impact on the liberalization of world trade, the ongoing process of the GATT/WTO. As part of strengthening transatlantic cooperation created a number of institutions and mechanisms to facilitate and support economic cooperation and signed a number of additional agreements aff ecting trade in mutual, for example, in terms of mutual recognition agreements, aimed at eliminating technical barriers to trade in goods. A negotiated agreement between the two largest economies on a free trade zone may constitute a turning point in transatlantic relations.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 2; 15-33
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strategic trade and FDI policies in a unionized industry
Autorzy:
Buccella, Domenico
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943116.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
strategic trade policy, FDI policy, unionized markets.
Opis:
This paper analyzes the differences between strategic trade and the competition policies (in the form of inward Foreign Direct Investment) to regulate a unionized monopoly in the domestic country. With decentralized negotiations both policies reduce labour and product market distortions. However the fixed cost for the foreign entrant and the degree of product differentiation determine which policy should be implemented to maximize national welfare, and the cases in which the domestic government can intervene, to achieve a Pareto-improvement.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2019, 5 (19), 1; 12-31
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The international trade policy in the american political system
Autorzy:
Ogrodniczuk, Malenia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540389.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Tematy:
foreign trade
trade policy constitution
Congress
president
Opis:
United States foreign policy, including trade policy, is a complicated process, complex mechanism, with many institutions participating. There are many participants in the process of US foreign trade policy-making. The article focuses on the description of the most important players in the foreign trade policy game and their influence on the subject.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2015, 12; 159-172
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Albanian trade policy and the process of alignment with EU Common Commercial Policy
Autorzy:
Kastrati, Pranvera
Shehaj, Esmeralda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
trade policy
alignment
commitments
accession obligations
Opis:
Albania is a member of WTO from September 2000 and is currently in a deep and substantial transformation of the trade policy. Albanian trade regime is very liberal, open and transparent fully compliant with WTO law. Accession to EU is the strategic goal of all Governments after ’90s and alignment with EU acquis is at the core of any process. EU integration is an engine for the development in all candidate or potential candidate countries. This process requires the alignment of national policies and harmonization of the legislation. Trade policy is among the most developed policies in European Union and Albania. This is mainly due to the membership in World Trade Organization (WTO) and Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with the most important trading partners. The accession of Albania to EU will significantly affect the Albanian trade policy. This paper analyses the state of play of Albanian trade policy and presents the main developments in the EU Common Commercial Policy after the Lisbon Treaty (2009). Based on this analysis the paper highlights the implications for Albanian trade policy.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2015, 12; 226-243
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of the rise of global supply chains on the foreign trade policy
Autorzy:
Puślecki, Zdzisław W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/569980.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
foreign trade policy
global supply chains
anti-protectionist forces
cooperating on trade policies
multilateral trade negotiations
bilateral trade policy
Opis:
The main aim of the article is the indication of the impact of the rise of global supply chains on the foreign trade policy. The subject of the discussion and theoretical contribution in the undertaken research program are new tendencies in international business − the rise of global supply chains, the impact of the rise of global supply chains on the political economy of trade and countries motivations for cooperating on trade policies and the rise of global supply chains and increasing importance of bilateral agreements in the foreign trade policy. It is important to underline that a few multinational firms are responsible for a major share of world trade and for the rise of global supply chains. On the one hand, these firms should support regulatory harmonization across different Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in order to lower trade costs. On the other hand, they might also resist harmonization – and encourage certain non-tariff measures – in order to prevent new competitors from entering markets. This may partly explain the persistence of regulatory divergence, and suggests that the political economy of regulatory convergence, especially in the conditions of the rise of global supply chains, may be more complex than is sometimes suggested
Źródło:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku; 2016, 3 (11); 208-227
2353-8929
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic defence as one of the pillars of total defence – the case of RTAs as an instrument of strengthening the EU’s competitiveness on foreign markets
Autorzy:
Majchrowska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2165700.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
economic competitiveness
economic defence
trade policy
RTA
UE
Opis:
Dynamic changes taking place in the global economy make it necessary to function in a complex and unstable economic environment, to which economies must constantly adapt. This compels entities such as the European Union to systematically review and appropriately shape its foreign policy, which involves taking actions to build resilience to crises and secure commercial interests. Particularly in view of the weakening position of the organisation globally managing international trade, the EU focuses on the implementation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which are an increasingly important element of EU trade policy and are aimed at strengthening the EU’s competitive position in the global economy and building resilience to crises, which bolsters its economic defence. These aspects constitute an important and current research problem, especially in the context of current events in the global economy. The aim of this article is to present EU trade agreements in the context of their importance for the economic defence of the trade bloc, as well as to analyse the changes that have been introduced in the EU trade policy in the last two decades in relation to this issue. The analysis is based mainly on original materials and scientific studies on EU trade policy, as well as data from the European Commission and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The analytical and descriptive methods were mainly used. The results of the analysis carried out in the article showed that the implemented trade agreements lead to the strengthening of the competitive position of the EU and the strengthening of economic defence. By taking these actions, the EU is perceived as a pillar of the economic security of the Member States.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2022, XLVIII, 3; 99-111
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE NOTIFICATIONS AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT WITHIN THE WTO
Autorzy:
Ghodsi, Mahdi
Michalek, Jan Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517264.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
trade policy
technical barriers to trade (TBTs)
WTO
dispute settlement
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to verify empirically whether the Specific Trade Concerns (STCs) regarding Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) notifications by WTO members can serve as an early warning system for past and future disputes (DS) covering allegedly trade restricting TBTs. WTO members, in order to increase transparency of trade policies, have made efforts to compile data on notified TBTs. For several years the WTO provides a TBT dataset, used in our paper, which covers the STCs raised by its members (“reverse” notifications). From 1995-2011, there have been 45 requests for consultation under the Dispute Settlement (DS) Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to identify possible violations of the technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreement. This paper attempts to find the linkages between DS cases citing the TBT agreement and the STC data regarding TBTs. The DS Body’s decisions regarding possible violations of the TBT agreement are discussed in detail. Afterwards, we analyze, descriptively and econometrically, the relationship between notified STCs and DS consultations regarding TBTs.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2016, 11, 2; 219-249
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polsko-rosyjska wymiana handlowa w okresie członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej
Polish-Russian Trade during the First Ten Years of Polands Membership in the European Union
Autorzy:
Błaszczuk-Zawiła, Marzenna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/454430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny
Tematy:
handel dobrami materialnymi
polityka handlowa
Rosja
merchandise trade
trade policy
Russia
Opis:
Lata członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej były okresem szybkiego rozwoju polskiej wy-miany handlowej z krajami spoza ugrupowania, w tym z Rosją. W latach 2004-2013 wartość polskiego eksportu do Rosji wzrosła trzyipółkrotnie, z 2,3 mld euro do 8,1 mld euro, natomiast importu - prawie 3,7 razy, z 5,1 mld euro do 18,7 mld euro. Dopro-wadziło to do znacznego pogłębienia deficytu Polski w handlu z Rosją. Jego wysokość wzrosła prawie czterokrotnie - z 2,8 mld euro do 10,6 mld euro. W artykule przedstawiono warunki i wyniki polsko-rosyjskiej wymiany dobrami materialnymi we wspomnianym okresie. Stwierdzono, że w znaczącej mierze kształtowały się one pod wpływem czynników nie związanych bezpośrednio z członkostwem Polski w UE. W szczególności, członkostwo nie wpłynęło na zwiększenie stabilności handlu pol-sko-rosyjskiego. Zweryfikowało natomiast negatywnie wcześniejsze oczekiwania władz polskich na wzmocnienie pozycji Polski w sporach handlowych z Rosją i na równe traktowanie przez Rosję wszystkich państw członkowskich UE. Rok 2014 obfituje w kolejne przykłady swobodnego wykorzystywania przez Rosję środków polityki handlowej do celów politycznych, wbrew przyjętym przez nią zobowiązaniom mię-dzynarodowym. Środki te są w dużej mierze skierowane przeciwko Polsce, która otwarcie skry-tykowała Rosję za aneksję Krymu i wspieranie separatystów we wschodniej Ukrainie, a także opowiadała się za nałożeniem na nią sankcji z tego powodu.
Years of Poland's membership in the European Union were a period of rapid development of Polish trade with third countries, including Russia. In the years 2004-2013, the value of Polish exports to Russia increased 3.5 times, from 2.3 billion euros to 8.1 billion euros, while imports - nearly 3.7 times, from 5.1 billion euros to 18.7 billion euros. This has led to a significant deepening of the Polish trade deficit with Russia. Its value has almost quadrupled - from 2.8 billion euros to 10.6 billion euros. In the article, there are presented conditions and results of Polish-Russian merchandise trade in the mentioned period. It was found that they were shaped - to a significant extent - by the factors not directly related to Polish membership in the EU. In particular, the EU membership had no effect on stability of Polish-Russian trade relations. More, it verified negatively the previous expectations of the Polish authorities as it comes to strengthening Poland's position in trade disputes with Russia and to equal treatment by Russia of all EU member states. The year 2014 is full of new examples of the free use of trade policy instruments by Russia's authorities for political purposes, contrary to its international obligations. These measures are largely directed against Poland, which has openly criticised Russia for the annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Eastern Ukraine, as well as advocated the imposition of sanctions against this country.
Źródło:
Unia Europejska.pl; 2014, 3; 16-29
2084-2694
Pojawia się w:
Unia Europejska.pl
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The EU’s Common Trade Policy: Implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development and Free Trade in the Era of De-Globalization Processes?
Autorzy:
Latoszek, Ewa
Dugiel, Wanda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/969457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Free Trade
Sustainable Development
Common Trade Policy
Trade Agreements
System of Customs Preferences
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to show the importance of the European Union’s common commercial policy in implementing the concept of sustainable development. The article uses the qualitative and quantitative method, analysis of Polish and foreign literature and analysis of a number of free trade agreements, signed or negotiated in the form of free trade zones and the system of customs preferences (GSP). The analysis concerns EU trade relations in the context of the implementation of sustainable development assumptions. In the new generation trade agreements, economic growth is served by the use of both the idea of free trade and sustainable development. The starting point for the analysis is the discussion of the promotion of the idea of sustainable development by the European Union based on accepted liberal solutions in the common EU trade policy, currently used in the period of weak development of international trade. The second point discusses the European Union’s strategy in the common trade policy, developed on the basis of UN resolutions on sustainable economic development. The third point examines the issue of problems in achieving the goals of sustainable economic development in the case of developing countries.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2018, 4; 23-46
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regionalizacja zagranicznej polityki handlowej Unii Europejskiej w latach 1990 -2017
Autorzy:
Wojtas, Monika
Kątski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610679.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
trade policy
preferential trade agreements
liberalisation
polityka handlowa, preferencyjne porozumienia handlowe, liberalizacja
Opis:
Regionalisation of trade policy is an increasingly common trend in the 21 st century. The European Union concluded its fist trade agreements in the 1970s, but at the end of the 1990s, it applied a de facto moratorium on such agreements. In 2005, this policy was changed, and the EU is a signatory to 35 agreements – creating either a free trade area or a customs union. The aim of the paper was to show how the European Union’s approach to concluding preferential trade agreements changed over the period of 1990–2017. The reasons for the EU’s increased interest in regionalisation and the development of regional links with partners in various regions of the world were presented, including selected key trade agreements.
Regionalizacja polityki handlowej jest w XXI wieku coraz powszechniejszym trendem. Unia Europejska zawierała pierwsze umowy handlowe już w latach 70. XX wieku jednak pod koniec lat 90. XX wieku stosowała swoiste moratorium na tego typu porozumienia. Po 2005 roku ta polityka została zmieniona, a UE jest sygnatariuszem 35 porozumień o charakterze strefy wolnego handlu lub unii celnej.  Celem pracy jest pokazanie jak zmieniło się podejście Unii Europejskiej do zawierania preferencyjnych układów handlowych w analizowanym okresie 1990 -2017. Przedstawione zostaną przyczyny wzrostu zainteresowania UE regionalizacją oraz rozwój powiązań regionalnych z partnerami w różnych regionach świata, w tym wybrane najważniejsze umowy handlowe.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2018, 52, 5
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trade Policy Barriers: An Obstacle to Export Diversification in Eurasia
Autorzy:
Cusolito, Ana Paula
Hollweg, Claire H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565656.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Export diversification
trade policy barriers
tariffs
non-tariff measures
preferential trade agreements
Opis:
Despite trade liberalization efforts made by Eurasian countries, the export structure of the region shows significant levels of concentration across export destinations. To shed light on this observation, this research analyzes trade policy barriers in Eurasia, East Asia and the Pacific, and the European Union. Using the most recent data from sources including the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, and the World Bank – including the Overall Trade Restrictiveness Indices, the Services Trade Restrictions Database, and the Temporary Trade Barriers Database – the role of tariffs, non-tariff measures, temporary trade barriers, trade agreements, and trade barriers in services are explored to explain the lack of diversification by destination. Several conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. First, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as the European Union, impose high levels of protection on products of animal origin, which may explain the lack of Eurasian export diversification toward the East Asia and the Pacific and the European Union regions. It also highlights the potential benefits of diversifying the structure of production in Eurasia toward more sophisticated and technologically intensive goods. Second, the East Asia and the Pacific region (especially China) appears to be more protectionist than the European Union, suggesting a greater challenge for Eurasian countries in diversifying exports to the destination. And third, few or no regional trade agreements exist between Eurasian countries and countries in the European Union or East Asia and the Pacific.
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2015, 2(4); 91-129
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regulacje i praktyka międzynarodowej polityki celnej
Regulations and international practice of the customs policy
Autorzy:
Bylicki, Lech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/447105.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Mazowiecka Uczelnia Publiczna w Płocku
Tematy:
trade policy
export duties
import duties
export
import
customs policy
preferential customs policy
Opis:
The first difficulty in liberalization agricultural trade stemmed from his position as the United States and the application of ny quantitative restriction. But then the main reason for the exclusion of agriculture from the negotiations was the first position of the EWG, and then of the European communities. Community countries already in the mid-sixties introduced protectionist common agricultural policy (CAP: Common Agricultural Policy). Generally speaking, liberal trade policy brings benefits in comparison with protectionism. This was reflected in the main principles of the international trade policy in the framework of the WTO and the EU. Also the introduction and opening of the Polish economy was made possible thanks to the progressive liberalization of this policy. The most important were tariff reductions resulting from the agreements of the WTO and of the Europe agreement with the EU.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne; 2015, 2(22); 345-359
1644-888X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The evolution of European Union Preferential Trade Agreements
Autorzy:
Nacewska-Twardowska, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/646178.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
international trade
trade policy of the European Union
trade agreements
F13
F15
Opis:
Changes which have taken place in recent years in the foreign trade policy of the European Union are quite important and in particular include its attitude towards preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Although the EU’s trade policy history shows that PTAs have been used in the past, only in recent years has their importance increased. The Union is now linked to about 50 different trade liberalizing agreements. With the change of motives for undertaking bilateral negotiations, the spatial extent has also changed. Preferential trade agreements have become one of the primary means of creating the modern foreign trade policy of the European Union.
Źródło:
Ekonomia Międzynarodowa; 2014, 008
2082-4440
2300-6005
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia Międzynarodowa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Current Trends in Foreign Trade Theory and Policy
Autorzy:
Puślecki, Zdzisław W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594512.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
foreign trade policy
public choice
liberalism
protectionism
authoritarian regimes
bilateralism
Opis:
In this research work, Author focus on the current analysis trends in foreign trade theory and policy. Accordance with the foreign trade policy theory further trade liberalisation and improved framework policies would increase trade and promote growth. It must be emphasized that openness to trade is associated with higher incomes and growth and there is the need for new approaches to trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region’s economy. On the other hand, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region’s economy but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of current trends in foreign trade theory and policy and in particular models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, foreign trade policy in different types of authoritarian regimes, protectionist pressures in different political system, the level of protectionist pressures, the tendencies to bilateralism in the foreign trade policy. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 2 (46); 135-149
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The specificity of regulatory protectionism in contemporary foreign trade policy
Autorzy:
Puślecki, Zdzisław W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/583714.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
foreign trade policy
regulatory protectionism
reducing
regulatory divergence
harmonization
mutual negotiation
Opis:
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the problem of specificity the regulatory protectionism in contemporary foreign trade policy. It has been emphasized that the talks between EU and USA will make reducing regulatory barriers. New agreements to remove trade barriers aim at reducing dead-weight costs and at increasing net social gains from international trade. The article examined the impact of investor-state dispute resolution mechanisms in reducing the power of national governments to regulate and elimination of market inequality. The article offers examples of successful regulatory cooperation efforts in the hope that it will shed light on possible approaches to addressing regulatory divergences. Ideally, the best way to address problems arising from regulatory divergence would be on a multilateral basis. The main aim of the article is the presentation of the specificity of the regulatory protectionism in contemporary foreign trade policy.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2018, 509; 354-372
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 108

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