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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Polish Research on the History of the Comintern: An Overview of Existing Literature and an Outline of Future Perspectives
    Autorzy:
    Krasucki, Eryk
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2131438.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-07-18
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Communist International
    Comintern
    Third International
    Communist Party of Poland
    Polish historiography
    Opis:
    Although Polish research on the Communist International (Comintern) history began in the interwar period, the existing literature does not constitute a highly-developed field. This becomes particularly evident when Polish studies are compared to research produced in Russia, Germany, the United States, and Italy, or even India and Korea. This state of affairs is, to some degree, a result of political conditions that influenced, and continue to influence, access to archival sources. For this reason, interest in the Comintern after 1989 closely resembles the situation in research on the history of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), which was, after all, one of the sections of the Third International. In both cases – in research on the Comintern and on the KPP – the focus was on shedding light on historical “blind spots” rather than on developing systematic studies of political organisations. Largely thanks to Professor Jerzy W. Borejsza, improvements have become evident over the past two decades in Polish research on the Comintern and related issues. Indeed, many important case studies have emerged, although what Polish research still lacks are wide-ranging monographs and analytical syntheses. This paper offers a review of Polish historiography’s most important contributions to research on the Comintern, covering the period from the interwar era to the present. It also attempts to outline potential future perspectives in the field, including a brief overview of important international works.
    Źródło:
    Acta Poloniae Historica; 2021, 123; 261-287
    0001-6829
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Poloniae Historica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Book review of School Journey as a Third Place; Theories, Methods and Experiences Around the World 2023. Edited by Zoe Moody, Ayuko Berchtold-Sedooka, Sara Camponovo, Philip D. Jaffé & Frédéric Darbellay
    Autorzy:
    Soszyńska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2196170.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-05-25
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej. Language and Society Research Committee
    Tematy:
    commute
    children
    international
    journey
    third place
    school
    travel
    Opis:
    Book review of “School Journey as a Third Place; Theories, Methods and Experiences Around the World”, edited by Zoe Moody, Ayuko Berchtold-Sedooka, Sara Camponovo, Philip D. Jaffé and Frédéric Darbellay, London, New York 2023: Anthem Press.
    Źródło:
    Language, Discourse & Society; 2023, 11, 1; 175-178
    2239-4192
    Pojawia się w:
    Language, Discourse & Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The idea of a fragile state: Emergence, conceptualization, and application in international political practice
    Autorzy:
    Ficek, Ryszard
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343744.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-07-26
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
    Tematy:
    fragile state
    International Relations
    military conflicts
    aid organizations
    Third World
    Opis:
    This paper studies the concept of a ‘fragile state,’ its origins, uniqueness, and the circumstances determining the changing dynamics of the presented subject, as well as the possibility of its application in the practice of International Relations (IR). The analysis of the conceptualization process, as well as the instrumental treatment of the idea of state’s fragility structures by decision-makers responsible for shaping foreign policy - especially in the context of the global development and security strategy - underlines the complexity and incoherence of the fragile state’s concept, which is currently considered as one of the most ‘wicked problems’ of the modern world, often torn by numerous brutal military conflicts. The author of the piece uses the term ‘fragile state’ to describe not only the form and conditions of disintegration of the state’s political and social ties and the dismantling of its state-legal infrastructure, but also analyzes issues related to the economic collapse, poverty, hunger, humanitarian disasters, armed conflicts, as well as numerous cases of elementary civil liberties and human rights violations. The article argues that deepening the comprehending of the fragile state’s idea, along with emphasizing its conceptual vagueness and complexity, concerning the ‘politically correct’ discourse on the problems of ‘fragility’ and states’ weakness, is necessary for a better awareness of the ambiguous and the perplexing nature of state power operating within the most politically unstable and insecure regions of the so-called ‘Third World.’
    Źródło:
    Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2021, 57; 93-110
    0209-0961
    Pojawia się w:
    Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Druga wojna światowa na obszarze Międzymorza
    Autorzy:
    Szaruga, Leszek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/46106579.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-11-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Intermarium
    the Third Reich
    the Axis powers
    the Communist International (Comintern)
    resistance movement
    allies
    Opis:
    This article describes the course of World War II in the Intermarium region in relation both to the national policies of several countries and to the resistance movement organized by the communities opposing the Soviets as well as German domination. The first phase of events takes place in the period from September 1939 to the German invasion of the USSR; the second phase lasts until the end of the war and launches the partisan actions inspired by communist organizations on behalf of the Communist International (Comintern). The aim of the partisans’ actions was the resistance to the domination of the Third Reich and Italy achieved through diversions at the rear of the armies of the Axis powers. At the same time the Soviets’ joining the alliance results in treaties of the Big Three (The USA, Great Britain and the Soviet Union) establishing the political order for Europe after the end of WWII, particularly the subjugation of Intermarium countries by the Soviet domination.
    Źródło:
    Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej; 2021, 14; 3-23
    1898-4215
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Współczesne tendencje w handlu międzynarodowym. Sprawiedliwy handel
    Modern Tendencies in International Trade – Fair Trade
    Autorzy:
    Marzec, Dorota
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38890048.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwy handel
    Trzeci Świat
    globalizacja
    organizacje międzynarodowe
    Fair Trade
    the Third World
    globalization
    international organizations
    Opis:
    Fair trade is a special kin of international exchange. It includes many participants, such as producers, importers, certifying and non-profit organizations. It influences the development of local societies and consumers’ behaviour changes. Although the participation of Fair Trade is rather small in world trade scale, it is clear that it develops dynamically. Its idea and working organizations prove that it is possible to trade between rich North and poor South in such a way that it can be beneficial for all participants.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2006, 2, 2; 125-135
    1896-6365
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    POLACY W BIAŁORUSKIEJ SOCJALISTYCZNEJ REPUBLICE SOWIECKIEJ 1986–1991. WYBRANE ASPEKTY1
    POLES IN THE BELORUSSIAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC IN 1986–1991. SELECTED ISSUES
    Autorzy:
    Gawin, Tadeusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513166.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
    Tematy:
    Poles in Belarus
    international relations
    Polish People’s Republic (PRL)
    USRR
    Third Polish Republic (III RP)
    Opis:
    The article is an attempt at presenting the ways in which the Polish People’s Repub-lic’s and the Third Polish Republic’s authorities took advantage of the Gorbatschev’s perestroika in the USSR as well as of the new intellectual currents in Poland to help the Poles in the USSR to pursue their national revival. The text is based on archival documents (mainly from Archiwum Akt Nowych, zespół Wydział Zagraniczny Komitetu Centralnego PZPR) as well as an analysis of the most recent publications concerning the issue. The article first aims at answering the questions how the Poles in Belarus used the offered sup-port in 1988–1991 and if they managed to lay foundations for the future Polish activity in Belarus. Second, it tries to assess if and to what extent the Poles living in Poland were involved in the authorities’ actions for the benefit of their compatriots in Belarus.
    Źródło:
    Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 12, 1; 17-38 (22)
    1732-9639
    Pojawia się w:
    Polityka i Społeczeństwo
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Droga do Norymbergi. Geneza sądowych rozliczeń ze zbrodniami III Rzeszy
    The Road to Nuremberg. The Genesis of Judiciary Settling Accounts with Crimes of the Third Reich
    Autorzy:
    Machcewicz, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478313.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
    Tematy:
    zbrodnie
    III Rzesza
    alianci
    procesy
    Norymberga
    Międzynarodowy Trybunał Wojskowy
    crimes
    Third Reich
    Allies
    trials
    Nuremberg
    International Military Tribunal
    Opis:
    The Road to Nuremberg. The Genesis of Judiciary Settling Accounts with Crimes of the Third Reich The first reported court trials for war crimes concerned offenses committed during the American Civil War (1861–1865). After World War I, the victorious nations of the Entente attempted to put the former German Emperor Wilhelm II and other German military leaders responsible for particularly drastic crimes. The former ruler took refuge in the Netherlands, which refused to extradite him, and the Reich Tribunal in Leipzig held a number of trials under heavy pressure from the victorious coalition. The majority of them led to acquittals or exceptionally short sentences, which resulted in the Leipzig process being labelled a travesty of justice; during World War II the allies regarded it as a negative experience which they should avoid repeating at all costs. During the period 1919–1920 several dozen trials concerning the slaughter of Armenians were held in Turkey by Turkish and British authorities, but they were equally inadequate for the scale of the crimes committed involving the murder of almost a million people. The anti-Hitler coalition thus could not draw on any real examples from the past when seeking to account for the crimes of the Third Reich and its allies, nor were there any international legal regulations or institutional solutions that they could look to. The first action taken to document the crimes committed in occupied countries were undertaken by governments-in-exile in London, primarily that of the Republic of Poland. It was pressure from that as well as other governments as well as others which led to the formation of the War Crimes Commission in October 1943, which developed a new legal concept and category: crimes against humanity. It turned out to be key in enforcing liability for crimes against civilians; it was invoked during the Nuremberg trials, and is also applied in many contemporary criminal proceedings. The first joint Allied commitment to prosecuting war crimes was the Moscow Declaration of 1 November 1943, but even after its adoption there were serious disagreements among the allies as to how this should be done. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was opposed to the creation of an international tribunal, citing the different legal systems of the Allies and the fiasco of the Leipzig trials following World War I; he was a supporter of summarily executing the leaders of the Third Reich and fascist Italy. The legal framework of the post-war trials was only developed during the closing months of the war, with American politicians and lawyers playing a key role. Their contribution was to base the most important post-war trials on three pillars: the categories of crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and the charge of conspiracy to commit crimes (a direct transplant from the American legal system). The trials held before the International Military Tribunal, held in Nuremberg from 20 November to 1 October 1946, were an attempt, unprecedented in the history of civilization, by the international community to bring to justice the leaders of a defeated state to justice for their crimes. In spite of the numerous criticism levelled against various aspects of the Nuremberg trials, it ultimately became a point of reference and an example for later attempts at placing political and military leaders on trial for their crimes.
    Źródło:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2015, 1(25); 79-111
    1427-7476
    Pojawia się w:
    Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów – analiza orzecznictwa
    Autorzy:
    Zaręba, Szymon
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788174.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    Europejska Konwencja Praw Człowieka
    nieuznawane reżimy
    Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości
    MTS
    naruszenie prawa
    odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa
    orzecznictwo
    państwa trzecie
    European Court of Human Rights
    unrecognized regimes
    International Court of Justice
    ICJ
    infringement of the law
    international responsibility
    judicial decisions
    third state
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2016, 3 (207); 27-66
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Koncepcje prawne w zakresie prawa międzynarodowego wypracowane w III Rzeszy a jej polityka okupacji
    Legal concepts in the field of international law developed in the Third Reich and its policy of occupation
    Autorzy:
    Migdał, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046964.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    systemy prawne w okresie II Wojny Światowej
    Akademia Prawa Niemieckiego
    prawo narodów
    prawo międzynarodowe
    occupatio bellica
    debellatio
    Konwencja Haska
    Regierungsverwaltung
    Kolonialverwalutng
    Aufsichtsverwaltung
    Grossraum
    Besatzungsrichtungen
    zasada wodzostwa
    III Rzesza
    I Republika Słowacka
    Protektorat Czech i Moraw
    Generalne Gubernatorstwo
    II Wojna Światowa
    typy i systemy okupacji
    ekonomia na terenach okupowanych
    polityka kulturowa i kulturalna
    reżim okupacyjny
    eksterminacja ludności
    zbrodnie wojenne
    aparat represji
    Republika Weimarska
    Hlinkowa Gwardia
    HSPL
    Hlinkowa Słowacka Partia Ludowa
    Gestapo
    SS
    Einsatzgruppe
    RSHA
    Główny Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Rzeszy
    Urząd Protektora Rzeszy
    NSDAP
    legal systems in the time of World War II
    Academy of German Law
    law of nations
    international law
    Hague Convention
    Führerprinzip
    the Third Reich
    the First Slovak Republic
    the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
    General Government
    World War II
    types and systems of occupation
    economy in the occupied territories
    culture and cultural policy
    occupation regime
    extermination of population
    war crimes
    repressive state apparatus
    Weimar Republic
    Hlinka Guard
    Hlinka’s Slovak People's Party
    Reich Main Security Office
    Reich Protector Office
    Opis:
    Uwzględniając dotychczasowe doświadczenia w badaniach nad systemami okupacji krajów Osi w trakcie II wojny światowej a szczególnie dominującej III Rzeszy niemieckiej, wydaje się, że występują w tym zakresie duże braki a stan tych badań można uznać za daleko niewystarczający. Słabością istniejących badań jest ograniczenie się do polityki okupacyjnej i struktur formalnych, czyli ich pewna wycinkowość. Rzadko uwzględnia się w nich dokumentacje porównawczą, ukazującą całościowe kształtowanie się struktur organizacyjnych zarządów okupacyjnych z uwzględnieniem całokształtu doświadczenia oraz zbiorczego mechanizmu funkcjonowania, przy wykazaniu także jego efektywności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest, próba ustalenia, czy i o ile wypełnianie okupacji lub innych form władztwa przez III Rzeszę hitlerowską nad innymi terytoriami państwowymi czy narodami stanowiło system polityczno-prawny, jak kształtowały się różne postacie władania nad poszczególnymi terytoriami i wobec podbitej ludności w określonej sytuacji prawnej, społeczno-gospodarczej i politycznej. Należy przy tym podkreślić, że pojęcie „okupacja” używane powszechnie w historii politycznej tego okresu, nie wystarczy do poprawnego opisu zjawiska w języku nauki prawa. Jest ono zbyt ogólne i prawnicze nieadekwatne do stanu prawnego ziem zajętych lub kontrolowanych przez Niemcy i to zarówno tych anektowanych w sposób bezprawny (takich jak „eingegliederte Ostgebiete” w Polsce) jak i tych które zostały podporządkowane politycznie z pozbawieniem zamieszkałych tam narodów ich suwerennej władzy politycznej (takich jak Protektorat Czech i Moraw) i wreszcie tych, które zostały jedynie włączone przymusowo w orbitę wpływów III Rzeszy z utrzymaniem w nich rządów satelickich (np. Słowacja).
    Taking into account previous experiences related to the investigation of occupation systems of the Axis powers during World War II, and in particular the dominant role of the Third Reich, it seems that there are large gaps in this area and the status of those studies can be considered largely insufficient. The weakness of the existing studies is their reduction to the occupation policy and formal structures, i.e. they are rather fragmentary. Only rarely do they take into consideration comparative documentation which shows the holistic development of organizational structures of invader’s administration along with its entire experience and collective functioning mechanisms as well as the demonstration of its effectiveness. This article is an attempt to determine whether and to what extent the exercise of occupation or other forms of governance by the Third Reich under Hitler’s rule over other territories or nations constituted a political and legal system, what were different types of governance over individual territories and conquered populations in a specific legal, socio-economic and political situation. It should be noted, however, that the term “occupation” used commonly in the political history of that period is not sufficient to properly describe this phenomenon in the language of law. It is too general and inadequate to the legal status of the territories occupied or controlled by Germany, including those illegally annexed (such as “eingegliederte Ostgebiete” [annexed Eastern territories] in Poland), those that have been politically subordinated with the deprivation of peoples living there of their sovereign political power (such as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), as well as those which were only forcibly incorporated into the orbit of influence of the Third Reich but with the maintenance of satellite governments (e.g. Slovakia).
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2017, 2; 123-165
    1897-7146
    2719-4264
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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