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    Tytuł:
    „Jakiego skarbu my Polacy nigdyśmy przedtym nie mieli”. Ślady lektury Żywotów świętych Piotra Skargi w katolickich drukach z końca XVI wieku
    „The Treasure We, The Polish People, Have Never Had Before”. Traces of Lives of the Saints by Piotr Skarga in Catholic Printed Matters Dating Back to the Late 16th Century
    Autorzy:
    Sitkowa, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/967567.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Piotr Skarga
    The Lives of Saints
    reception of the literary work of art
    hagiology
    Opis:
    Four Polish printed matters from the end of 16th century were highlighted in the article. Three of them, The Life and Death of a Princess from Parma (1581); Republic (1594); Joseph the Righteous (1596) refer to Lives of the Saints by Piotr Skarga. This is proof that the book was highly appreciated by the author’s contemporaries as a counter-reformation speculum, outstanding reading for women, and a point of reference for clergymen who wanted to prepare their own speeches. The forth printed matter is another sign of The Lives of Saints popularity (The Benedictine Rule circa 1597). What we find there is a slightly altered version of St. Benedict’s life, which does not mention the name of Piotr Skarga.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica; 2013, 21, 3
    1505-9057
    2353-1908
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Больные и болезни в житиях святых-отшельников
    The sick and illnesses in the lives of the hermit saints
    Autorzy:
    Anchimiuk, Olga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1896894.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    żywoty świętych
    cudowne uleczenia
    teksty precedensowe
    the lives of the saints
    miraculous cures
    precedent texts
    Opis:
    Choroby człowieka, zarówno fizyczne, jak i duchowe, zgodnie z chrześcijańskimi zasadami wiary związane są z jego grzechami. Przedstawianie tych chorób, a także cudowne uzdrowienia stanowią największą objętościowo grupę spośród wszystkich typów cudów w wielotomowym dziele «Житiя святыхъ на русском языке, изложенные по руководству Четиχ Миней святителя Димитрия Ростовского». Badanie repertuaru toposów w literaturze hagiograficznej pozwoliło sklasyfikować cuda tego typu, a także opisać choroby, niepodlegające prawom tradycyjnej medycyny; ukazać teksty precedensowe, stanowiące punkt odniesienia dla cudownych uzdrowień.
    According to Christian dogmas, both physical and spiritual human diseases are due to personal sins. Presenting illnesses as well as miraculous cures constitutes the biggest group among all types of miracles presented in multi-volume work «Житiя святыхъ на русском языке, изложенные по руководству Чети Миней святителя Димитрия Ростовского». The analysis of a repertoire of topoi in hagiographic works has given an opportunity to categorize the miracles, describe illnesses which cannot be the subject to traditional medicine, show precedent texts that can be a reference for miraculous cures.
    Źródło:
    Linguodidactica; 2018, 22; 5-22
    1731-6332
    Pojawia się w:
    Linguodidactica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recepcja Żywotów świętych ks. Piotra Skargi Tj w twórczości św. Dymitra z Rostowa
    The Reception of Żywoty Świętych (Lives of the Saints) by Father Piotr Skarga TJ in the Writings of Saint Dmitry from Rostow
    Autorzy:
    Jankowska, Ludmiła
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/967578.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Piotr Skarga
    Dmitry from Rostow
    Lives of the Saints
    Opis:
    As a conclusion of an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on the topic, the article presents a multitude of literary sources, mainly in manuscript format. These include, above all, the hand-written notes of Saint Dmitry from Rostow on the pages of three editions of Żywoty Świętych (Lives of the Saints) — up to now the most popular encyclopaedia of Christian sanctity. It is claimed that this most prominent Ukrainian-Russian religious writer many a time compared various sources, including Żywoty Świętych by Skarga. This allowed him to obtain more specified information regarding particular saints or even to make corrections in Prolog (The Prologue) and in Mineje (The Menaion). What is more, Saint Dmitry has not only learned to compile several sources from Piotr Skarga, but he also manager to achieve stylistic unity.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica; 2013, 21, 3
    1505-9057
    2353-1908
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Животные – участники чудес в житиях святых
    Animals – the participants of the miracles in the saints’ lives
    Zwierzęta – uczestnicy cudów w żywotach świętych
    Autorzy:
    Anchimiuk, Olga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117872.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    жития святых
    животные
    гипонимы
    гиперонимы
    żywoty świętych
    zwierzęta
    hiponim
    hiperonim
    the lives of the saints
    the animals
    the hyponyms
    the hyperons
    Opis:
    Статья посвящена исследованию изображения животных в житиях святых-отшельников, а именно – животных, являющихся участниками чудес. Жития святых – одна из художественных форм повествований о животных, наряду с мифами о птицах и зверях, сказками о животных-хитрецах, нравоучительными баснями, средневековыми бестиариями, әпическими поәмами и сатирическими повестями о царстве животных. Установлено, что изображаемые в житиях святых животные являются важнейшим средством изображения чудесных явлений, происходящих со святым. В силу отшельнического образа жизни святых животные становятся своего рода социумом святого, участниками, иногда причиной или поводом совершения чуда, а также своего рода катализатором проявлений святости.
    Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie wizerunków zwierząt w żywotach świętych-pustelników, a konkretnie – zwierząt, które były uczestnikami cudów. Żywoty świętych to jedna z artystycznych form opowieści o zwierzętach, na równi z mitami o ptakach i zwierzętach, bajkami o zwierzętach-spryciarzach, baśniami moralizatorskimi, średniowiecznymi bestiariuszami, poematami epickimi i opowieściami satyrycznymi o królestwie zwierząt. Stwierdzono, że opisywane w żywotach świętych zwierzęta są najważniejszym środkiem przedstawienia cudów, związanych ze świętym. Z racji pustelniczego trybu życia świętych zwierzęta stają się swego rodzaju wspólnotą świętego, uczestnikami, czasami przyczyną lub powodem dokonania cudu, a także swego rodzaju katalizatorem ujawnienia się świętości.
    The article deals with the problem of presentation the animals in the saints’ lives (hermits), i.e. the animals who are the participants of the miracles. The lives of the saints – one of the narration mode ofanimals along with the myth about birds and beasts, fairy tales of crafty animals, moral tales (apologues), medieval bestiaries, epic poems and satirical short stories of the animal kingdom. The analysis has shown that the animals presented in the lives of the saints are one of themost important mode of expression of the miracles that occur with the saint. As the result of the eremitic life of the saints, the animals become a society for the saint, the participants, sometimes the reason for the performing a miracle, as well as the catalyst for showing the holiness.
    Źródło:
    Białostockie Archiwum Językowe; 2016, 16; 11-28
    1641-6961
    Pojawia się w:
    Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Beda Czcigodny i bohaterowie Historii kościelnej narodu angielskiego w Żywotach świętych Piotra Skargi
    Bede the Venerable and the characters of the Ecclesiastical history of the English people in the Lives of saints by Piotr Skarga
    Autorzy:
    Puchalska-Dąbrowska, Bernadetta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/614256.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    Beda Czcigodny
    Piotr Skarga
    Historia kościelna narodu angielskiego
    Żywoty świętych
    mnisi
    postać
    wątek
    motyw
    Bede the Venerable
    The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
    The Lives of Saints
    monks
    character
    theme
    motive
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is the analysis of the heroes, themes and motives of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People present in Lives of Saints by Piotr Skarga. The Polish author of the 16th-17th centuries refers to selected characters, stories and themes as sources of role models and for polemical purposes. Bede’s heroes: bishops, missionaries, the religious, secular rulers, serve as examples for the implementation of the specific virtues. Selected motives of the chronicle treated by Skarga – in most cases – with fidelity to the original, are intended to show not only the distant reality unknown to the Polish reader, but also the characters and events meaningful in the post-Trent period.
    Źródło:
    Vox Patrum; 2016, 65; 565-584
    0860-9411
    2719-3586
    Pojawia się w:
    Vox Patrum
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kim jest Jezus Chrystus dla ruskich i rosyjskich Świętych? Teologiczna analiza Żywotów Świętych św. Dymitra Rostowskiego
    Who is Jesus Christ for the Ruthenian and Russian Saints? A Theological Exploration of St Dimitry Rostovsky’s The Lives of the Saints
    Autorzy:
    Leśniewski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/420189.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    Jesus Christ
    The Lives of the Saints
    St Dimitry Rostovsky
    Russian Orthodox Hagiography
    The Paschal Mystery
    Jezus Chrystus
    Żywoty Świętych
    św. Dymitr Rostowski
    prawosławna hagiografia rosyjska
    misterium paschalne
    Opis:
    Christian hagiography reveals not only the facts of life of individual saints, but first of all, it is a description of the experience of God loving mankind. From the beginning of Christianity, of great importance in building faith, hope andl ove had had stories about those believers who responded with a particular radicalism for the prevenient love of God in the Trinity of Persons. These stories have been written in various forms of literature. Author in the introductory part of the article introduces into the lives of the saints and their role in the Ruthenian and Russian Orthodoxy. Essentially he focuses on presenting The Menaia edited by St Dimitry Rostovski. This book was published in the years 1711 to 1718 in Old Church Slavonic. At the beginning of the twentieth century, it has been rewritten and translated into Russian. This monumental work appeared in the years 1903-1911 under the title The Lives of the Saints. It has been a rich source of information for researchers from many disciplines. From a theological point of view, the author studied The Lives of the Saints in order to find direct references to the person and teaching of Jesus Christ. For this purpose, he analyzed quotations from the New Testament, especially from the Gospel, referring directly to the Person and teaching of Jesus Christ, as well as the prayers addressed to Him. In his analysis, he searched for answers to the questions: Who is Jesus Christ for the Ruthenian and Russian saints, and what kind of His images predominate in The Lives of the Saints. The first part of the article, on the basis of source texts, indicates personal qualities of Jesus Christ. The Savior has been experienced by the Ruthenian and Russian saints as God who is close to man, the blessed King, the best Lord, the Comforter of the crying, the Light, the merciful God, and the Foundation of all good. The image of Christ as sinless, innocent suffering and merciful shines especially in the devotion of Saints Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb. In the consciousness of the Ruthenians Christ is not God who condemns the sinners, but God who wants to bring them to a change of heart and holiness. Christ is also the true Physician of souls and bodies. In the second part of the article were shown images of Christ that occur while reading The Lives of the Saints. Some of these images relate to the Gospels, and others have as their bases an existential expression of faith in Jesus Christ. The Saints refer to Earthly life of Jesus by recalling images of Jesus in various situations (the image of Jesus tempted the desert; the image of the merciful Christ, who wants to lead a mind of man mired in spiritual disease to change and salvation; the image of Christ suffering voluntarily for the salvation of man). An important element of the image of Jesus Christ, typified in The Lives of the Saints is a reference to His suffering and death on the cross, which is supplemented by a triumphant image of the Risen Lord, who won the death by His death and gave us eternal life. An interesting part of The Lives of the Saints (attributable to the month of April) is a description of the appearances of Jesus Christ after His resurrection. It shows the primordial light infinitely brighter than sunlight. In the mystical experience of the saints Christ is revealed as the glorious Light radiating with passionate love. It is characteristic for the spiritual experience of Ruthenian and Russian Saints that their Saviour is God who desires for the salvation of all.
    Źródło:
    ELPIS; 2013, 15; 69-77
    1508-7719
    Pojawia się w:
    ELPIS
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Echoes of the 1580 Jesuit Mission to England in Early Modern Poland
    Autorzy:
    Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798790.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-10-30
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    Jesuit mission in England; St Edmund Campion; Robert Persons; James Bosgrave; Polish Jesuits; old-Polish translations; Rationes decem; De persecutione Anglicana; hagiography; The Lives of Saints; controversial theology; Piotr Skarga; Kasper Wilkowski
    Opis:
    The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 61 (2013), issue 2. The article presents Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of the formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Kraków (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons’ account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what was going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych [The Lives of Saints] presented Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach [A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs] which was modified several times, and in it a paragraph titled O męczennikach w Anglijej [On Martyrs in England]. Its most basic part consisted of—starting with the 1585 edition—the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga’s interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stephen Báthory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland of the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2019, 67, 2 Selected Papers in English; 43-65
    0035-7707
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Humanistyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ideał parenetyczno-pedagogiczny w Żywotach świętych ks. Piotra Skargi. Geneza i funkcje dzieła
    The parenetic and pedagogical ideal in the „Lives of the Saints” by Piotr Skarga. Genesis and functions of the work
    Autorzy:
    Stępniewska, Julia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38695709.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Związek Nauczycielstwa Polskiego
    Tematy:
    lives of the saints
    a parenetic and pedagogical ideal
    parenetic
    pedagogy
    morality
    sacredness
    master
    student
    Opis:
    Aim: The aim of my article is to present Piotr Skarga’s Lives of the Saints in a parenetic and pedagogical context. This context includes showing the pedagogical value of the paper, describing the master-student relationship in the Lives of the Saints, which illustrates the examples of pedagogical methods, and presenting the paper from a historical perspective, including motives of its creation. Methods: An analysis of historical sources (Lives of the Saints). Results: Description of motives which led to creation of Lives of the Saints and its role in shaping morality, analysis a master-student relationship based on life of St. Anselm, description of the parenetic and pedagogical ideal following from the paper. Conclusions: Lives of the Saints is a multifunctional text, but most of all a moralizing one. The text was written mainly to promote Catholicism and to deplore Protestants. This fact was important for a historical context. The scientific value of Lives is small, but it’s extremely valuable in terms of moralizing, parenetic and pedagogical. The paper has features that make it a part of the system of parenetic pedagogy. Authority and references made to the authority constitute the basic pedagogical tool used by the author to show the human ideal. An extremely important thread in the paper, especially from the pedagogical perspective, is the master-student relationship. It shows the importance of the teacher/ master role in: a human life, development of faith and motivation in the pursuit of sacredness. Within Catholicism, Life of the Saints showed various ways to approach sacredness, which was a parenetic and pedagogical ideal. The paper promoted an individual approach to each person. Lives of the Saints had to inspire people to lead a better life.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Historyczno-Oświatowy; 2022, LXV, 3-4; 17-30
    0033-2178
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Historyczno-Oświatowy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pokłosie Skargowskie: „książki polskie” o św. Kazimierzu Jagiellończyku (na tropach druku i egzemplarza)
    Skarga’s aftermath: “Polish books” about Saint Casimir Jagiellon (On the track of the print and a copy)
    Autorzy:
    Okoń, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557611.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    Saint Casimir Jagiellon
    Piotr Skarga
    Bibliografia polska (Polish bibliography) by Karol Estreicher
    Mateusz Chryzostom Wołodkowicz
    Kasper Niesiecki
    lives of the Saints
    Vilnius
    Lviv
    hagiography
    heraldic officers
    Opis:
    he subject of attention as well as the bibliographic and librarian inquiry is the first biography of Saint Casimir that was written in Polish. The Saint was mentioned by Piotr Skarga in the seventh edition of Lives of the Saints (Krakow 1610) when the author incorporated his own biography of St. Casimir into the collection. Skarga also added information that this biography written in Polish was published in 1606. Thanks to this information, bibliographers managed to establish that the print was published in Vilnius and that its author was Chryzostom Wołodkowicz (Wołodkiewicz), as was believed – a soldier of the military commandeer Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, later a writer of Samogitia. The information was most fully popularized by Bibliografia polska (Polish bibliography) by Karol Estreicher (vol. 33, published by Stanisław Estreicher, Krakow 1939). However, the print was only known by its title, and its copy had not been described. The author of the article investigated the history of the information about the print and established that it was first mentioned by bibliographers and Jesuit heraldic officers in the 17th and 18th centuries (Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz and especially Kasper Niesiecki). Following this path, the author assumed that the copy should be in Lviv or one of its neighbouring cities. His intuition was rewarded and the copy was found in the Lviv library. As a result, the author described the copy and on its basis corrected the information about its author.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia ad Bibliothecarum Scientiam Pertinentia; 2013, 11; 44-60
    2081-1861
    2300-3057
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia ad Bibliothecarum Scientiam Pertinentia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Staropolskie echa misji jezuickiej w Anglii roku 1580
    Old Polish echoes of the Jesuit mission in England of 1580
    Autorzy:
    Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1891915.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    misja jezuicka w Anglii
    św. Edmund Campion
    Robert Persons
    James Bosgrave
    jezuici polscy
    przekłady staropolskie
    Rationes decem
    De persecutione Anglicana
    hagiografia
    Żywoty świętych
    teologia kontrowersyjna
    Piotr Skarga
    Kasper Wilkowski
    Jesuit mission in England
    St Edmund Campion
    Polish Jesuits
    old-Polish translations
    hagiography
    The Lives of Saints
    controversial theology
    Opis:
    The article presents Old Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Krakow (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what is going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych (The Lives of Saints) presented  Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach (A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs) that was several times modified, and in it a paragraph O męczennikach w Anglijej (On Martyrs in England). Its basic part was constituted by – starting with the 1585 edition – the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga's interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stefan Batory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland at the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatic Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2013, 61, 2; 97-117
    0035-7707
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Humanistyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dziecko i dzieciństwo w świetle wybranych źródeł narracyjnych (do XIV w.)
    Child and childhood in the light of selected narrative sources (until the end of the 14th century)
    Autorzy:
    Teterycz‑Puzio, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558807.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne
    Tematy:
    XI‑XIV w.
    choroby dzieci
    dziecko
    dzieciństwo
    kroniki średniowieczne
    opieka nad dzieckiem
    troska o dziecko
    żywoty świętych
    11th‑14th centuries
    child
    child care
    childhood
    childhood diseases
    concern for a child
    lives of the saints
    mediaeval chronicles
    Opis:
    Odkrycie dzieciństwa przypisuje się epokom późniejszym w stosunku do średniowiecza. Jednak tematyka związana z dzieciństwem nie jest obca źródłom średniowiecznym. Najwięcej informacji w wybranych źródłach z XI–XIV w. (głównie kronikach i żywotach świętych) odnoszących się do dzieciństwa dotyczy tego okresu w życiu władców i świętych. W średniowieczu okres dzieciństwa w życiu człowieka niósł ze sobą wiele niebezpieczeństw, np. masową umieralność noworodków i niemowląt, bardzo dużą umieralność dzieci, o czym wspominają żywoty świętych, często opisując przypadki zachorowań dzieci, wyleczonych za wstawiennictwem świętego. Dziecku – następcy tronu zagrażali też dorośli pretendenci do objęcia władzy. W średniowieczu zatem czekano na szybkie zakończenie tego okresu w życiu człowieka. Zaś władca‑dziecko zwykle jest wychwalany przez kronikarzy przez przywołanie cech właściwych dorosłym. Nieposiadanie potomstwa stanowiło powód do zmartwień głównie z powodu braku następcy, ale źródła wspominają też o wstydzie z powodu bezdzietności. Są też wzmianki dotyczące leczenia niepłodności. W kronikach i żywotach świętych znajdujemy także opisy zachowań będących przejawami troski rodzicielskiej i czułych postaw wobec dziecka. „Lata sprawne” w średniowieczu osiągano najczęściej w wieku 12‒14 lat. Źródła prezentują obyczaje związane z przekraczaniem przez dziecko pewnych etapów życia, np. postrzyżyny. Sporo uwagi źródła poświęcają zagadnieniom dotyczącym opieki nad księciem dzieckiem, którą mogła sprawować matka, krewni lub przedstawiciele możnowładztwa. W kronikach i żywotach świętych znajdujemy dużo informacji odnoszących się do sposobów kształcenia dzieci, dowiadujemy się o opiekunach i wychowawcach władców, też o staraniach w celu zapewnienia dostatniej przyszłości dzieciom, spotykamy także np. wzmianki o dziecięcych zabawkach. W świetle źródeł widzimy, że w średniowieczu opiekowano się dziećmi i troszczono o nie.
    Although discovery of childhood is usually ascribed to periods following the Middle Ages, subjects related to this stage of life appear in mediaeval sources. Most of information regarding childhood in the selected sources from 11th‑14th centuries (mainly chronicles and hagiography) refer to the childhood of rulers or saints. This period in human life involves many dangers, such as extremely high mortality rate of newborn babies and infants, as well as very high mortality of children in general. References to these subjects can be found in hagiography, describing cases of children being miraculously cured be the saint’s intercession. A child – heir to the throne was also in danger from the grown up pretenders to power. Sometimes children are represented as a burden, particularly in the time of war. Lack of progeny poses a problem mainly because of want of heir, but sources (e.g. Master Wincenty) describe shame caused by childlessness. Treatments for infertility are also mentioned, for instance in the case of the Duke of Sieradz Leszek the Black and his wife Gryfina. Chronicles and hagiography give examples of parental concern and affection towards children. In the Middle Ages children came of age between 12th and 14th year. There are records of transition rites to mark that moment, such as ceremonial hair‑cutting practiced by the Slavs. Sources discuss at length matters of custody of a child‑prince that could be entrusted to his mother (e.g. Helena, Grzymisława), other family members or representatives of nobility. Chronicles and hagiography include ample information regarding education of children (e.g. in case of saints – seven liberal arts), as well as their tutors and guardians. Great care was taken to provide for children’s affluent future. When praising a child‑ruler, chroniclers attribute qualities of an adult to him. Characteristics and behaviour assigned to childhood in modern times are also present in mediaeval sources, even though the singularity of this period in life was not thoroughly appreciated at that epoch. Though childhood was expected to end as soon as possible (because of the above mentioned dangers it entailed), children were by no means neglected.
    Źródło:
    Studia Gdańskie; 2011, 28; 257-276
    0137-4338
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Gdańskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11

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