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Wyszukujesz frazę "Teutonic Prussia" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Economic Relations Between Gdańsk and Königsberg in the Years 1466–1525
Autorzy:
Kardasz, Cezary
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194071.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Royal Prussia
Teutonic Prussia
trade
credit
craftsmanship correspondence
Opis:
Upon the decisions of the peace treaty concluding the Thirteen Years’ War between the German Order and the Kingdom of Poland supported by the Prussian estates, the monastic rule in Prussia was divided into two separate, if connected with each other, parts: Royal Prussia and Monastic Prussia. The article discusses economic relations – long distance trade, retail, the flow of people and capital between the biggest cities – Gdańsk and Königsberg in the years 1466–1525. In the older historiography there appeared information indicating that economic relations between Royal Prussia and Monastic Prussia were breached after the division of the Monastic State. Such information resulted from the insufficient database – the authors concentrated on the sources which addressed the problem in quantitative terms. On the basis of the analysis of the correspondence and scattered entries in the city books it is possible to establish that intensive trade and financial contacts between the biggest ports of Prussia were maintained. Trade relations concentrated on the exchange between Western Europe and Lithuania, where both cities played a major role. What prevailed was the export of salt, and at the beginning of the 16th century also the export of grain from Żuławy [Werder] to Königsberg. Wood, ash and hop played a major role in the import to the West. The exchange of goods invariably entailed the exchange of money and people. Inhabitants of Gdańsk and Königsberg lent money to each other and purchased property. The exchange of people was also visible; it referred mainly to journeymen and peddlers. The text shows that apart from customs books it is necessary to examine the correspondence while analyzing trade contacts of Gdańsk.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 37-54
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Seelbad (Balnea Animarum) – uwagi na temat praktyki stosowania pobożnej fundacji w Prusach Krzyżackich i Prusach Królewskich do początku XVI wieku
Seelbad (balnea animarum) – remarks about the practice of religious foundation in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order and Royal Prussia until the beginning of the 16th century
Autorzy:
Kubicki, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193592.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
medieval cities
Teutonic Prussia
Royal Prussia
charity
last wills
baths
hygiene
Opis:
Among the lesser known forms of burghers’ religious practice in the Late Middle Ages, there was the founding of the so called "Seelbäder” (balnea animarum) recorded mainly in the burghers’ last wills. Burgers bequeathed some sums of money to finance city baths for the poor. Sometimes they stated exactly which bath they wanted to support financially and when the baths were to take place. Sometimes the poor were also given food in the baths. What was curious about the bequest was the motivation behind it. It was not only an act of charity, but also a religious deed committed with the intention of saving the testatrix’s soul, which was often clearly stated in the text of the will. The commemorative nature of the deed consisted in the fact that baths were to take place after the testatrix’s death, usually on the anniversary of this event. The poor were supposed to pray with the intention of saving their benefactor’s soul. Sometimes they were to take place for a longer period of time (10 years), invariably on the anniversary of the benefactor’s death. The examples provided here come from the period from the 13th century until the beginning of the 16th century and reveal how such bequests were made in small towns such as Zalewo (the oldest record on founding baths for the poor dates back to 1326), Nowe nad Wisłą, Bartoszyce and Lubawa along with bigger centres in Teutonic Prussia and Royal Prussia such as Gdańsk, Elbląg, Toruń and Königsberg. In Königsberg, bequests to cover the costs of free baths for the poor happened so frequently that there was even a regulation issued by the municipal authorities which regulated the use of free baths. It should be underlined that financing baths for the poor on a particular day solved the problem of other inhabitants of the town using the baths who came from various social strata. Founding special baths for the poor and inhabitants of municipal hospitals meant that they used the baths separately and at different times than bathers from higher social classes.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 1; 7-20
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mendykanci wobec reformacji w Prusach Królewskich i Zakonnych do 1526 roku
Autorzy:
Kubicki, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/602842.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
reformacja
Prusy Zakonne
Prusy Królewskie
zakony mendykanckie
zakony mnisze
Reformation
Teutonic Prussia
Royal Prussia
mendicant orders
monastic orders
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest próba prześledzenia reakcji wspólnot mendykanckich na wydarzenia związane z wystąpieniem Marcina Lutra. Problem ten zaprezentowano na przykładzie klasztorów w Prusach Krzyżackich i Zakonnych. Jako datę końcową opracowania przyjęto rok 1526. Obok perspektywy dziejów instytucjonalnych poszczególnych zgromadzeń zagadnienie to przedstawione zostało również z punktu widzenia szeregowych zakonników oraz ich indywidualnych decyzji i motywacji.
The goal of the article is an attempt to follow the reaction of mendicant communities to the events connected with Luther’s theses. This problem is presented based on the example of monasteries in Royal and Teutonic Prussia. As the final date of the study the author chose the year 1526. Besides the perspective of the institutional history of particular orders the problem is also presented from the point of view of ordinary monks and their individual decisions and motivations.
Źródło:
Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce; 2019, 63
0029-8514
Pojawia się w:
Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykaz czynszów i służb okręgu Barciany z około połowy XV wieku
The Register of Rents and Military Services in the District of Barciany of the mid-15th Century
Autorzy:
Kubicki, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1055013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-30
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
The Teutonic Order in Prussia
economy
settlement
economic sources
registers of rents
Opis:
The subject of the study is the edition of the list of rents and military services of the Barciany district, including a list of services of the then western part of the Pfleger’s territory of Giżycko. This source complements earlier lists of rents from 1422 and 1437, which were issued under the so-called grand book of rent (Das Grosse Zinsbuch des Deutschen Ritterordens). The basis of the edition is the account preserved in Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Secret Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage) in Berlin Dahlem (GStA PK), as part of the collection of letters from the former archives of the Teutonic Order (Ordensbriefarchiv No. 28754). The data included in the list may be useful in further work on the reconstruction of the condition of the settlement of Barciany and Kętrzyn in the mid-15th century. Taking into account previous accounts, thanks to the source presented here, one may trace the changes in the village development and the type, number and distribution of service goods in individual villages.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 3; 159-171
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The so‑called “council of eight” in the summer campaign of 1410
Autorzy:
Wróbel, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938088.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-17
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
history of wars
kingdom of poland
teutonic order in prussia
polish medieval magnates
Opis:
The paper presents the issue of the functioning of a narrow group of royal advisors – the so‑called “council of eight” during the summer campaign of 1410, about which Jan Długosz wrote in his chronicle. Several days after entering the Prussian territory, the king chose from among all his advisors eight trusted people led by Vytautas the Great. The circumstances in which this group was selected allow to perceive the king’s decision as a remedial measure against the difficulties in the realisation of the campaign plan. These people were chosen due to their influence with the nobility and their importance in the king’s environment. Other criteria – political allegiance, territorial origin – played a secondary role. The main idea of selecting this narrow group of advisors was to improve the efficiency of the decision‑making process in the time of war. Its functioning was visible in the key moments of the campaign (councils before and after the Battle of Grunwald, talks with Heinrich von Plauen, decision to stop the siege of Marienburg). Most of the members were given management over the castles won in Prussia from the king. This exclusive group was dissolved with the end of the summer campaign.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2019, 23; 304-322
2544-2562
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Die Visitation als Mittel traditioneller Ordensstruktur nach 1466
Inspections as the Means of the Traditional Teutonic Structure After 1466
Autorzy:
Arnold, Udo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194085.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
the Teutonic Order in Prussia
grand master
the Teutonic administration,
the reform of the monastic life
Opis:
The loss of the significant part of the territory by the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order after 1466 entailed structural changes in the state. Inspections constituted an important scrutinizing factor in various fields of life. They were a permanent element of the reforms undertaken in the Teutonic Order. The expertise of the inspectors originally were not precisely defined. However, with time they became more and precise. In the times of the rule of Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen we know only about one inspection from the Austrian bailiff in 1469. During the rule of the subsequent Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg (1470–1477) no inspection was recorded. During the times of Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen (1477–1489) problems connected with the reform of the monastic life in Prussia were addressed. The discussion concerned the problem of poverty among Teutonic brothers. The great inspection was planned to take place in 1481 prior to the General Chapter. However, the General Chapter did not take place. The inspection of Livonia was postponed for 1488. In the times of Johann von Tiefen (1489–1497) the forms of inspection applied so far were discussed. One of the evidences of this discussion was a letter written by the secretary of the Grand Master’s chancery Dr Michale Sculteti, which included forms intended for the inspection. Friedrich von Sachsen-Meißen (1498–1510) at the turn of 1498/1499 issued a regulation concerning inspections and appointed inspectors. In 1502 a detailed catalogue of questions was compiled in the Teutonic chancellery as it had been earlier done by Sculteti. In the times when the Grand Commander was Simon von Drahe (1507–1510) inspections became an important tool of the internal policy of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen. The decision of the General Chapter saying that an inspection should take place every year in the Teutonic Order was enforced. However, in the times of the Grand Master Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1511–1525) inspections ceased to play an essential role in the internal policy. Only one inspection from this period is recorded – in 1519.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 21-36
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Ordens unter Friedrich von Sachsen
Financial policy of the Teutonic Order under the rule of Friedrich von Sachsen
Autorzy:
Sarnowsky, Jürgen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194001.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic economy
finances of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
court ordinance of 1499
the court of the Grand Master in Prussia
Opis:
During the rule of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen significant reforms were conducted, which were also reflected in the court ordinance of 1499. In this period of time detailed financial documentation was prepared. In earlier research various shortcomings and mistakes in the account books have been indicated. However, they still show the revenues of Teutonic economy at the central level. The most important sources of income were resources obtained from agricultural products, trade in amber, revenues from the judicial system and customs. Both incomes and expenditures started to take on a more regular form. Accountancy was conducted better after the office of Rentmeister had been taken over by Franz Buss in the years 1506–1509. The counsellors of the Grand Master Dietrich von Werther and Paulus von Watt contributed to the improvement in the quality of accountancy in the Teutonic State. The rule of Friedrich von Sachsen to some extent made Teutonic economy similar to that of other princely courts.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 117-132
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Mentis oculos levavit”. Obrazowe aspekty mistyki Doroty z Mątów
“Mentis oculos levavit”. The pictorial aspects of the mysticism Dorothy’s of Montau
Autorzy:
Jakubek-Raczkowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2167814.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
medieval art
women mystics
vision
image
The State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
Dorothy of Montau
Opis:
The medieval iconography of Dorothy of Montau is exceptionally scanty. The oldest image of her is dating back to the late 15th century, and the possible reception of her visions in the art remains a hypothesis, despite of their creative suggestibility, that could have influenced the artistic creation. On the other hand, many of her visions reveal the dependence on earlier imagery sources, that with use of knowledge of artistic phenomena can be recognized. This is the task for art historian. Such research is of great potential, as the revelations of Dorothy include sensual aspect (characteristic of the Late-medieval feminine mysticism), sensitivity for pictorial details and evidences for her individual sense of beauty. The paper analyses visual aspects of Dorothy’s mysticism, above all basing on treatises of Johannes von Marienwerder: Liber de festis, Septililium, Vita latina. Discussed are types of revelations, their imagery elements and the way of their perception and description by the Prussian visionary. Considering those revelations against the background of sacral iconography demonstrates close associations between mystical experience and the experience of the image. It can be seen in the relations between the description of events, persons (appearance, attributes, garment), places, motifs and the popular iconography (Adoration of the Magi, Coronation of the Virgin etc.). The relationship between contemplation of the vision and the emotional reception of devotional images can be also reconstructed. The key for the interpretation of the sources and meaning of Dorothy’s visions is the consideration in context of scholastic epistemology and ars memorativa as well as from the point of view of anthropology of image (external image / sight – internal image / eye – mystic as medium). By this analysis the mental power and mnemonic function of religious imagery can be proved. The questions for character of revelations have to stay unanswered (supernatural mystical vision, appearing in the mind of visionary as the images that are easy to assimilate for her? Subjective realisation of the “dialogue with image” in her imagination through external images? Subconscious choice of those elements from the whole revelation, that were possible to recognize, understand and explain?). Thus, her religious experience, described using canonical sacral images, is a part of phenomenon of mutual relations of art and mysticism in the late Middle Ages.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2013, 14; 307-326
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Settlement in the South-Eastern state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia after Thirteen Years’ War (1466–1525)
Osadnictwo w południowo-wschodniej części państwa zakonu krzyżackiego po wojnie trzynastoletniej (1466–1525)
Autorzy:
Białuński, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365882.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
settlement
State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
great wilderness
osadnictwo
państwo zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach
wielka puszcza
Opis:
W artykule podjęto próbę podsumowania aktualnej wiedzy na temat osadnictwa w południowo-wschodniej części państwa Zakonu Krzyżackiego w latach 1466–1525. Autor skupia się wyłącznie na wybranym obszarze Prus, tzw. Wielkiej Puszczy (Grosse Wildnis). W artykule została omówiona problematyka kolonizacji i zasiedlenia, a także towarzyszących tym procesom przemianom etnicznym i demograficznym, omówiono uczestniczące w nich grupy społeczne i prawo stosowane w czasie kolonizacji, jakim objęci byli osadnicy. Osadnictwo na obszarze Wielkiej Puszczy po wojnie trzynastoletniej odegrało bardzo ważną rolę nie tylko w kontekście omawianego terytorium, ale też państwa krzyżackiego. Był to okres bardzo intensywnego tworzenia nowych osad. Przełomowy był również intensywny napływ ludności polskojęzycznej, która przez kolejne stulecia kształtowała krajobraz etniczny i kulturowy tej części Prus, która później stała się Mazurami.
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 294, 4; 659-675
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Święci jako patronowie obiektów sakralnych w państwie zakonnym w Prusach – na przykładzie miast
Saints as patrons of the sacral objects in the cities in the state of the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Rozynkowski, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
patronage
saints
Teutonic Order
Prussia
Opis:
The author discusses the medieval practice in the State of the Teutonic Order of placing sacral objects, especially parish and monastic churches, cathedrals and hospital chapels, under patronage of selected saints. Though there was nothing exceptional about it in the Christian Europe, the choice of saints, dependent on their particular traits and popularity, is interesting. Among the most popular ones were, of course, the Holy Virgin Mary, venerated especially by the Cistersians and Dominicans, St George, St John the Evangelist and St Nicholas – the latter being the patron of merchants and sailors. It may be safely said that local cults correlated to a large degree with the presence or absence of particular religious orders in the area, with their preferences as to the patronage of certain saints over others. One of the most widely known saints in Europe was undoubtedly St James, especially along the popular pilgrimage route from Prussia to Santiago de Compostella. St Adalbert of Prague also deserves special mention, especially for his mission and martyrdom in Prussia.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2014, 15; 9-19
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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